[Comparative morbidity of inframicrobial infectious hepatitis (I.I.H.) and epidemic disease transmitted through the digestive tract].
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Communicable Diseases↗
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Sexually transmitted diseases and urinary tract infections.
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Editorial↗
Endocarp Dehiscence in Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.).
Two sites exist for endocarp dehiscence (shell split) in the pistachio nut (Pistacia vera L., Anacardiaceae). Longitudinal dehiscence occurs along lines of cells that have highly lignified, interlocking walls and are differentiated from cells of the neighboring endocarp only by being somewhat smaller and slightly elongate in the radial plane. Apical dehiscence occurs at the site where transmitting tissue penetrates the ovary wall to enter the ovarian locule. In most fruits, cells delineating the line of apical dehiscence possess thin, primary walls that stain only diffusely for pectic materials. In rare cases, possibly when apical dehiscence fails, these cells become lignified. Measurements of seeds and inner dimensions of endocarps of mature fruits show that dehiscent endocarps differ from indehiscent endocarps by having more massive seeds and seeds that are larger relative to the size of the endocarp. These results and observations indicate to us that two dehiscence events occur: longitudinal shell split, which is driven by physical forces exerted on the endocarp by the seed, and apical dehiscence, which occurs at the site of intrusion of the transmitting tissue tract into the ovary and varies according to the extent of transmitting tissue present at anthesis as well as the degree of cytodifferentiation that may occur in these cells.
Journal Article↗
[Study of bacterial flora in the stomach and the upper and lower respiratory tracts--the mechanism of lower respiratory tract infection].
To evaluate the mechanism of lower respiratory tract infection in the hospital, gastric juice, throat secretions, secretions in tracheal cannulae or tubes and aspirated sputum were cultured simultaneously in seven patients with tracheostomy and seven patients with tracheal intubation. Thirty-six strains of bacteria were isolated from gastric juice and only 22.2% of them were the same bacteria as those in the throat secretions. This suggested that there was little correlation between gastric and oropharyngeal flora. The bacteria isolated from throat secretions and aspirated sputum showed 38.5% coincidence in tracheostomized patients and 80% coincidence in intubated patients. In addition, the rate of agreement was 33.3% in tracheostomized patients and 88.9% in intubated patients between throat secretions and tracheal cannulae or tubes. These findings suggested that the correlation of bacterial flora between the upper and lower respiratory tracts was high in intubated patients and low in tracheostomized patients. Identical bacteria in the stomach and the upper and lower respiratory tracts (which may cause nosocomial infection) were isolated in only four of the 14 patients. It has been suggested that bacterial flora in the lower respiratory tract are transmitted from the stomach to the oropharynx and then cause lower respiratory tract infection in hospital. However, our study suggested that this was not a common pathogenic mechanism.
Aged↗
Urinary tract infection in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases.
A study of the prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in 430 women attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases and its relationship to sexual activity is presented. UTI, usually asymptomatic, was found to be slightly more common in women attending the clinic than in the general population, its prevalence being 4.9%. UTI was more commonly found in patients who gave a history of recent sexual intercourse, which suggests that recent coitus was a factor in the development of significant bacteriuria. The likelihood of finding significant bacteriuria was not related to the number of sexual partners in the previous year. Trichomoniasis was more common in the small group of patients with UTI than in other women. The most common causative organism of UTI was Escherichia coli, and the isolates were usually sensitive to ampicillin, sulphonamides, trimethoprim, and nitrofurantoin.
Adolescent↗
Morphological features of cat cervicothalamic tract terminations in different target regions.
Using biotinylated dextran amine to label cervicothalamic tract terminations of cats, three types of terminal arrangements were recognized. The ventral posterior lateral nucleus contains the largest proportion of the cervicothalamic tract terminals (79%) and most (72%) of these are type I terminals (form compact clusters of 5-30 boutons). In contrast, type II (form less compact clusters of 3-10 boutons) and type III (widely spaced boutons along thin axons) terminals dominate in the medial nucleus of the posterior complex (78%) and in the ventral periphery of the ventrobasal complex (86%). In the magnocellular medial geniculate nucleus, type I terminals (38%) are found close to medially located clusters of Cat-301 immunoreactive neurons, whereas type II and type III terminals locate in the surrounding Cat-301-negative regions. These findings indicate a high degree of synaptic security in the transmission between cervicothalamic tract fibers and neurons in the ventral posterior lateral nucleus and highlight the role of this nucleus in faithful transmission of cervicothalamic tract input to the cerebral cortex. Also, the Cat-301-positive neurons in the magnocellular medial geniculate nucleus may faithfully transmit cervicothalamic tract signals. The domination of type II and type III terminals in the medial nucleus of the posterior complex and in the ventral periphery of the ventrobasal complex indicates a more divergent cervicothalamic input to these regions, in line with the large receptive fields and multimodal responses of neurons in the posterior complex.
Animals↗
The importance of the quinolones in antibacterial therapy.
New quinolones have obtained a definite position in the treatment of certain sexually transmitted diseases, urinary tract infections, prostatitis, gastrointestinal infections, nosocomially acquired pulmonary infections with resistant organisms, pseudomonas infections in cystic fibrosis, and osteomyelitis. The role of the new quinolones in upper respiratory tract infections, acute or chronic bronchitis and community acquired pneumonia is far less established. Their role in selective decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract in neutropenic patients is under investigation. Future modifications may increase their usefulness for treatment of mycobacterial infections, chlamydial infections, and mycoplasma and ureaplasma infections. The structural relationship of the new quinolones with antimalarial drugs may open new perspectives for the treatment of falciparum malaria.
4-Quinolones↗
[Quinolones].
Quinolones act by inhibiting enzymes (topoisomerases), which are indispensable to DNA synthesis. Their bactericidal activity is concentration-dependent. Their spectrum has become broader, especially since the introduction of a fluorine atom at position 6 (fluoroquinolones). They are used as the treatment of choice or as alternative therapy in a wide variety of infections, both in the hospital and non-hospital setting. Depending on the compound, they are used in urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, chronic osteomyelitis, respiratory tract infections, and severe systemic infections, among others. The upsurge and extent of quinolone resistance has limited the use of these agents in some cases and in future may determine their use in others. There are strategies to minimize the spread of resistance. Quinolones are safe and well tolerated. The most frequent adverse effects are gastrointestinal and those affecting the central nervous system.
4-Quinolones↗
Detecting cervical infection among family planning clients: difficulties at the primary health-care level in Indonesia.
In developing and testing an operational model for the integration of reproductive tract infection/sexually transmitted disease (RTI/STD) management into existing family planning (FP) services in Indonesia, this study allowed for assessment of disease prevalence and evaluation of diagnostic methods for detection of endocervicitis caused by chlamydial infection and/or gonorrhoea. Data were collected over 28 weeks in 1997 at 2 FP clinics in the low-income harbour neighbourhood of North Jakarta. Among 486 consenting female FP clients, prevalence of chlamydial infection was 9.3%, gonorrhoea 1.2%, trichomoniasis 4.5% and syphilis 0.8%. Clinically observed abnormal vaginal discharge, cervical inflammation and vaginal lesions/ulcers were all associated with cervical infection (P<0.05), but insufficiently sensitive (<60%). Clinical diagnosis for cervical infection had 48.8% sensitivity, 75.4% specificity, but only 18.3% positive predictive value (PPV). On-site Gram stains for gonorrhoea were 83.3% sensitive and 94.5% specific, but had only 16.1% PPV. Presence of mucopurulent cervicitis was only 39.6% sensitive for cervical STD, with PPV of only 16.3%. Development of an affordable and accurate detection tool for chlamydial infection remains the main obstacle to effective RTI/STD management in this population.
Adult↗
Pathogen survival in the external environment and the evolution of virulence.
Recent studies have provided evolutionary explanations for much of the variation in mortality among human infectious diseases. One gap in this knowledge concerns respiratory tract pathogens transmitted from person to person by direct contact or through environmental contamination. The sit-and-wait hypothesis predicts that virulence should be positively correlated with durability in the external environment because high durability reduces the dependence of transmission on host mobility. Reviewing the epidemiological and medical literature, we confirm this prediction for respiratory tract pathogens of humans. Our results clearly distinguish a high-virulence high-survival group of variola (smallpox) virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cornynebacterium diphtheriae, Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and influenza virus (where all pathogens have a mean percent mortality > or = 0.01% and mean survival time >10 days) from a low-virulence low-survival group containing ten other pathogens. The correlation between virulence and durability explains three to four times of magnitude of difference in mean percent mortality and mean survival time, using both across-species and phylogenetically controlled analyses. Our findings bear on several areas of active research and public health policy: (1) many pathogens used in the biological control of insects are potential sit-and-wait pathogens as they combine three attributes that are advantageous for pest control: high virulence, long durability after application, and host specificity; (2) emerging pathogens such as the 'hospital superbug' methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and potential bioweapons pathogens such as smallpox virus and anthrax that are particularly dangerous can be discerned by quantifying their durability; (3) hospital settings and the AIDS pandemic may provide footholds for emerging sit-and-wait pathogens; and (4) studies on food-borne and insect pathogens point to future research considering the potential evolutionary trade-offs and genetic linkages between virulence and durability.
