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PubMed1978

Recent net alien immigration to the United States: its impact on population growth and native fertility.

Estimates of the size and structure of recent alien immigration to the United States are made. Substituting these revised estimates in the Series II projections of the U.S. Bureau of the Census implies a future U.S. population smaller than that implied by the Census Bureau's estimates of immigration. The analysis of Coale (1972)--which calculates the decline in native-born fertility required to accommodate immigration and, at the same time, maintain a stationary population--is replicated, using both the Census Bureau's estimates and the revised estimates reported here. The revised estimates indicate a smaller reduction in native fertility and a smaller ultimate size of the stationary population than are implied by the Census Bureau's immigration estimates. The importance of age structure in all of these calculations is demonstrated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Children's color perception in relation to habitat and skin color.

Developmental color perception of negroid and caucasoid children in 3 societies is examined in relation to the theories that proximity to the equator and fundus pigmentation (as measured by skin color) reduce shortwave (blue-green) in comparison with long-wave perception. The 278 4- and 8-year-old native-born, urban, English-speaking children were from latitudes 6 degrees 27' N (Enugu, Nigeria), 17 degrees 18' N (Basseterre, Saint Kitts, East Caribbean), and 34 degrees 3' N (Los Angeles, Calif.). Equal numbers of boys and girls from middle socioeconomic homes were medically examined for normal nutritional status and near vision. Children were individually tested on the Gaines Color Perception Test. The results show that short-wavelength perception is less accurate than long-wave-length perception in all locations, but most of the variance is attributable to conditions of low value or chroma stimuli rather than to proximity to the equator. There were no significant differences between Nigerian, Saint Kittitian and California caucasoid children. In accord with the pigmentation theory, young California negroid children had less accurate short-wavelength color perception than California caucasoid children. However, Nigerian and Saint Kittitian negroid children's perceptual accuracy was at least as accurate as that of caucasoid children. Amount of pigmentation does not appear to be a universal variable in children's color perception. Socioeconomic status, nutritional variables, developmental growth of the eye, or controlled stimulus conditions of the present research could account for the lack of positive relationships between color perception and habitat or skin color.

Child↗
PubMed1980

Lung cancer and the petroleum industry in Louisiana.

Death certificates from the period 1960 to 1975 for Louisiana were surveyed for lung cancer deaths and noncancer deaths among people employed in petroleum mining and refining to determine if there were specific occupations within this industry associated with a higher risk of lung cancer. Workers employed as welders, operators, boilermakers, and painters and oilfield workers had the greatest risks. Oil field miners born outside Louisiana had a higher risk than native-born miners. Occupation as listed on death certificates provides a rapid means of identifying those with high risk, as a large part of the population can be rapidly screened, covering employees in many industries.

Humans↗
PubMed1980

Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in 17-year-old Jewish residents of Jerusalem: a preliminary report. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.

Preliminary data on plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in 2565 teenage Jerusalem residents attending a military medical examination were analyzed. Mean HDL cholesterol levels were highest among male and female subjects whose fathers had immigrated from Europe and the Americas and lowest in those of Asian and of North African origin. Second-generation Israelis ranked intermediate between the Europeans and the other two groups. Total cholesterol levels were lowest in teenagers of both sexes whose fathers had come from North Africa, highest in subjects of European and of Israeli origin and intermediate in the Asians. Triglyceride levels were also lowest among North Africans of both sexes, but the Asian and Israeli groups had higher mean values than the Europeans. These findings show that patterns of lipid and lipoprotein levels previously observed in adult immigrants persist in a generation of native-born Israelis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Pulmonary tuberculosis. Is resurgence due to reactivation or new infection?

Spread of tuberculosis consists of three phases: In the transmission phase, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is transferred from a source of a host via aerosolization of respiratory secretions. During the infective phase, the organism establishes itself within the lung of the new host. In the pathogenetic phase, organism- and host-related mechanisms bring about clinical disease. In the past, the vast majority of cases of tuberculosis in the United States were assumed to be reactivation of dormant disease. However, the pathogenesis has increasingly shifted to progressive primary disease. This shift may be due to the low endogenous resistance to tuberculosis in native-born Americans. In addition, various social problems, especially in large cities, favor person-to-person transmission. Infectivity of M tuberculosis itself may be increasing as strains resistant to multiple agents become more common.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1994

[Incidence of cancer in migrants: data of the Lombardy tumor registry].

