Optical disks: why one facility just said no.
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All the health care facilities examined in the case studies addressed several important organizational issues before and during the installation of their systems. All the facilities examined employee commitment. The prudent managers considered how easily their employees adapt to changes in their jobs and work environment. They considered how enthusiastic cooperation can be fostered in the creation of a liberated and reengineered office. This was determined not only by each individual's reaction to change, but also by the health care facility's track record with other system installations. For example, document image, diagnostic image, and coded data processing systems allow the integration of divergent health care information systems within complex institutions. Unfortunately, many institutions are currently struggling with how to create an information management architecture that will integrate their mature systems, such as their patient care and financial systems. Information managers must realize that if optical storage technology-based systems are used in a strategic and planned fashion, these systems can act as focal points for systems integration, not as promises to further confuse the issue. Another issue that needed attention in all the examples was the work environment. The managers considered how the work environment was going to affect the ability to integrate optical image and data systems into the institution. For example, many of these medical centers have created alliances with clinics, HMOs, and large corporate users of medical services. This created a demand for all or part of the health information outside the confines of the original institution. Since the work environment is composed of a handful of factors such as merged medical services, as many work environment factors as possible were addressed before application of the optical storage technology solution in the institutions. And finally, the third critical issue was the organization of work. "Organizations that understand their business processes are having no trouble whatsoever justifying the cost of optical storage-based information management systems," said Thornton May, director of imaging research at Nolan Norton Institute. "It is only confusing to organizations that do not have a feel for what is happening in the flow of work in the company. If an organization has on-line performance measurements with regard to time, cost, quality, error rates, and customer service, the move to optical image and data management technology is a no-brainer."(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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An optical disk filing system is an efficient approach to storing medical records; however, this system has not yet been put to practical use because it is usually a "stand-alone" type indirectly connected to a hospital information system. We have developed a medical record management system with an optical disk filing system connected to the host computer in the hospital information system. We can retrieve and display the medical records through the CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) terminals of the hospital information system at every ward and outpatient clinic. The patient's clinical information can be sent to several areas in the hospital using the hospital information system.
The vision of an electronic healthcare record is achievable and pieces of the requisite technology are in place. More importantly, with their investments in networks and departmental and enterprise-wide systems, many hospitals have implemented data gathering, storage and analysis capabilities that position pieces of their electronic record of the future.
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To summarize this discussion, let us look at a prototype, a capsule scenario in an OS. You make a process creation request on your local timeshare system. The long-term scheduler queues up this request, and eventually creates the corresponding process. Your process takes its turns executing, scheduled by the short-term scheduler. You request a tape drive to retrieve some archived data you need, and thus invoke the resource manager. You use the file manager to access the archived data. You use the I/O system to interact with the application program and to print the reports. The memory manager is swapping pages of your data and program between main memory and secondary memory. The dispatcher in the kernel is loading your process context into the CPU when your process is next on the execute list. The interrupt handler in the kernel is servicing interrupt requests, such as those made when you do I/O to the tape. The concurrency control in the kernel is coordinating your updating and spooled printing activities. So, your process is invoking activities throughout the various layers of the OS. Most of the time, you are unaware of these many varied activities.
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Optical disk technology is a move to the future. It is an exciting time to brave the new frontiers and change from a manual to an optical disk system. Since the technology is so new in health care environments and because each facility is unique, there is no "right" way to do optical imaging. Opportunities flourish to "do it your way." The process is challenging and time consuming, but the rewards of providing health information users with a quality record system make the investment worthwhile. Complete, thorough planning and education will ease the transition to tomorrow's system. Stop dreaming, make a commitment, and move forward--optical disk systems in health care are achievable successes!
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