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PubMed2004

Replacement of dietary fish oil with increasing levels of linseed oil: modification of flesh fatty acid compositions in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using a fish oil finishing diet.

Five groups of salmon, of initial mean weight 127 +/- 3 g, were fed increasing levels of dietary linseed oil (LO) in a regression design. The control diet contained capelin oil (FO) only, and the same oil was blended with LO to provide the experimental diets. After an initial period of 40 wk, all groups were switched to a finishing diet containing only FO for a further 24 wk. Growth and flesh lipid contents were not affected by dietary treatment. The FA compositions of flesh total lipids were linearly correlated with dietary FA compositions (r2 = 0.88-1.00, P < 0.0001). LO included at 50% of added dietary lipids reduced flesh DHA and EPA (20:5n-3) concentrations to 65 and 58%, respectively, of the concentrations in fish fed FO. Feeding 100% LO reduced flesh DHA and EPA concentrations to 38 and 30%, respectively, of the values in fish fed FO. Differences between diet and flesh FA concentrations showed that 16:0, 18:1n-9, and especially DHA were preferentially retained in flesh, whereas 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, and 22:1n-11 were selected against and presumably utilized for energy. In fish previously fed 50 and 100% LO, feeding a finishing diet containing FO for 16 wk restored flesh DHA and EPA concentrations, to approximately 80% of the values in fish fed FO throughout. Flesh DHA and EPA concentrations in fish fed up to 50% LO were above recommended intake values for humans for these EFA. This study suggests that LO can be used as a substitute for FO in seawater salmon feeds and that any reductions in DHA and EPA can be largely overcome with a finishing diet high in FO before harvest.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

Comparative hypocholesterolemic effects of capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris dabbenei) oil, horse oil, and sardine oil in cholesterol-fed rats.

The hypocholesterolemic efficacy of various polyunsaturated fatty acids was compared in rats given cholesterol-enriched diets. Capybara oil (CO, linoleic + alpha-linolenic acids), horse oil (HO, alpha-linolenic acid), and sardine oil (SO, eicosapentaenoic + docosahexaenoic acids) were added to diets at 50 g/kg. The weight gain, food intake, and liver weight in the CO-fed group were significantly higher than those in other groups during the 6-wk experimental period. The serum total and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) + intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) + low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations of the CO-fed and SO-fed groups were significantly lower than in the HO-fed group after 6 wk. The serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration in the SO-fed group was significantly higher than that in the CO-fed and HO-fed groups. The fecal neutral sterol concentration in the CO-fed group was reduced significantly compared with the other groups, and the fecal bile acid concentration in the HO-fed group was significantly higher than that in the SO-fed group. The results of this study demonstrate that CO lowers the serum total cholesterol and VLDL + IDL + LDL-cholesterol concentrations in the presence of excess cholesterol in the diet as well as SO.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The effects of evening primrose oil, safflower oil and paraffin on plasma fatty acid levels in humans: choice of an appropriate placebo for clinical studies on primrose oil.

In a number of diseases, plasma levels of linoleic acid are normal or elevated while those of gamma-linolenic acid (18:3n-6, GLA) and further metabolites are below normal. Evening primrose oil (EPO), similar to safflower oil (SFO) except that it contains 8-9% of 18:3n-6, has been proposed as a therapeutic agent in these diseases, such as atopic eczema. There is argument as to whether an appropriate placebo for clinical studies on EPO should be an inert material such as paraffin, or a linoleic acid--containing oil such as SFO. We have therefore compared in normal humans the effects on plasma fatty acids of administering EPO, SFO and paraffin for 10 days. Paraffin had no effect on any fatty acid in any fraction. EPO raised the level of 20:3n-6 (dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, DGLA) the immediate metabolite of GLA but had no significant effect on arachidonic acid. In surprising contrast, SFO raised the levels of linoleic and of arachidonic acids, without raising those of DGLA. This suggests that linoleic acid may be rapidly converted to arachidonic acid by a tightly linked enzyme sequence: GLA, in contrast, may be rapidly converted to DGLA but then only slowly on to arachidonic acid. These results are consistent with recent in vitro observations by others on rat hepatocytes and human fibroblasts.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effect of oxyethylene moieties in hydrogenated castor oil on the pharmacokinetics of menatetrenone incorporated in O/W lipid emulsions prepared with hydrogenated castor oil and soybean oil in rats.

