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PubMed1995

[Advertisements in newspapers and magazines about patent medicines in the Meji era (The first dissertation) (Part 1)].

In February 1869, the government first permitted newspapers to be published. The Yokohama-mainichi, the Tokyo-nichi-nichi, the Nisshin-shinjishi and so on were published. The traders of medicine quickly turned their attention to the newspapers. Jihei Morita put an advertisement about "Houtan" in the newspaper issued in July in the 4th year of the Meiji era (1871) and Ginko Kishida put an advertisement about "Seikisui" in the Mainichi in Yokohama dated August 18th in the 4th year of the Meiji era. After that, the traders of medicine advertised in newspapers one after another, and the contents of advertisements were expressly the efficacy of medicine. As Yukichi Fukuzawa doubted if the trend was really desirable, he carried his comment against the trend in the Katei Sodan published by Keio-Gijuku, but the contents of advertisements were not changed. Advertisements emphasising the efficacy of medicine were prominent.

Advertising↗
PubMed1995

[Advertisements in newspapers and magazines about patent medicines in the Meiji era (The first dissertation) (Part 2)].

On January 20th of the 10th year of the Meiji era (1877) the government enforced the laws regulating patent medicines. Since then patent medicines were frequently attacked in the newspapers. Abuses of patent medicines became the target of criticism. Yukichi Fukuzawa had carried his comments against abusing patent medicines in "Minkanzasshi" for 4 days from March 24th in the 11th year of the Meiji era. Abuses of patent medicines prevented medical science from progressing. He pointed out the responsibility of newspapers which printed advertisement of ineffective patent medicines. "The kanayomi" which was a small newspaper company refuted his comments. Jihei Morita published the magazine "Houtan" in person, and he ran many advertisements about patent medicines. In October in the 15th year of the Meiji era, the law, which imposed a tax on patent medicines was enacted. In addition to the censure against patent medicines were an account in the newspaper successively. However, at the same time, these accounts had serious consequences the traders of medicine and they went to law by the reason which they led to serious interference with their business.

Advertising↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A retrospective study of the accuracy of cancer information in Ontario daily newspapers.

CONTEXT: Studies suggest that the mass media is a common source of cancer information for the public. However, the quality of cancer information through various print outlets has not been extensively investigated. OBJECTIVES: To assess the accuracy of cancer information in a retrospective sample of Ontario daily newspapers as well as to determine the amount of mobilizing (enabling) information about community resources for cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS: Of 1,027 articles on cancer for 1991, drawn from the 5 highest and 5 lowest circulating newspapers, a random 30% sample (306 articles) was obtained. Only 40 articles had traceable citations (journal name, name of researcher, name of educational institution, or direct quotes from identifiable sources). Of these, 47.5% had misleading titles and 55% included erroneous information or omitted important study results. Only 13 (6.9%) included mobilizing information regarding prevention, diagnosis, treatment or support. INTERPRETATION: Cancer information in newspapers contain frequent inaccuracies and fail to provide mobilizing information. Inaccurate newspaper information about cancer is of concern if the public relies on this channel for at least part of their health knowledge.

Communication↗
PubMed2003

Do newspapers lead with lead? A content analysis of how lead health risks to children are covered.

Lead poses a serious environmental health risk to young children, causing such irreversible health effects as mental retardation, stunted growth, and hearing and visual impairment. Studies suggest that various sectors of the public, including children's caregivers, are not sufficiently concerned about this risk or knowledgeable about ways of minimizing it. Because newspapers are one of the primary ways members of the public learn about risks, the authors examined the characteristics and content of 152 newspaper articles on lead to determine when coverage occurred and what information was provided. Results revealed that newspapers most often covered lead as a local news story. Few articles identified children under six years of age as the most vulnerable group or provided important information on health effects, sources of exposure, or abatement methods. The authors' recommendations focus on helping environmental health professionals work with newspaper journalists to improve the information available to the public.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2005

Coverage by Japanese newspapers of oral health messages on the prevention of dental caries.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the coverage and quality of information on dental caries prevention in Japanese newspapers. Newspaper articles were searched using database during 10 years from 1993 to 2002. From five major newspapers, 440 articles concerning dental caries prevention were selected and used for analysis. The number of caries prevention articles was related to National Oral Health Week, which was held in June of each year, and the introduction of new policy or government statements on oral health issues. Major sources of articles came from manufacturing companies (29.3%), staff of universities (27.7%), and other dental specialists (20.2%). Caries prevention articles appeared frequently in the health columns (35.7%) followed by news articles (20.0%) and business columns (17.7%). Dietary control (47.5%) was the most frequently described preventive method. Plaque control was referred to in 40.9% of articles, and information about improvement of host factors was provided in 40.0%. Among them, fluoride information was included in 30.0%. Clearly wrong information against evidence based were found in 24 articles. It is important that newspapers provide accurate information with a supportive evidence base. Dental professionals in Japan should be aware of the importance of media advocacy in order to provide appropriate oral health information to the public.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed1996

Articles on AIDS in major Japanese newspapers.

