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PubMed1986

MMPI scales and subscales: patterns of older, middle-aged, and younger inpatients.

There has been virtually no research on the relationship of age and MMPI subscales, such as the Harris and Lingoes, Wiggins, Subtle/Obvious, and other specialized subscales. One hundred younger (less than or equal to 39), middle-aged (40-49), and older (greater than or equal to 50) psychiatric inpatients were compared on the basic 13 MMPI scales and 77 MMPI subscales. Results showed that, as a whole, older patients tended to respond more conservatively to these scales, to show less pathology, and to endorse fewer subtle/obvious items than the other age groups. They responded, however, lower on Dominance, on Hostility, and on Social Maladjustment. Later-life patients also endorsed differentially many of the Harris and Lingoes 4 and 6 subscales in the less pathological direction than did the other groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Estimation of MMPI scale scores from an improved comprehensibility short form.

Equations were derived for estimating MMPI scores from a short form that was developed for cognitively impaired individuals. Multiple regression analyses of the data on 300 patients demonstrated that prediction from a single short-form scale was acceptable and was little improved by the addition of other scales or sex of subject to the prediction equation. Substitution equations were constructed, and correlations of short-form scales with the full MMPI ranged from .82 to .96 with a median of .91.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Evaluation of two shortened forms of the SAWAIS with three diagnostic groups.

This study evaluated the shortened forms of the WAIS by Coolidge (1976) and Golden (1976), respectively. This was accomplished by administering the South African Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (SAWAIS) to subjects with depression (N = 42), mentally retarded subjects (N = 32), and subjects who presented with an organic brain syndrome (N = 79). Correlations between the full scale scores and the shortened form scores fluctuated between .80 and .91. With all three groups the shortened forms indicated significance (p less than .01 with all six correlations). It appears that these two shortened forms, depending on the reason for testing, can be used successfully with different psychiatric groups. However, the results must be used with caution, especially when used with mentally retarded patients.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed1991

Redundancy in the Pascal-Suttell Bender-Gestalt scoring system: discriminating organicity with only one design.

The eight Bender-Gestalt (B-G) designs scored by the Pascal-Suttell (P-S) system proved to be highly intercorrelated, while the ninth component, the Configuration score, was modestly related to only design one. A factor analysis of the eight designs revealed one significant factor, which was interpreted as reflecting general reproductive accuracy rather than special gestalt properties of the drawings. While the P-S Total score could discriminate between organic (n = 52) and nonorganic (n = 52) clinical outpatient groups with a 74% hit rate, only one design (seven) yielded a 73% discrimination. It was suggested that a quick and reliable method for screening for organicity with the B-G would be to calculate the P-S score for design seven only.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1993

Delayed recall on the Wechsler Memory Scale-revised: the factor structure revisited.

Although delayed recall tasks are prominent features of the popular Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R), exploratory factor analyses consistently have failed to identify an associated delayed recall factor. The present study tested the hypothesis (Elwood, 1991b) that a delayed recall factor could be found by substituting percent retained (saving) scores for the existing WMS-R delayed recall subtest scores. Principal component analyses of age-corrected WMS-R immediate and save scores in a mixed clinical sample failed to find the hypothesized save factor. Both the scree and MAP tests retained one general memory factor, which accounted for 42.2% of the total variance. Independent statistical programs produced essentially equivalent results. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

WAIS-R item difficulties with psychiatric inpatients.

Item difficulties for 10 WAIS-R subtests were determined for a sample of psychiatric inpatients (N = 150). Spearman correlation coefficients between psychiatric inpatient and standardization group rank orders were large and significant across all subtests except Object Assembly, which demonstrates the expected trend of increasing item difficulty for the psychiatric inpatient sample. Using linear regression, items with standardized residuals greater than two were judged to be significantly out of order for the psychiatric inpatient sample. Of the 165 WAIS-R items examined in this study, only 7 were found to be out of order. This result may have been due to chance and suggests that, in general, WAIS-R subtest item difficulty curves for psychiatric inpatients and the WAIS-R standardization group are comparable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Comparison of two methods of administering the Halstead Category Test.

Developed an alternative method of administering Halstead's Category Test that uses answer sheet and latent image developer. The method does not entail bulky apparatus operated by the examiner. There is lessened possibility of examiner error in providing reinforcement and in recording responses. Use of visual rather than auditory reinforcement makes the method useful with the deaf. Performance on alternative and standard methods by psychiatric inpatients (N = 50) was the same, which suggests that the two methods are equivalent.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Phenotypic presentation of frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism-chromosome 17 type P301S in a patient of Jewish-Algerian origin.

A 39-year-old old Jewish woman of Algerian origin developed a rapidly progressive neurocognitive disorder characterized by asymmetric rigidity, spasticity with bilateral Babinski's sign, bradykinesia, altered speech that progressed to mutism, and severe bradyphrenia. She partially responded to levodopa. The family history revealed 4 affected first-degree relatives (3 had already died). Genetic studies carried out in the proband and her living affected sister showed a P301S mutation in chromosome 17.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Electroconvulsive therapy in Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.

Early case reports note marked improvements in the signs of Parkinson's disease (PD) in several patients with coexisting psychiatric disorders after treatment with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Studies since 1959 reveal improvement of parkinsonism in over half of PD patients receiving ECT, regardless of the presence or absence of psychiatric comorbidity. Drug-induced parkinsonism, tardive dystonia, and tardive dyskinesia have also been shown to improve with ECT administration; tic syndromes have achieved mixed results. In animals, ECT enhances dopamine-mediated effects and increases GABA concentrations in the CNS. Optimal parameters relevant to the antiparkinsonism effects of ECT require further study.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed1999

Expression and detection of macrophage-tropic HIV-1 gp120 in the brain using conformation-dependent antibodies.