Epidemiological studies of migrants have played an important role in evaluating the environmental and genetic components of cancer aetiology. Italian regions were grouped into five areas: North-West, North-East, Central, South and Lombardia. Incidences of cancer in migrants from South and North-East of Italy, in the province of Varese, have been compared with the incidence of Lombardia-born population, using data collected from the Cancer Registry of Lombardia for 12 years (1976-1987). Incidence comparisons were made using the Standardized Incidence Ratio (SIR). Subjects emigrated from the North-East show SIR higher than the Lombardia-born for lung and oesophageal cancer (smoking and alcohol related cancers). SIR for lip and nasopharyngeal cancers were higher in South-born. Cancer of breast, stomach and colon have low SIRs in subjects migrated from the South and, to a even lower extent, in subjects migrated from the North-East. Several others cancers tended, in general, to have lower rates in migrants from South than in native-born in Lombardia.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1994

[Alarming admission rates for schizophrenia in migrants from Surinam, the Netherlands Antilles and Morocco].

OBJECTIVE: To compare first admission rates for schizophrenia in the four largest immigrant groups to the Netherlands (from Surinam, the Netherlands Antilles, Turkey and Morocco) with those of the Dutch population. DESIGN: Analysis of data from the national psychiatric register. METHOD: The frequencies of first admission (compulsory or not) for schizophrenia in 1990 were subdivided according to age, sex and country of birth. The figures were plotted against the numbers of immigrants living in the Netherlands on January 1st, 1990. The frequencies were compared with the chi2 test. RESULTS: Rates for immigrants from Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles were 2-5 times higher than those for Turkish immigrants and for the native-born population. Rates of first admissions for young male immigrants from Morocco were also increased but rates for female Moroccan immigrants and for immigrants from Turkey were not. Proportions of compulsory first admissions for young male immigrants were not increased. For young Surinam-born females, however, this proportion was increased. CONCLUSION: These results agree with those of British studies reporting an increased incidence of schizophrenia among Afro-Caribbean immigrants to the UK.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Acculturation, stress and mental health in Lebanese immigrants in Montreal].

This cross-sectional study examined the effect of immigration and acculturative stress on the mental health of a sample of 197 Lebanese immigrants in Montreal. An Orthogonal Model of Cultural Identification was used to determine whether the acculturation style adopted by immigrants had any effect on mental health or on acculturative stress. Results revealed no significant differences in psychological distress between the Lebanese sample and a comparative group of Quebec native-born. Among the indices of acculturative stress, adaptation problems alone predicted psychological distress. Finally, acculturation styles did not have any effect on psychological distress or on acculturative stress indices, with discrimination excepted. Individuals who adopted the Assimilation style reported less discrimination than those in the Ethnocentric and Integration groups. Results are discussed with reference to findings reported in the literature on Canadian studies.

Acculturation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Status of imported malaria in a control zone of the United Arab Emirates bordering an area of unstable malaria.

A concerted malaria eradication programme in the United Arab Emirates has reduced local transmission to only a very few small foci in the country. The Al Ain district is now a consolidation zone. However, transmission across the undemarcated border with Oman continues. Malaria imported by the large immigrant work force from major disease endemic areas remains a large burden. An added threat is the appearance of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum principally from Sudan and Pakistan but increasingly amongst Omani cases seen in the hospitals and clinics in Al Ain. The implications of re-introduction of malaria and the establishment of chloroquine resistance, particularly for non-immune residents and visitors, are emphasized.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Reproductive health of Asian women: a comparative study with hospital and community perspectives.

A comparative study of Asian and non-Asian women's reproductive health was performed. The hospital case notes of 48 Asian and 51 non-Asian women, matched for age, were examined. Asian women had shorter stature, bigger families, booked later for antenatal care, and were less likely to have a cervical smear taken. Of the above, 30 Asian and 24 non-Asian women were interviewed in their homes. Many Asian women had difficulties with the English language and a low literacy rate which gave rise to communication barriers during health care. Their knowledge of procedures and tests such as amniocentesis, self examination of the breast etc. was comparatively low. Fewer Asians attended parent-craft classes or did post-natal exercises. Many disliked, and some refused, vaginal examination by male doctors. Despite equal access, Asian women were less well informed and made lesser use of services. