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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Morphogenesis and morphology of the brain stem nuclei of Cetacea. II. The nuclei of the accessory, vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves in baleen whales.

The development and final structure of the IXth, Xth and XIth cranial nerve nuclei are studied in ironhematoxylin -, thionin - and protargol -stained serial sections of about 50 baleen whale fetuses (blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus, and fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus ) and one adult fin whale. The nucleus ambiguus is composed of three subdivisions, oral, intermediate and caudal, the last mentioned being contiguous caudally with the dorsal motor Xth nucleus. The oral division develops as three parallel cell columns which merge into a well circumscribed solitary structure with a rostrally expanded "head". It is composed of medium-sized multipolar neurons in a myelin-poor neuropil. In the fin whale a minor group of larger cells is found medial to the "head". In both species a peculiar small-celled nucleus rich in capillaries is found ventral to the "head". The intermediate division initially contains a lateral cell column and a medial region of scattered cells. The lateral column persists throughout life, while the medial field develops into three columns only one of which remains distinct in mature individuals. The cells are larger than in the oral division with the largest cells in the medial column. The two columns are surrounded by a field of scattered neurons which continues without a sharp border into the caudal division which is composed of scattered cells throughout. In its rostral half the cells are of the same multipolar type as in the intermediate division while caudally they appear flattened in the horizontal plane. The dorsal motor Xth nucleus develops as three longitudinal columns. In the fetal brain these are cytologically distinct due to different proportions of small, medium-sized and larger multipolar neurons. The spindle-shaped ventromedial column extends the entire length of the nucleus. It is composed mostly of small to medium-sized cells which caudal to the obex are elongated parallel with the neuroaxis . The dorsolateral and ventrolateral columns are restricted to the middle 1/3 of the nucleus, except in the blue whale where the former extends somewhat more rostrally. They are both characterized by the presence of large multipolar cells, the largest of which are found in the ventrolateral column. In adult specimens the cells are more equally sized and the columnar organization less distinct. The nucleus of the tractus solitarius is of about the same length as the two above mentioned nuclei. Except at the very early stages, the nucleus is ill-defined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Accessory Nerve↗
PubMed1978

[RNA transport from rat liver cell nuclei in vitro. Release of rapidly labeled RNA from isolated nuclei in a cell-free system in the presence of RNAse affectors].

A cell-free system was developed and characterized, which supported RNA release from isolated rat liver cell nuclei. The RNA release in the system seemed to be dependent on the presence of ATP as an evergy source and of dialized cytosol as far as on the temperature level in the incubation mixture. In vitro effects of a number of RNase affectors from cytoplasm and of related exogenous compounds on the RNA release were studied. It was shown that RNase inhibitors such as heparin, PVS and rat liver cytoplasmic RNA were capable to stimulate the RNA release, while the natural inhibitor from liver cytosol failed to influence the RNA relase. Spermidine and PCMB lowered the rate of RNA release from nuclei. The results are discussed in connection with possible role of nuclear RNases and cytoplasmic factors in nucleocytoplasmic transport of RNA.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1995

Organization of serotoninergic projections from the raphé nuclei to the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat: a combined retrograde tracing and 5-HT immunohistochemical study.

We combined retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) immunohistochemistry to study serotoninergic projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN) of the rat. Small iontophoretic injections of HRP into the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus resulted in double-labelled neurons predominantly in the ventromedial and also in the ventrolateral part of the ipsilateral dorsal raphé (DR). A smaller number of double-labelled neurons was also found in the dorsomedial part of the nucleus, predominantly ipsilaterally, and in the median raphé nucleus (MnR), close to the midline. After injection into the medial subdivision of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus, the pattern of labelling in DR and MnR was similar to that detected following injections into the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus. However, injection into the posterior subdivision of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus resulted in bilateral retrograde labelling of a few 5-HT-containing neurons in the dorsolateral part of the DR. Labelling in the ventromedial, ventrolateral and dorsomedial regions of DR and MnR was similar to that detected after injections into the medial subdivision of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus. After all injections into the ATN, double-labelled cells were found throughout the rostrocaudal extent of MnR and throughout the rostral two-thirds of DR. The caudal extension of DR was devoid of double-labelled cells. Although double-labelled cells were observed bilaterally in the dorsolateral part of the DR, the projection from DR to ATN was predominantly ipsilateral. These results show that there is an internal organization within DR such that subnuclei of the DR can be defined on the basis of their efferent projections to specific subdivisions of the ATN.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1980

Activity of neurons of cerebellar nuclei during fictitious scratch reflex in the cat. II. Interpositus and lateral nuclei.