Lipid emulsions with particle sizes of 190-270 nm were prepared with soybean oil (SO) and a series of hydrogenated castor oils (HCOs) with various oxyethylene numbers, and the effect of oxyethylene numbers of HCOs on the pharmacokinetics of menatetrenone incorporated into the lipid emulsions was studied in rats. Plasma half-life of menatetrenone after administration as the lipid emulsions prepared by HCO with 10 oxyethylene units (SO/HCO10) was similar to that after the administration as SO/egg yolk phosphatides (SO/EYP), but was shorter than that as the lipid emulsions prepared by HCOs with > 20 oxyethylene units (SO/HCO20, SO/HCO30, SO/HCO60, SOHC and SO/HCO100). Menatetrenone incorporated in SO/HCO10, SO/HCO20 and SO/HCO60 was not taken up by the blood cells in vitro, and the plasma level of menatetrenone incorporated in SO/HCO10 was similar to that of triglycerides, suggesting that menatetrenone was not released from the oil particles even after entering the circulation. Menatetrenone uptake by the liver for SO/HCO10 was similar to that for SO/EYP, while those for SO/HCO20, SO/HCO30, SO/HCO60 and SO/HCO100 was less than that for SO/EYP. These findings clearly demonstrate that 20 oxyethylene units in HCOs is the minimum requirement for the prolongation of the plasma circulation time of menatetrenone incorporated in SO/HCOs.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Studies on the adjuvant effect of water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion of sesame oil. 1. Enhanced and persistent antibody formation by antigen incorporated into the water-in-oil-in-water emulsion.

Water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion developed in our laboratory is as effective as water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion of Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) in the stimulation of antibody formation. The emulsion is prepared by redispersion of water-in-sesame oil emulsion of an antigen solution in phosphate buffered saline with emulsifier, Tween 80. The emulsion can be stored at 4 degrees C for at least 3 months without any evidence of change in the adjuvanticity and in the w/o/w state. Even a single injection of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the w/o/w emulsion elicited a high antibody response in mice over the period of almost whole lifespan. 10 microgram BSA in w/o/w could stimulate antibody formation up to 2(12) in hemagglutination titer, while the same dose in free solution did not elicit any detectable antibody. The tissue reactions caused by the w/o/w emulsion at the injected site and in the regional lymph nodes were much less prominent than those by FIA.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1994

NTP Comparative Toxicology Studies of Corn Oil, Safflower Oil, and Tricaprylin (CAS Nos. 8001-30-7, 8001-23-8, and 538-23-8) in Male F344/N Rats as Vehicles for Gavage.