People in general obtain knowledge about AIDS through the mass media. It is interesting to know how newspapers have dealt with AIDS in recent years, since newspapers are the most important mass media. The number of articles on AIDS from 1981 to 1994 was investigated in three major Japanese newspapers (Asahi, Yomiuri, and Mainichi) which are distributed nationwide. The first article appeared in 1982, and the number of articles gradually increased to a peak (total 785 articles) in 1987 when the first Japanese female patient was reported. Then, the number of articles decreased to 116 in 1989. The number of articles on AIDS in newspapers was not correlated with the reported number of patients.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Wet oxidation pretreatment for the increase in anaerobic biodegradability of newspaper waste.

Wet oxidation was investigated for its process performance on methane fermentation of newspaper waste. The mechanisms of solubilization of newspaper waste were investigated using the following criteria: destruction of total COD (TCOD), production of soluble COD (SCOD), production of volatile fatty acids, production of soluble carbohydrates, production of soluble lignin derivatives (SLD), production of furan (F) and destruction of lignin and cellulose. Wet oxidation was carried out at 170, 190, and 210 degrees C, with a retention time of 1 h. The highest removal efficiencies of TCOD and cellulose were achieved at 210 degrees C, approximately 40% and 69% were destroyed, respectively. On the other hand, highest lignin removal efficiency was achieved at 190 degrees C in which approximately 65% was removed. Batch methane fermentation tests were performed in 2-l glass bottles filled with the wet oxidized newspaper samples. Methane fermentation of newspaper pretreated at 190 degrees C gave the highest CH(4) conversion efficiency (59% of the initial TCOD was recovered as CH(4) gas). Anaerobic cellulose removals varied from 74% to 88%.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed1991

Visual load of working with visual display terminals--introduction of VDT to newspaper editing and visual effect.

In the Japanese newspaper industry, since the late 1970s, computerization has been started in large scale. The system, called Computerized Typesetting System (CTS), has been introduced. With this system, all information in the newspaper is input into a computer, called up on a cathode ray display (CRT) to edit, and then output to film or printing plates by CTS. Thus, the work of newspaper production has undergone a major transformation from industrial work to clerical work. It was reported that newspaper production staff working with VDTs complained more than staff working with the older key system about visual and physical problems which affected their job and their daily life. The complaint rates were highest for editors, who used VDT constantly throughout the day. This study was performed to clarify the health impact of VDT use and to prevent health disorders caused by the introduction of CTS. It is concluded that 5 m corrected vision and sphere refraction of CTS workers who used CTS over 2 or 4 hr daily, significantly became worse in a year after the introduction. Therefore, it is indicated that the control of CTS work time is important to prevent the visual disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Influence of newspaper reporting on adolescents' attitudes toward people with mental illness.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have established proof of selective media reporting about the mentally ill, with the majority of the reports focusing almost exclusively on violence and dangerousness. A handful of studies found that there is an association between negative media portrayals and negative attitudes toward people with mental illness. However, empirical evidence of the impact of newspaper reports about mentally ill people on readers' attitudes is very scarce. AIMS: To examine the impact of a newspaper article linking mentally ill persons with violent crime and the impact of an article providing factual information about schizophrenia on students' attitudes toward people with mental illness. METHOD: A total of 167 students aged 13-18 years were randomly assigned one of two articles. A period of 1 week before and 3 weeks after reading the newspaper article, they were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire for the assessment of their attitudes toward mentally ill people. RESULTS: Respondents who read the article linking mentally ill persons with violent crime displayed an increased likelihood to describe a mentally ill person as dangerous and violent. Conversely, respondents who read the informative article used terms like 'violent' or 'dangerous' less frequently. The desire for social distance remained virtually unchanged at follow-up in both groups. CONCLUSION: Two potential approaches to break the unwanted link between negative media reporting and negative attitudes are suggested. First, an appeal to media professionals to report accurate representations of mental illness. And second, an appeal to the adults living and working with adolescents to provide opportunities to discuss and reflect on media contents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Images of adolescence: an investigation into the accuracy of the image of adolescence constructed by British newspapers.