The activity of neurons of the interpositus and lateral cerebellar nuclei was recorded during fictitious scratch reflex in thalamic cats immobilized with Flaxedil. Interpositus neurons were identified by antidromic response to stimulation of the contralateral red nucleus. The interpositus neurons responding to passive movements of the ipsilateral hindlimb manifested rhythmical modulation of the discharge in relation with the scratch cycle. The neurons generated bursts of impulses separated by periods of silence. Different neurons were active in different parts of the scratch cycle, but most of them were active in the second half of the flexor phase. When the scratch reflex was evoked on the contralateral side, rhythmical modulation was observed in about half of the neurons, and it was less pronounced than in the case of ipsilateral scratching. Rhythmical modulation of cerebellar neurons during fictitious scratching is determined by signals coming from the central spinal mechanism, generating rhythmical oscillations, via the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) and the spinoreticulocerebellar pathway (SRCP). Results of separate transections of these pathways showed that the VSCT plays the crucial role in modulating interpositus neurons. Neurons of the lateral nucleus exhibited no modulation during fictitious scratching.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1987

Interrelationships between the heart and central nervous system: localization of neuro-transmitters and imaging of their associated nuclei, including the raphe nuclei & the locus coeruleus, as well as the imaging of the heart and its representation areas in slices of the human central nervous system using the "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test" imaging method.

Using microscopic slides of specific tissues from the human body or pure substances including neuro-transmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, etc., as reference control substances in the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Molecular Identification Method, the author was able to localize and image normal and abnormal internal organs, and to localize and trace the distribution of neurotransmitters in the different parts of the central nervous system. Using microscopic slides of different parts of the heart, we were able to image the outline of the heart as well as the SA node, AV node, tricuspid valve, mitral valve, aortic valve, pulmonary valve, coronary arteries, and aorta and its branches, including the vertebral arteries, without using any bulky or expensive imaging instruments. Using serotonin as a reference control substance on the different parts of the central nervous system, it was possible to demonstrate the 6 well-known raphe nuclei and the locus coeruleus (which contains serotonin & norepinephrine), as well as the distribution of serotonin in the cerebrum and the cerebellum, all of which closely resembled previously published well-known neuroanatomical structures and distributions of neurotransmitters. As an extension of this work, possible representations of different internal organs on the central nervous system were examined using microscopic slides of different internal organs as reference control substances. The results indicated that the entire heart is represented primarily in the medulla oblongata, and that the SA node and the upper half of the left atrium are represented in the caudal end of the pons; the right side of the heart (i.e. R-atrium, AV node, tricuspid valve, R-ventricle) is represented on the right side of the medulla oblongata, and the left side of the heart (i.e. lower half of the L-atrium, mitral valve, L-ventricle) is represented on the left side of the medulla oblongata, and the upper half of the left atrium is represented in the caudal end of the left side of the pons. The bottoms of the ventricles are located near the spinal cord. Furthermore, the right and the left sides of the heart are represented in specific areas of each side of the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex, and there are connecting pathways between the representation areas of identical parts of the heart, through the corpus callosum and other neuro-pathways.

Central Nervous System↗
PubMed1985

Distinguishing rat brainstem reticulospinal nuclei by their neuronal morphology. I. Medullary nuclei.