HIV-1 envelope proteins gp120 and gp41 are likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. While detection of gp120 in HIV-infected cell cultures is easy, it has not yet been possible to identify gp120 in human or animal brains in situ. The difficulty in detecting gp120 could be due to low expression levels of the protein, to the shedding of gp120 from infected macrophages/microglia, or to the use of inappropriate gp-specific antibodies. We addressed these questions by analyzing the subcellular localization, oligomeric structure, and shedding behavior of gp120 from a macrophage-tropic, CCR5-dependent primary isolate, BX08, expressed by a Semliki Forest virus replicon (SFVenvBX08) in vitro. We used the same SFV system injected in vivo into the rat brain in an attempt to detect gp120 in situ. Our results show that gp120/41 is expressed as monomers, dimers, and trimers in cell culture. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that intracytoplasmic gp120 can be recognized by an anti-V3 antibody, whereas gp120 at the plasma membrane is detected exclusively by a conformation-dependent antibody. In the rat brain, the SFV vector allows gene expression in neurons from day 3 to day 9 after injection without any apparent brain damage nor reactive astrogliosis. In SFVenvBX08-infected neurons only conformation-dependent antibodies allowed gp120 labeling. These results suggest that previous difficulties in detecting gp120 in brain tissues may be due to the use of antibodies which were unable to recognize gp120 at the plasma membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The interrelationship of tropical disease and mental disorder: conceptual framework and literature review (Part I--Malaria).

Substantial interactions between tropical diseases and psychiatric illness have long been recognized, but the impact of biological factors in the field of cross-cultural psychiatry has been less well studied than psychosocial factors. In reviewing the literature at the intersection of tropical medicine and psychiatry in order to summarize the existing data base in this field, a generalized interactive model informed by the theoretical contributions of George Engel, the WHO Scientific Working Group on Social and Economic Research, Arthur Kleinman, P. M. Yap, Edward Sapir and others has been developed to serve as a conceptual framework for this analysis of the literature and to guide further research. The clinical literature of tropical medicine and psychiatry which recognizes the significance of concurrent tropical disease and mental disorders is reviewed along with the more specific literature on malaria and concomitant psychiatric illness. Many authors have focused on the role of organic mental disorders, especially in connection with cerebral malaria, but several have also addressed psychosocial parameters through which the interrelationship between malaria and a full range of mental disorders is also mediated. The effects of malaria may serve as biological, psychological or social stressors operating in a cultural context which precipitate or shape features of psychiatric symptomatology. Psychiatric illness may likewise precipitate an episode of malaria with typical symptoms in a patient with a previously subclinical infection. Implications of the literature and this generalized interactive model are considered as they apply to clinical practice, public health and the application of social science theory in medicine.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1983

[Validity of the syndrome scales in the AMDP-system].

To examine the validity of the syndrome scales of the AMDP system, various diagnostic groups as defined by the ICD were described by these scales and distinguished from each other by discriminant analyses. As a comparison the same diagnostic groups were distinguished using the syndrome scales of the AMP system. The analyses using the AMDP system were performed in a sample of 659 patients of the Psychiatric Clinic of the Free University of Berlin during 1979-1980, the analyses with the AMP system in a sample of 2269 patients of the same clinic during the period 1971-1976. It could be shown that different endogenous and organic psychoses as well as neuroses can be described in their psychopathology and discriminated from each other by means of the syndrome scales of the AMDP system. The validity of the syndrome scales in relation to this criterion could be proved. Moreover, we found a high similarity between the results with the AMDP system and the results with the AMP system, which demonstrates that the two systems compare well.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Building syndromes in the AMP-system (author's transl)].

The symptoms of 2269 psychiatric patients on admission, documented by the AMP (PAS) system, were factor-analysed to build syndromes of psychopathology. The nine syndromes could be cross-validated. We believe a useful description of the findings on admission can be made by the following syndromes: paranoid-hallucinatory, manic, psycho-organic, depressive, apathetic, hostile, stuporous, somatic, compulsive. The correlation with other syndromes based on AMP by other scientists is substantial. For each item we computed the percentage of occurrence and the item-scale correlation, and for the syndrome-scales reliability, intercorrelations and T-transformations. We calculated the mean profiles for some diagnostic groups to test some aspects of the validity of the syndromes. It was demonstrated that a differentiation is possible.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Scale formation in the AMDP (Society for Methodology and Documentation in Psychiatry) system].

The psychopathological and somatic symptoms documented by the AMDP-system on the admission of 1654 patients to the Psychiatric Clinics of the Universities in München und 659 patients in Berlin were factor analyzed. Eight factors could be extracted which describe the psychopathology on eight syndrome-scales. These factors could be cross-validated by factor analyses on random samples. In correspondence with the factors of the AMP-system the following syndromes were found: paranoid-hallucinatory, depressive, psycho-organic, manic, hostility, autonomic, apathy, obsessive-compulsive. For each of the 70 items which were associated with a factor we computed the percentage occurrence and item-scale-intercorrelations, for each of the eight syndrome-scales reliability-coefficients, intercorrelations and T-transformations. For further data-reduction second-order-factors were also computed.

Adult↗