Animals↗
Frequency-response analysis of vestibular-induced neck reflex in cat. II. Functional significance of cervical afferents and polysynaptic descending pathways.
1. Three major inputs to cervical motoneurons were analyzed with frequency-response methods in decerebrate and unanesthetized cats: the afferent system including the gamma-loop, the vestibulospinal tract, and some polysynaptic tract that transmits vestibular influences in the vestibulocollic reflex. 2. The dorsal roots C1-C4 were cut in order to open the feedback loop through the gamma-fiber spindle-afferent system. No effects were observed on the gain and the phase lag of motor-unit response. However, the DC components of the response were consistently decreased by deafferentation both in motor-unit and compound EMG responses. Firing of muscle spindle afferents was modulated during oscillation of the turntable. The majority of responses of spindle afferents was in phase with the simultaneously recorded extrafusal motor activity. These results indicate the existence of alpha-gamma coactivation in the vestibulocollic reflex. 3. Intracellular recording from cervical motoneurons showed that monosynaptic EPSP's were induced by dorsal root stimulation. By far the larger EPSP's, however, were observed with latencies of 10-15 ms, showing the existence of more powerful polysynaptic routes. It is postulated that the cervical afferent system controls the gain of the reflex by changing the number of motor units participating in the vestibulocollic reflex through some polysynaptic pathways, and that the afferent system scarcely changes, the gain or phase lag of individual motor units through a short stretch reflex loop. 4. The medial vestibulospinal tract in the MLF was interrupted, but no effects were detected on the dynamic characteristics of the frequency response. This shows the existence of other effective descending pathways which function as an integrator. 5. Remarkable phase advances were induced by intravenous infusion of Nembutal. This suggests that the Nembutal decreased the activity of the polysynaptic pathways and that the neural integrator, composed of polysynaptic networks, was prevented from fulfilling its ordinary function.
Animals↗
Evaluation of serology, bacteriological isolation and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of pigs carrying Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in the upper respiratory tract after experimental infection.
Pigs, asymptomatically infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in their upper respiratory tract, can transmit the infection. Detection of such animals is indispensable to prevent the intake of the disease in a herd. This study was conducted to evaluate bacteriology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serology for the detection of subclinically infected pigs. Pigs were inoculated onto the tonsils with an A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 9 strain (n=12, group 1) or phosphate buffered saline solution (PBSS) (n=5, group 2). To prevent infection of the lungs, pigs of group 1 were treated three times with sodium ceftiofur as an aerosol. A third group (n=5) was inoculated intranasally with the same strain. All animals were euthanized 30 days post-inoculation (dpi). In pigs of group 1, clinical signs were not observed. A small lung lesion was found in only one pig and A. pleuropneumoniae was isolated from this lesion. The bacterium was not isolated from the lungs of animals that did not develop lung lesions. A. pleuropneumoniae was demonstrated in tonsils of 9/12 animals using bacteriological isolation, whereas it was demonstrated in mixed bacterial cultures from tonsils of all 12 animals by PCR. In non-infected animals (group 2), clinical signs were not observed and A. pleuropneumoniae was not demonstrated in any sample. All intranasally infected animals (group 3) developed disease signs and lung lesions. High antibody titers against ApxI, ApxII and heat-stable antigens were detected in animals that developed lung lesions. Antibody titers against these antigens were low or absent in all other pigs. It was concluded that pigs carrying A. pleuropneumoniae in the upper respiratory tract generally do not show measurable antibodies in serum. Therefore, sensitive methods for the detection of the etiological agent such as PCR are required to identify carrier animals, while serological methods are not suitable.
Actinobacillus Infections↗
Short-term receptor trafficking in the dorsal vagal complex: an overview.
Sensory information from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is transmitted centrally via primary afferents that terminate within the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) and utilize glutamate as their major neurotransmitter. Neurons of the NTS integrate this sensory information and transmit it to parasympathetic preganglionic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), as well as to other areas, using principally glutamate, GABA and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters. Although susceptible to modulation by a vast array of neurotransmitters, the glutamatergic NTS to DMV synapse seems to play a minor role in the tonic modulation of gastric vagal reflexes. GABAergic neurotransmission between the NTS and DMV, however, is of critical importance as its in vivo blockade induces dramatic effects on gastric tone, motility and secretion. In in vitro experiments, however, this synapse appears initially resistant to modulation by most exogenously applied neuromodulators. Using opioid peptides as a model, this review will discuss the remarkable plasticity of the NTS-DMV GABAergic synapse. Modulation of this synapse appears dependent upon the levels of cAMP within the brainstem circuit. In particular, this review will outline how vagal afferent inputs appear to dampen the cAMP-PKA system via tonic activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Removal of vagal sensory input, coincident activation of the cAMP-PKA system, or inhibition of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors, allows receptor trafficking to occur selectively at the level of the NTS-DMV GABAergic synapse. Thus, we propose that the state of activation of vagal sensory inputs determines the gastric motor response via selective engagement of GABAergic synapses. This mini-review is based upon a presentation given at the International Society for Autonomic Neuroscience meeting in Marseille, France in July 2005.