The types and levels of fats in the diet are known to affect the incidence of certain neoplasms in humans and rodents. In long-term toxicity and carcinogenicity studies in rodents, the level of dietary fat is altered by using oil as a vehicle to administer unpalatable or volatile chemicals. Control male rats receiving a corn oil vehicle have a higher incidence of pancreatic proliferative lesions and a lower incidence of mononuclear cell leukemia than untreated control males. Therefore, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) designed studies to evaluate the role of several oils in altering cancer rates in male rats. The NTP study reported here was part of a larger program that included cooperative agreements with Dartmouth Medical School, Northwestern Medical School, and the University of Missouri. The program was designed to study the mechanisms by which corn oil induces pancreatic cancer. To evaluate corn oil as well as two other gavage vehicles for potential toxicity, corn oil, safflower oil, and tricaprylin were administered by gavage to male F344/N rats for 2 years. The rats that received corn oil were also made available to the university investigators for study of the corn oil-induced pancreatic lesions. Each vehicle was administered by gavage at volumes of 2.5, 5, or 10 mL/kg body weight once daily for 5 days per week. In the corn oil study, a control of 10 mL saline/kg was also included. To evaluate the potential role of corn oil in promoting a pancreatic proliferative effect, 500 mg dichloromethane/kg body weight was administered in 2.5, 5, or 10 mL corn oil/kg body weight for 2 years to male F344/N rats. Dichloromethane was chosen because the chemical appeared to cause pancreatic proliferative lesions when administered by gavage in a corn oil vehicle but not when the exposure was by inhalation. In each of these studies, the term "dose" refers to the volume of gavage vehicle administered. 2-YEAR STUDIES OF CORN OIL, SAFFLOWER OIL, AND TRICAPRYLIN: Survival and Body Weights: Two-year survival was increased in male rats receiving corn oil (untreated control, 26/50; saline control, 32/50; 2.5 mL/kg, 33/50; 5 mL/kg, 38/50; 10 mL/kg, 40/50) primarily due to a dose-related decreased incidence of mononuclear cell leukemia. The mean body weights of all dosed groups were at least 5% higher than those of the untreated and saline controls by week 48, but the mean body weights of groups receiving 2.5 or 5 mL corn oil/kg decreased during the final weeks of the study (after week 89) and were similar to those of the controls at the end of the study. Two-year survival was slightly increased in male rats receiving safflower oil relative to that of the controls (untreated control, 30/50; 2.5 mL/kg, 33/50; 5 mL/kg, 40/50; 10 mL/kg, 36/50). The mean body weight of male rats receiving 10 mL safflower oil/kg was at least 5% greater than that of the controls after week 45 and was 16% greater by the end of the study. Two-year survival of high-dose tricaprylin males was lower than that of the controls (untreated control, 31/50; 2.5 mL/kg, 30/50; 5 mL/kg, 31/50; 10 mL/kg, 23/53) due to moribund kills and deaths that appeared to be related to toxicity. The mean body weight of the high-dose group was lower than that of the controls throughout the study, although the difference was less than 5% after week 61. Pathology Findings: In the corn oil study, there were significant dose-related increased incidences of pancreatic exocrine hyperplasia and adenoma (hyperplasia: 8/50, 28/47, 28/50, 35/50; adenoma: 1/50, 8/47, 10/50, 23/50; carcinoma: 0/50, 0/47, 1/50, 0/50 in the untreated control, 2.5, 5, and 10 mL/kg groups, respectively). The incidence and severity of nephropathy decreased with dose (incidence [mean severity grade]: 47/50 [2.1], 43/48 [1.8], 45/50 [1.4], 40/49 [1.2]). The incidences of pheochromocytomas (benign, malignant, or complex) of the adrenal medulla were also decreased in dosed rats (23/49, 21/50, 5/50, 9/50). The incidence of mononuclear cell leukemia was significantly decreased in rats dosed with corn oil (27/50, 16/50, 11h corn oil (27/50, 16/50, 11/50, 7/50). In rats receiving safflower oil, the incidences of pancreatic exocrine hyperplasia and adenoma increased significantly with dose (hyperplasia: 8/50, 14/50, 29/49, 30/50; adenoma: 1/50, 7/50,15/49, 28/50; carcinoma: 0/50, 0/50, 0/49, 1/50 in the untreated control, 2.5, 5, and 10 mL/kg groups, respectively). There was a decrease in the severity, but not in the incidence, of nephropathy, a common lesion in aging F344/N rats (incidence [mean severity grade]: 49/50 [2.0], 50/50 [1.8], 47/50 [1.1], 49/49 [1.1]). There