The aims of the present study were to determine any changes in the representation of adolescents by the British press since the beginning of the decade, and to examine the relationship of the media image to facts and figures concerning the age group. Twenty-one daily and Sunday newspapers were monitored, and items involving adolescents (defined as people aged between 11 and 19 years of age) were noted and subjected to a content analysis. The four most frequently occurring categories (victims, crime, sport and unemployment) were further investigated, and such information as was appropriate to the evaluation of these categories collected. It was found that the emphasis in the reporting of adolescence bore little relationship to the importance or relevance of each area of study. Victimization and criminal activity were overemphasized by the newspapers, whilst sport and unemployment were underemphasized. Furthermore, details of coverage within some categories (e.g. crime) were misleading. The typical adolescent in 1985, according to the newspapers, is a criminally inclined, sporting youngster who is likely to become victim of a wide variety of crimes and accidents. She or he is also very likely to be unemployed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Newspaper reporting on child raising in Japan.

Study of child-raising issues published in newspapers is lacking. The purpose of this article is to determine the spectrum of issues associated with child raising based on a newspaper. We conducted a cross-sectional study of items related to children (aged <19 years) reported in a Japanese newspaper from July 1, 2001, to June 30, 2002. A total of 1287 child-related items were published. The percentages of reports regarding individual health, health-related issues, topics on two or more issues, and global child issues were 5.9%, 28.8%, 62.9%, and 2.4%, respectively. The most common singly reported issues from 446 items were on child play and recreation, welfare activities, security, child abuse, child death, sports, and parenting. These reports assist parents, families, nurses, pediatricians, and child care workers in providing information on healthy child raising.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Role of inorganic chlorides in formation of PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar PCBs from combustion of plastics, newspaper, and pulp in an incinerator.

The total amounts of dioxins found in exhaust gases from combustion of polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with approximately 3% (w/ w) NaCl were 6.07, 17.7, and 28.9 ng/g, respectively. Plastics containing benzene rings produced more dioxins than plastic containing no benzene ring. The amounts of dioxin formed in the exhaust gases from the combustion of newspapers impregnated with CaCl2, KCl, and NaCl were 18.6, 28.6, and 49.0 ng/g, respectively. Dioxin formation was associated with the bond energy between metal atom and chlorine atom. When newspapers impregnated with four different amounts of NaCl were combusted, the highest NaCl content newspaper (chlorine content 4.08%, w/w; lignin content 19.8%, w/w) produced the greatest amount of dioxins (174 ng/g). Pulp with NaCl (chlorine content 4.25%, w/w; lignin content 0.69%, w/w) produced more dioxins (6.71 ng/g) than pulp alone (0.799 ng/g) did upon combustion. The lignin content in a combustion sample correlated with the amount of dioxin formation. The results exhibited that combustion conditions with low CO concentration (<2 ppm) produced much less dioxins than conditions with high CO concentration (159 ppm).

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2003

[The presentation of depression in German daily newspapers].

OBJECTIVE: According to results of the latest research, the state of knowledge of the German population regarding depressive disorders has improved during the last years. The question arises to what extent the print media have contributed to this development. METHOD: All editions of three German dailies--Sueddeutsche Zeitung (SZ), Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ) and Bild Zeitung (BZ)--published in the first months of each quarter in 1990 and 2000 were analysed. All articles that were identified using the search key *depress* were included. A full text search was carried out, except for the editions of SZ and FAZ from the year 2000 which are available on CD-ROM. Using a coding system specifically designed for this study, a quantitative content analysis was carried out taking into consideration both formal and contents-related aspects. RESULTS: None of the three newspapers investigated helps to promote better understanding of depressive disorders. A comparison between 1990 and 2000 shows that there has been no development towards a more adequate representation of depression in any of the dailies examined. When aspects of the illness are mentioned it is mostly in the form of speculations over etiological factors. Rarely published articles that are rather confusing for lay people mostly report details taken out of their context. The term "depression" is often used metaphorically. Among the few descriptions of people with depression, negative aspects prevail. CONCLUSION: The image of depression as a serious mental illness can hardly be developed by reading the newspapers investigated. The improvement in lay people's state of knowledge cannot be attributed to a more adequate representation of depression in the daily newspapers examined.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed1986

Occurrence of athletic injuries in voluntary participants in a 1-year extensive newspaper exercise campaign.