Afferent Pathways↗
From electrical wiring to plastic neurons: evolving approaches to the study of pain.
Clinical and animal experimental evidences accumulated during the past four decades indicate an evolving change, championed by Patrick D. Wall, from the old concept of a specific pain pathway and hard-wired nervous system to a dynamic concept of plastic neural mechanisms underlying nociceptive processing like other sensory neural functions. These include: (1) the reciprocal sharing and interaction of various somatic sensory modalities between the ascending pathways; (2) the activation of spinal gating mechanisms through a dorsal column brainstem spinal loop; (3) the role of plastic changes in the nervous system in the production and maintenance of chronic pain; (4) the evidence showing that processing of nociception involves the activation of a diffuse network of transmitting fiber tracts and brain centers that are not exclusively devoted to pain; and (5) the consideration of chronic pain, at least in part, as a sign or reflection of a dysfunction in neuroimmune-endocrine regulations.
Animals↗
Venereal disease.
Equine venereal infections of concern in the United States include EHV-3, T. equigenitalis, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae. Stallions may also harbor EAV in the genital tract and transmit the virus to mares during coitus. With the exception of EHV-3, the stallion generally remains asymptomatic while transmitting infections to mares during breeding. Methods for diagnosis, treatment, and control of these infections are discussed.
Animals↗
Male reproductive health research needs and research agenda: Asian and Pacific perspective.
Enhancing male reproductive health, and increasing men's participation in it, involves encouraging a range of positive reproductive health and social behaviour by men to help ensure women's and children's well-being. More intellectual work-including research programmes-is urgently needed to clarify the conceptual framework for male reproductive health. At the Asia and the Pacific Symposium 'Intra-regional Cooperation in Reproductive Health Research' (Shanghai, China, 12-13 October 1998) the Symposium participants identified regional research needs and recommended a regional reproductive health research agenda, which addresses six key issues related to male reproductive health: (i) male contraceptive technology; (ii) reproductive tract infections/sexually transmitted diseases and male infertility; (iii) male involvement in reproductive health; (iv) male adolescent reproductive health; (v) male reproductive ageing; and (vi) environment and male reproductive health. One of the major challenges now facing us is the elaboration of a comprehensive, yet realistic, male reproductive health research agenda that reflects the needs and demands of Asian developing countries. Making full use of an interdisciplinary approach is of strategic importance to achieve this.
Adolescent↗
Small-intestinal endoscopy.
A small imaging capsule without cables, wires, or external connections has been developed for exploration of the small bowel. This swallowable device is propelled by peristalsis through the intestinal tract, and transmits data to a nearby receiver that captures video images on a regular basis. This technology will soon be available throughout the world, and it promises to revolutionize deep endoscopy of the small bowel. Sonde enteroscopy will be laid to rest forever. There continues to be considerable interest in the use of push enteroscopy in the investigation of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Physicians are beginning to rely more on intraoperative enteroscopy, because of its high degree of accuracy and its ability to provide visualization of the entire small bowel in selected patients in whom the bleeding source cannot be diagnosed, but who require blood transfusions.
Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal↗
Vitamin B2-based blue-light photoreceptors in the retinohypothalamic tract as the photoactive pigments for setting the circadian clock in mammals.
In mammals the retina contains photoactive molecules responsible for both vision and circadian photoresponse systems. Opsins, which are located in rods and cones, are the pigments for vision but it is not known whether they play a role in circadian regulation. A subset of retinal ganglion cells with direct projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) are at the origin of the retinohypothalamic tract that transmits the light signal to the master circadian clock in the SCN. However, the ganglion cells are not known to contain rhodopsin or other opsins that may function as photoreceptors. We have found that the two blue-light photoreceptors, cryptochromes 1 and 2 (CRY1 and CRY2), recently discovered in mammals are specifically expressed in the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layers of the mouse retina. In addition, CRY1 is expressed at high level in the SCN and oscillates in this tissue in a circadian manner. These data, in conjunction with the established role of CRY2 in photoperiodism in plants, lead us to propose that mammals have a vitamin A-based photopigment (opsin) for vision and a vitamin B2-based pigment (cryptochrome) for entrainment of the circadian clock.
Animals↗