were decreased incidences of mononuclear cell leukemia (33/50, 19/50, 18/50, 7/51). In the tricaprylin study, there were significant dose-related increased incidences of pancreatic exocrine hyperplasia and adenoma (hyperplasia: 8/49, 9/49, 18/49, 28/50; adenoma: 2/49, 6/49,13/49,18/50 in the untreated control, 2.5, 5, and 10 mL/kg groups, respectively). The incidence of proliferative lesions of the forestomach increased significantly with dose (basal cell hyperplasia: 4/50, 7/50, 12/49, 21/52; squamous cell papilloma: 0/50, 0/50, 3/50, 10/53). The incidence of nephropathy was significantly decreased in high-dose rats, and the severity of nephropathy decreased with dose (incidence [mean severity grade]: 46/50 [2.0], 42/50 [1.5], 45/50 [1.7], 27/49 [0.9]). In high-dose rats, the incidence of mononuclear cell leukemia was decreased (23/50, 28/50, 22/50, 9/53). 2-YEAR STUDY OF DICHLOROMETHANE IN CORN OIL: Survival and Body Weights: Two-year survival increased slightly with dose in the three groups receiving 500 mg dichloromethane/kg in 2.5, 5, or 10 mL corn oil/kg (23/50, 28/50, 31/50) due to a dose-related decrease in the incidence of mononuclear cell leukemia. The rats receiving 500 mg dichloromethane/kg without corn oil were sacrificed within the first 3 weeks of the study due to the severe toxicity of dichloromethane. The final mean body weight of the high-dose rats was greater than the final mean body weights of groups receiving dichloromethane in 2.5 or 5 mL corn oil/kg. Pathology Findings: There was a dose-related increase in the incidence of pancreatic proliferative exocrine lesions in rats receiving dichloromethane in 2.5, 5, and 10 mL corn oil/kg (hyperplasia: 28/50, 38/50, 44/50; adenoma: 9/50,19/50, 41/50; carcinoma: 0/50,1/50, 3/50). The incidences of pancreatic exocrine hyperplasia and adenoma in rats receiving dichloromethane in 5 or 10 mL, but not 2.5 mL, corn oil were increased compared to the incidences in rats receiving comparable volumes of corn oil alone (hyperplasia: 2.5 mL, 28/47; 5 mL, 28/50;10 mL, 35/50; adenoma: 8/47,10/50, 23/50; carcinoma: 0/47,1/50, 0/50). There were significantly increased incidences of pituitary gland pars distalis adenoma in rats receiving dichloromethane in corn oil (20/50, 18/49, 16/49) when compared to those in rats receiving comparable volumes of corn oil alone (10/50, 6/49, 7/50). The incidence of mammary gland adenoma and fibroadenoma (combined) was significantly increased in rats receiving dichloromethane in 10 mL corn oil/kg (7/50) when compared to rats receiving dichloromethane in 2.5 mL corn oil/kg (1/50), but was not significantly increased when compared to the group receiving 10 mL of corn oil alone (3/50). The incidences of mammary gland adenoma and fibroadenoma (combined) were 7/50 for the untreated safflower oil controls and 6/50 for the untreated tricaprylin controls. The incidence of mononuclear cell leukemia decreased in the group receiving dichloromethane in 10 mL corn oil/kg (13/50,14/50, 5/50). GENETIC TOXICOLOGY: Neither safflower oil nor corn oil was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100, or TA1535, with or without S9. Tricaprylin, in contrast, was mutagenic in strain TA1535 with, but not without, S9. Tricaprylin did not induce mutations in strains TA97, TA98, or TA100, with or without S9. SUMMARY: These studies were designed to evaluate the effects of various concentrations of an oil very high in polyunsaturated fat (safflower oil), an oil containing high levels of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats (corn oil), and an oil containing saturated medium-chain fatty acids (tricaprylin) on the incidence and pattern of neoplasms in the F344/N rat. In addition, safflower oil and tricaprylin were evaluated as replacements for the corn oil vehicle. These studies demonstrate that safflower oil and tricaprylin do not offer significant advantages over corn oil as a gavage vehicle in long-term rodent studies. Corn oil, safflower oil, and tricaprylin each caused hyperplasia and adenoma of the exocrine pancreas, decreased incidences of mononuclear cell leukemia, and reduced incidences or severity of nephropathy in male F344/N rats. There was an increased incidence of squamous cell papillomas of the forestomach in F344/N rats receiving 10 mL tricaprylin/kg. Further, the use of corn oil as a gavage vehicle may have a confounding effect on the interpretation of chemical-induced proliferative lesions of the exocrine pancreas and mononuclear cell leukemia in male F344/N rats. Synonyms: Corn Oil - Maize oil, Maydol Tricaprylin - Trioctanoin; 1,2,3-trioctanoyl glycerol; Glycerol trioctanoate