In 1977 the newspaper Ostgötacorrespondenten (Corren) started a 1-year campaign for better health. The campaign was called "Piggare med Corren" (get fit with the Corren) and included antismoking, dietary, and exercise components. It was given widespread publicity in the newspaper. The purpose of the study was to examine the extent of self-reported exercise injuries in volunteers who diligently participated in a newspaper campaign. Information was collected from questionnaires sent to the most persistent participants after the campaign; 60% answered the questionnaire. An analysis of the dropouts showed that they had not started to exercise to the same extent as the others. Only 5% said that they had not exercised before the campaign; 6.7% reported that they were injured in connection with their exercising during the campaign in such a way that they had to interrupt their exercise. Thirty-seven persons had called a doctor and 19 persons were reported sick during for an average of 1 month because of the exercise injuries. There were significantly more regular exercisers who had been highly active before the campaign among those who had been injured compared with those who were not injured.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Newspaper coverage of women's sports during the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games: Belgium, Denmark, France, and Italy.

In general, women are well represented among sport participants and sport audiences but not in the media. Data show that women's sport is greatly underreported and trivialized in newspapers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure press coverage during the 2000 Summer Olympic Games in the largest circulating Belgian, Danish, French, and Italian daily newspapers by: (a) number of articles, (b) size, (c) page placement, (d) accompanyingphotographs, and (e) photograph size. For each sport covered, the athletes' nationality and the gender were recorded. Compared to the 1996 Atlanta Games, there was an increase of 326 female athletes (+4 %), and women competed in 25 sports and 132 events (44 %) of the total 300 events. Although only 29.3 % of the articles and 38 % of photos were on women 's sports, the newspaper coverage was similar to the distribution of participating athletes and events. No significant gender differences were found with respect to article size, page placement, accompanying photographs, or photograph size. The most covered sport was track and field, independent of national achievement. Other sports received different coverage in relation to national expectations, achievement, and participation. In conclusion, there was a trend to overcome gender inequities in media coverage during the Olympic Games, which may be due to the International Olympic Committee's actions to promote increased participation of women in sport activities and to publicize their achievements. Moreover, during the Olympic Games, a nationalistic fervor might affect the equality of gender coverage.

Australia↗
PubMed1999

Media reports on disability: a binational comparison of types and causes of disability as reported in major newspapers.

PURPOSE: The study aimed to examine the way in which newspapers in two countries relate to problems of disability and people with disabilities. In particular, we looked at the way the extent, type and focus of newspaper articles in both countries varied with the type and cause of the disability under discussion. METHOD: A content analysis of over 400 newspaper articles collected over a 3 month period in Canada and Israel was carried out. RESULTS: The findings show that physical disabilities received the most media attention and positive treatment in both countries, followed by psychiatric disabilities and then developmental disabilities. Likewise, disabilities stemming from congenital problems were treated more positively. The Canadian press was somewhat more progressive than the Israeli press at naming individuals with disability, using appropriate labelling and focusing on somewhat more progressive issues. On the other hand, people with developmental disabilities received more favourable treatment in the Israeli press. CONCLUSIONS: The press has an important role in reflecting and shaping public attitudes. In many ways media coverage reinforces negative attitudes towards people with disabilities, particularly those with psychiatric and developmental disabilities. While there were some differences between the two countries, overall the results suggest that these tendencies, which have been observed in other countries as well, are not limited by national boundaries.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1996

Changes in newspaper coverage of cardiovascular health issues in conjunction with a community-based intervention.

Numerous community-based prevention projects, with significant media components, have been conducted over the past decade. Multiple evaluation strategies have been used to document the effectiveness of these interventions, including intermediate measures of community impact such as assessment of media coverage. As part of the evaluation of a community-based intervention (the Bootheel Heart Health Project), dissemination of information on cardiovascular disease (CVD) was measured through a media content analysis of newspapers. Data were analyzed from 23 newspapers in six rural counties in southeastern Missouri for the period October 1988 through August 1993. An increase was observed in CVD-related coverage in the pre-intervention period (mean articles per month = 31.5) compared with the post-intervention period (mean articles per month = 50.7) (F = 10.2; P = 0.003). In supporting data from a separate randomized risk factor survey of 1510 residents in the same area, respondents reported hearing of heart health coalitions primarily through local newspapers. The current study documents increasing print media coverage of cardiovascular health issues in a high-risk, rural area and shows that media content analysis can be a useful evaluation tool in community-based interventions.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2004

Building a health promotion agenda in local newspapers.

This is an analysis of newspaper coverage of breast cancer topics during a community-based health promotion campaign. The 4-year campaign, called the Breast Cancer Screening Campaign (BCSC), was devoted to promoting mammography screening in a Midwestern state. The BCSC included both paid advertising and volunteer-led community interventions that were intended, in part, to increase the flow of information about breast cancer and mammography screening in the local mass media. Findings showed that intervention was positively associated with local newspaper content about breast cancer, but the effects were confined to communities served by weekly newspapers. We discuss the implications of this study for future community-based health promotion campaigns.

Breast Neoplasms↗