While cytoarchitectonic and hodological investigations suggest that the brainstem reticulospinal nuclei (BRN) are complexly organized, previous Golgi studies claimed that BRN comprise a homogeneous population with respect to neuronal morphology. To determine whether this is indeed the case, neurons of the various BRN of adult albino or hooded rats were either backfilled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from spinal injections, stained with a Nissl method or impregnated with a Golgi-Kopsch variant. The results suggest that at least thirteen BRN can be distinguished in the medulla. Some medullary BRN contain neurons whose dendritic arborizations (DA) are radially symmetric (e.g., nucleus reticularis (NR) ventralis pars beta (RVb), NR gigantocellularis (RGc) and nucleus raphe magnus (RaM]. Some BRN contain neurons whose DA exhibit a pronounced dorsomedial to ventrolateral slant (e.g., NR dorsalis (RD) and NR parvocellularis (RPc). The DA of NR paragigantocellularis dorsalis (RPgcd) neurons tend to course dorsally. The DA of nucleus raphe obscurus (RaO) neurons course vertically, while those of NR magnocellularis pars alpha (RMca) and NR magnocellularis pars beta (RMcb) course horizontally. The DA of NR ventralis pars alpha (RVa) may be oriented horizontally also, but sometimes slant from dorsolateral to ventromedial. The DA of NR paramedianus neurons (RPm) are cruciform. The neurons of NR paragigantocellularis lateralis (RPgcl) and of the nucleus raphe pallidus (RaP) exhibit a variety of DA patterns. The neurons of RD, RVa, RMcb and RMca project to the spinal cord with a strong ipsilateral predominance, while those of RVb, RPgcl and RGc project to the spinal cord with a weak ipsilateral predominance. The axons of RPc, RaO, RaP, and RaM neurons exhibit no lateral predominance. RPm neurons project to the cord with a weak contralateral predominance, and RPgcd neurons project to the cord with a strong contralateral predominance. Most medullary BRN project to the spinal cord via the medial longitudinal fasciculus (mlf) and sulcomarginal fasciculus. However, RPgcl, RMca and RMcb also project to the spinal cord via the lateral funiculus. The neurons of RD, RPm and RaM project to the spinal cord exclusively via the lateral or dorsolateral funiculus. Since the various medullary BRN are distinguishable on the basis of neuronal morphology, they may play distinct roles in brainstem modulation of spinal motor, sensory or autonomic activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Neuronal structure of septal nuclei of the forebrain nuclei of reptiles].

Cytoarchitectonics and neuronal composition of the telencephalon septum in two species of the squamatous reptiles (Agamidae) were investigated by means of certain neurohistological methods. Cytoarchitectonics of the agama septum is similar to that of other reptiles and composed of medial and lateral nuclei. Multipolar, spindle and pyriformed cells representing various radial and leptodendritic neurons of isodendritic (nonspecialized) type are revealed. A detailed characteristic of the dendritic and axonic tree of the septum cells in presented and compared to the literature data on the mammalian septal cells. The problem connected with the evolution of structure and function of the Vertebrata septal complex are discussed.

Amphibians↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics of responses of neurons of the limbic nuclei of the thalamus. Anteroventral and anteromedial nuclei].

Neuronal activity of the limbic thalamic nuclei AV and AM was examined extracellularly in chronic experiments on rabbits. Significant differences of spontaneous and evoked activity were observed. In n. AV, responses to sensory stimuli were predominantly of specific (34%) and phasic (42%) types. Responses to stimuli of various modalities were selective and differentiated, with complex dynamic changes. In n. AM activity was more uniform. In the majority of neurones (81%) sensory stimuli evoked diffuse undifferentiated tonic responses. Habituation was the only prominent dynamic process in this nucleus.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1984

Cytochemical analysis of the chromatin of liver cell nuclei and nuclei of oval cells by means of the Feulgen hydrolysis curve in rats treated by thioacetamide.

The present study is an analysis of the Feulgen hydrolysis characteristics in nuclei of liver cells and oval cells in rats treated by thioacetamide (TAA) and of liver cells in control rats. The curves show a double-peaked pattern. A slower hydrolysis is noted in the first peak after TAA treatment. This suggests an alteration of the acid-labile part of the chromatin. The curve obtained in the oval cells is different from the one in the liver cells. The implications of these differences are discussed with respect to development of cholangiocarcinomas.

Acetamides↗
PubMed1994

The Drosophila fs(1)Ya protein, which is needed for the first mitotic division, is in the nuclear lamina and in the envelopes of cleavage nuclei, pronuclei, and nonmitotic nuclei.

The Drosophila melanogaster fs (1) Ya gene encodes a nuclear envelope protein needed to initiate embryonic cleavage divisions. In cleavage stage embryos the fs (1) Ya gene product is localized to the nuclear envelope in a cell cycle dependent manner. We show here that fs(1)Ya protein is also present in polar bodies of early cleavage stage embryos as well as in endoreplicating yolk nuclei. This observation suggests that the fs(1)Ya protein is necessary but not solely responsible for embryonic mitosis. Furthermore, cell cycle stage dependent nuclear localization is also seen for ectopically produced fs(1)Ya protein in tissue culture cells, neuroblasts, and male accessory glands, which are free of maternal products. We therefore conclude that cell cycle dependent nuclear localization does not require any exclusively maternal products. Finally, our immunoelectron microscopy shows that the fs(1)Ya protein distribution parallels that of lamin, indicating that it is a nuclear lamina protein.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Studies of phosphorus metabolism by isolated nuclei. XII. Some fundamental properties of the incorporation of 32Pi into polyphosphate by rat liver nuclei.