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in cod-liver oil: evidence of a steady-state condition of these compounds in the Baltic area oils and levels noted in Atlantic oils.

A steady-state condition of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) pollution is evident in cod-liver oil samples of fish collected from the Baltic area between 1971 and 1989. Spatial differences in the concentration of congeners and isomers of these chemicals between the Baltic Sea and other areas in the north and northeastern part of the Atlantic Ocean appeared to be rather small. A site relatively distant from the PCB sources of the European continent, an open ocean environment near Iceland, showed a fivefold lower concentration of many PCB congeners than the Baltic Sea. The open and deep waters of the North Sea and Norwegian Sea differed by a factor of 2 in the total concentrations of PCBs when compared with the southern Baltic proper. Continuous release of PCBs into the atmosphere over Europe, its drift from distant sources in North America, and further aerial transport and deposition due to dominating air masses movement from the west and southwest are postulated to be the main routes of PCBs pollution and a reason for the small differences in concentration between the marine areas assessed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Final report on the safety assessment of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Oil, Hydrogenated Peanut Oil, Peanut Acid, Peanut Glycerides, and Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Flour.

Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea) Oil is the refined fixed oil obtained from the seed kernels of Arachis hypogaea. Hydrogenated Peanut Oil, Peanut Acid, and Peanut Glycerides are all derived from Peanut Oil. Peanut Flour is a powder obtained by the grinding of peanuts. The oils and glycerides function in cosmetic formulations as skin-conditioning agents. The acid functions as a surfactant-cleansing agent, and the flour functions as an abrasive, bulking agent and/or viscosity-increasing agent. In 1998, only Peanut Oil and Hydrogenated Peanut Oil were reported in use. When applied to the skin, Peanut Oil can enhance the absorption of other compounds. Hepatic changes were noted at microscopic examination of rats fed diets containing 15% edible Peanut Oil for 28 days, although no control group was maintained and the findings were also noted in rats fed fresh corn oil. United States Pharmacopeia (USP)-grade Peanut Oil was considered relatively nonirritating when injected into guinea pigs and monkeys. Technical-grade Peanut Oil was moderately irritating to rabbits and guinea pigs and mildly irritating to rats following dermal exposure. This same oil produced reactions in < or = 10% of 50 human males. Peanut Oil was not an ocular irritant in rabbits. Peanut Oil, either "laboratory expressed" or extracted using a food-grade solvent, was not carcinogenic to mice. Peanut Oil exerted anticarcinogenic activity when tested against known carcinogens. Peanuts are the food most likely to produce allergic and anaphylactic reactions. The major allergen is a protein that does not partition into Peanut Oil, Hydrogenated Peanut Oil, Peanut Acid, and Peanut Glycerides. Aflatoxins can be produced in stored agricultural crops such as peanuts, but do not partition into the oils, acids, or glycerides. Manufacturers were cautioned to make certain that the oils, acids, and glycerides are free of aflatoxins and protein. Formulators were cautioned that the oils, acids, or glycerides may enhance penetration and can affect the use of other ingredients whose safety assessment was based on their lack of absorption. The available studies on Peanut Oil supported the conclusion that Peanut Oil, Hydrogenated Peanut Oil, Peanut Acid, and Peanut Glycerides are safe for use in cosmetic formulations. Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea) Flour, however, is sufficiently different from the above ingredients such that its safety can not be supported by studies using the oil. The additional data needed for Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea) Flour are (1) concentration of use; (2) chemical specifications (i.e., aflatoxin and protein levels); (3) method of preparation; and (4) contact urticaria and dermal sensitization at concentration of use. Although data on aflatoxin levels are sought, it is expected that concentrations of aflatoxin should comply with U.S. government stipulations. Absent the additional data, it was concluded that the available data are insufficient to support the safety of Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea) Flour for use in cosmetic products.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2005

Exposure to oil mist and oil vapour during offshore drilling in norway, 1979-2004.

OBJECTIVES: To describe personal exposure to airborne hydrocarbon contaminants (oil mist and oil vapour) from 1979 to 2004 in the mud-handling areas of offshore drilling facilities operating on the Norwegian continental shelf when drilling with oil-based muds. METHODS: Qualitative and quantitative information was gathered during visits to companies involved in offshore oil and gas production in Norway. Monitoring reports on oil mist and oil vapour exposure covered 37 drilling facilities. Exposure data were analysed using descriptive statistics and by constructing linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS: Samples had been taken during the use of three generations of hydrocarbon base oils, namely diesel oils (1979-1984), low-aromatic mineral oils (1985-1997) and non-aromatic mineral oils (1998-2004). Sampling done before 1984 showed high exposure to diesel vapour (arithmetic mean, AM = 1217 mg m(-3)). When low-aromatic mineral oils were used, the exposure to oil mist and oil vapour was 4.3 and 36 mg m(-3), and the respective AMs for non-aromatic mineral oils were reduced to 0.54 and 16 mg m(-3). Downward time trends were indicated for both oil mist (6% per year) and oil vapour (8% per year) when the year of monitoring was introduced as a fixed effect in a linear mixed-effects model analysis. Rig type, technical control measures and mud temperature significantly determined exposure to oil mist. Rig type, type of base oil, viscosity of the base oil, work area, mud temperature and season significantly determined exposure to oil vapour. Major decreases in variability were found for the between-rig components. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to oil mist and oil vapour declined over time in the mud-handling areas of offshore drilling facilities. Exposure levels were associated with rig type, mud temperature, technical control measures, base oil, viscosity of the base oil, work area and season.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2004

Decreased aortic early atherosclerosis and associated risk factors in hypercholesterolemic hamsters fed a high- or mid-oleic acid oil compared to a high-linoleic acid oil.

Currently, diets higher in polyunsaturated fat are believed to lower blood cholesterol concentrations, and thus reduce atherosclerosis, greater than diets containing high amounts of saturated or possibly even monounsaturated fat. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of diets containing mid- or high-linoleic oil versus the typical high-linoleic sunflower oil on LDL oxidation and the development of early atherosclerosis in a hypercholesterolemic hamster model. Animals were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet containing 10% mid-oleic sunflower oil, high-oleic olive oil, or high-linoleic sunflower oil (wt/wt) plus 0.4% cholesterol (wt/wt) for 10 weeks. After 10 weeks of dietary treatment, only the animals fed the mid-oleic sunflower oil had significant reductions in plasma LDL-C levels (-17%) compared to the high-linoleic sunflower oil group. The high-oleic olive oil-fed hamsters had significantly higher plasma triglyceride levels (+41%) compared to the high-linoleic sunflower oil-fed hamsters. The tocopherol levels in plasma LDL were significantly higher in hamsters fed the mid-oleic sunflower oil (+77%) compared to hamsters fed either the high-linoleic sunflower or high-oleic olive oil. Measurements of LDL oxidation parameters, indicated that hamsters fed the mid-oleic sunflower oil and high-oleic olive oil diets had significantly longer lag phase (+66% and +145%, respectively) and significantly lower propagation rates (-26% and -44%, respectively) and conjugated dienes formed (-17% and -25%, respectively) compared to the hamsters fed the high-linoleic sunflower oil. Relative to the high-linoleic sunflower oil, aortic cholesterol ester was reduced by -14% and -34% in the mid-oleic sunflower oil and high-oleic olive oil groups, respectively, with the latter reaching statistical significance. Although there were no significant associations between plasma lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol with aortic total cholesterol and cholesterol esters for any of the groups, the lag phase of conjugated diene formation was inversely associated with both aortic total and esterified cholesterol in the high-oleic olive oil-fed hamsters (r = -0.69, P < 0.05). The present study suggests that mid-oleic sunflower oil reduces risk factors such as lipoprotein cholesterol and oxidative stress associated with early atherosclerosis greater than the typical high-linoleic sunflower oil in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. The high-oleic olive oil not only significantly reduced oxidative stress but also reduced aortic cholesterol ester, a hallmark of early aortic atherosclerosis greater than the typical high-linoleic sunflower oil.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of the effect of fish oil and corn oil on chemical-induced hepatic enzyme-altered foci in rats.