Rat liver nuclei incubated in vitro catalyze a sustained incorporation of 32Pi into polyphosphate. A preliminary estimate indicates a minimal rate of 10 moles of Pi incorporation into polyphosphates/h/mg protein. Polyphosphate is the predominant acid-insoluble product of nuclear phosphorylation; its formation is dependent on the presence of a divalent cation and is catalyzed by a system or systems as yet uncharacterized.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Cerebellar afferents from motor nuclei of cranial nerves, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and nuclei coeruleus and parabrachialis in sheep, demonstrated with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.

Following HRP injections in the cerebellar cortex of the sheep (except the ventral part of the anterior lobe, the flocculus and ventral paraflocculus), labeled cells were evident in motor nuclei of cranial nerves(XII, VII, VI, III, visceromotor nucleus of X and nucleus ambiguus), in the solitary tract nucleus, the nucleus coeruleus and the parabrachial nucleus.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1995

The immunological impairment of vasopressin (AVP) neurons into paraventricular nuclei modifies AVP expression in suprachiasmatic nuclei.

A monoclonal antibody (MAb) to vasopressin (AVP) inhibits the synthesis and the release of AVP when injected near the AVP-producing neurons. In the present experiments, the AVP-MAb was microinjected near the paraventricular (PVN) or the supraoptic (SON) neurons of the rat hypothalamus and the AVP expression was measured in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). When microinjected near PVN, the AVP-MAb modified the AVP mRNA studied by in situ hybridization, and the AVP immunoreactive content of SCN, whereas it failed to show some effect when injected near SON. This confirms the privileged relationships between AVP-producing neurons in SCN and PVN.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Quadrupole effects of spin-3/2 nuclei on the solid-state magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of spin-1/2 nuclei. Deviations from first-order theory and implications concerning the sign of the indirect coupling constant.

The effect of the interaction between spin-3/2 and spin-1/2 nuclei on solid-state magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectra of the latter is studied in cases where deviations from first-order theory are expected. A comparison is made between the exact and first-order perturbation approaches. Both dipolar and indirect (iso- and anisotropic) coupling interactions are considered. Implications regarding 13C,35,37Cl, 31P,63,65Cu and 119Sn,35,37Cl cases are discussed. It is shown that in the latter two cases the sign of the indirect coupling constant J can be derived.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy↗
PubMed1978

Dorsal column nuclei in a prosimian primate (Galago senegalensis). II. Cuneate and lateral cuneate nuclei: morphology and primary afferent fibers from cervical and upper thoracic spinal segments.

The morphology and brachial cord primary afferent projections of the cuneate and lateral cuneate nuclei have been studied in the lesser bushbaby. The cuneate nucleus was divided into three regions. From caudal to rostral these were the large cell, cell column and rostral regions. Primary afferents from C2, C4, C6, C7, C8, T1 and T3 terminated within distinct partially overlapping terminal zones in the ipsilateral large cell and cell column regions of the cuneate nucleus (CN) and the lateral cuneate nucleus (LCN). Segmentotopic was the greatest in the rostal region of the CN due to a more diffuse projection pattern. In the LCN, the transverse terminal fields appeared as curved mediolaterally oriented laminae. In each case, ascending fibers of passage from C4, C6, and C7 in the cuneate fasciculus were organized so that two distinct fiber laminae were present. The separation of fibers and the formation of the two ascending laminae were completed either within two segments rostral to their respective level of entry (for C6 and C7 lesions) or in the caudal medulla (for C4 lesion). For each of these segments, the laminae consisted of a small dorsomedial one and a large lateral one. The organization of primary afferents from one segment into two ascending fiber laminae in the cuneate fasciculus was reflected in a differential termination pattern within both the CN and LCN. The results of this study were discussed relative to earlier anatomical and physiological studies on the DCN in other animals.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1994

Angiotensin II (AII)-binding sites in nuclei from rat liver: partial characterization of the mechanism of AII accumulation in nuclei.

Isoelectric focusing analysis showed a single angiotensin II (AII)-receptor complex migrating to pI 6.8 in nuclear preparations, while in plasma membranes a charge heterogeneity of the AII receptor subtype AT1 was observed. 125I-Labelled AII binding sites were found in intact nuclei and were not detected in nuclear extracts. Neither disruption of cytoskeletal elements by colchicine nor prevention of endosome acidification by chloroquine had any effect on nuclear accumulation of AII. Nevertheless, the monovalent ionophore monensin inhibited nuclear accumulation of 125I-labelled AII. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that processing through the Golgi apparatus could be involved in the nuclear accumulation of AII.

Angiotensin II↗