The effects of fish oil and corn oil diets on diethylnitrosamine initiation/phenobarbital promotion of hepatic enzyme-altered foci in female Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated. Groups of 12 rats were initiated with diethylnitrosamine (15 mg/kg) at 24 h of age. After weaning, they received diets containing either 13.5% fish oil plus 1. 5% corn oil or 15% corn oil for 24 weeks. Rats fed fish oil had significantly greater liver weight, relative liver weight, spleen weight, and relative spleen weight than rats fed corn oil (p < 0.05). Hepatic phospholipid fatty-acid profile was significantly affected by the type of dietary lipid. The rats fed fish oil had significantly greater hepatic phospholipid 20:5 and 22:6 than rats fed corn oil; in contrast, the rats fed corn oil had significantly greater hepatic phospholipid 18:2 and 20:4 than rats fed fish oil (p < 0.05). Rats fed fish oil had significantly lower hepatic vitamin E and PGE(2) content but significantly greater hepatic lipid peroxidation than rats fed corn oil (p < 0.05). The hepatic levels of antioxidant enzymes (GSH reductase and GST) were significantly greater in rats fed fish oil than in rats fed corn oil (p < 0.05). Except for PGST-positive foci (foci area/tissue area), all the other foci parameters (GGT-positive foci area/tissue area, GGT-positive foci no./cm(2), GGT-positive foci no./cm(3), PGST-positive foci no. /cm(2), and PGST-positive foci no./cm(3)) measured in the fish oil group were 10-30% of those in the corn oil group (p < 0.05). Analyses of Pearson correlation coefficient revealed a positive correlation between hepatic GGT- or PGST-positive foci number (no. /cm(2)) and PGE(2) content (r = 0.66, P = 0.01; r = 0.56, P = 0.02, respectively) but a negative correlation between GGT- and PGST-positive foci (no./cm(2)) and lipid peroxidation (r = -0.8, P = 0.0006; r = -0.58, P = 0.01, respectively), GSH/(GSH + GSSG) ratio (r = -0.61, P = 0.05; r = -0.4, P = 0.14, respectively), GSH reductase (r = -0.75, P = 0.002; r = -0.53, P = 0.02, respectively), and GST activities (r = -0.65, P = 0.01; r = -0.44, P = 0.07, respectively). Similar correlation between foci number (no./cm(3)) and PGE(2), lipid peroxidation, GSH/(GSH + GSSG) ratio, GSH reductase, and GST activities were obtained. The results of this study show that dietary fish oil significantly inhibited hepatic enzyme-altered foci formation compared with corn oil in rats. These results suggest that the possible mechanisms involved in this process are the stimulation of hepatic detoxification system, changes in membrane composition, inhibition of PGE(2) synthesis, the enhancement of GSH-related antioxidant capacity, and the enhancement of lipid peroxidation by fish oil.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Modification of arterial and portal hemodynamics after injection of iodized oils and different emulsions of iodized oils in the hepatic artery: an experimental study.

PURPOSE: A strong embolic effect of iodized oil/drug mixtures injected in the hepatic artery appeared to be an efficient way of prolonging the contact time between drugs and tumor tissue. Therefore, the authors evaluated arterial and portal embolic effects after hepatic intra-arterial injection of iodized oils and various emulsions of iodized oil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five pigs were monitored for the Doppler resistance index (DRI) in the hepatic artery and wedge hepatic vein pressure (WHVP) during 1 hour after injection of pure iodized oil, ultra-fluid or fluid, and four different emulsions of iodized oil ultra-fluid, into the hepatic artery. RESULTS: Mean area under the curve (AUC) values of DRI increases varied from 20.3 to 24.2 after injection of pure iodized oils or water-in-oil emulsions, and were 13.2 for large-droplet oil-in-water emulsion and 8.2 for small-droplet oil-in-water emulsion. Mean AUC values of WHVP increases varied from 151.6 to 195.6 after injection of pure iodized oils or water-in-oil emulsions, and were 105.5 for large-droplet oil-in-water emulsion and 8.5 for small-droplet oil-in-water emulsion. There was a significant difference in DRI and WHVP modifications between small-droplet oil-in-water emulsions and all other products (P = .001), between the two oil-in-water emulsions and the two water-in-oil emulsions (P = .004), and between the two oil-in-water emulsions and pure iodized oils (P = .002). CONCLUSION: After hepatic intra-arterial injection, water-in-oil emulsions and pure iodized oils provided a stronger embolic effect than oil-in-water emulsion, both in the hepatic artery and in the portal vein.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Evening primrose oil and fish oil for severe chronic mastalgia: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of evening primrose oil and fish oil on breast pain in premenopausal women with severe chronic mastalgia, in a randomized double-blind factorial clinical trial. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred twenty women were placed randomly into four groups: (1) fish oil and control oil, (2) evening primrose oil and control oil, (3) fish and evening primrose oils, or (4) both control oils during 6 months. Corn oil and corn oil with wheat germ oil were used as control oils. The change in the percentage of days with breast pain after 6 months of treatment was analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis. RESULTS: The decrease in days with pain was 12.3 % for evening primrose oil and 13.8% for its control oil (P =.73); the decrease in days with pain was 15.5% for fish oil and 10.6% for its control oil (P =.28). CONCLUSION: All groups showed a decrease in pain. Neither evening primrose oil nor fish oil offered clear benefit over control oils in the treatment of mastalgia.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Dietary fish oil and fish and borage oil suppress intrapulmonary proinflammatory eicosanoid biosynthesis and attenuate pulmonary neutrophil accumulation in endotoxic rats.

OBJECTIVE: Proinflammatory eicosanoids and cytokines are important mediators of local inflammation in acute lung injury. We determined if enteral nutrition with anti-inflammatory fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, and gamma-linolenic acid would reduce the intrapulmonary synthesis of proinflammatory eicosanoids and cytokines and pulmonary neutrophil accumulation in a rat model of acute lung injury. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. SETTING: Research laboratory at a university medical center. SUBJECTS: Male Long-Evans rats (250 g). INTERVENTIONS: Rats were randomly assigned to three dietary treatment groups and fed nutritionally complete diets (300 kcal/kg/day) containing 55.2% of the total calories from fat with either 97% corn oil, 20% fish oil, or 20% fish and 20% borage oil for 21 days. On day 22, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed 2 hrs after an intravenous injection of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (10 mg/kg) or saline. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was analyzed for leukotriene B4, leukotriene C4/D4, thromboxane B2, prostaglandin E2, 6 keto-prostaglandin F1alpha, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2). Lung myeloperoxidase activity (a marker for neutrophil accumulation) and phospholipid fatty acid composition were also determined. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Lung phospholipid concentrations of arachidonic acid were lower and the concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were higher with fish oil and fish and borage oil as compared with corn oil. Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, the desaturated and elongated intermediate of gamma-linolenic acid, increased with fish and borage oil as compared with fish oil and corn oil. The levels of leukotriene B4, leukotriene C4/D4, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha, and thromboxane B2 with corn oil were significantly increased with endotoxin as compared with saline. In contrast to the corn oil group, endotoxin did not significantly increase bronchoalveolar lavage levels of leukotriene B4, leukotriene C4/D4, and thromboxane B2 above those of saline-treated rats with fish oil and fish and borage oil. Lung myeloperoxidase activity was significantly increased in endotoxin-treated rats compared with those rats given saline in all dietary treatment groups. However, lung myeloperoxidase activity was significantly lower with either fish oil or fish and borage oil as compared with corn oil after endotoxin. Although endotoxin increased the levels of TNF-alpha and MIP-2 with all dietary treatment groups as compared with saline-treated rats, there were no significant differences in the levels of either cytokine between the dietary treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that dietary fish oil and fish and borage oil as compared with corn oil may ameliorate endotoxin-induced acute lung injury by suppressing the levels of proinflammatory eicosanoids (but not TNF-alpha or MIP-2) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and reducing pulmonary neutrophil accumulation.

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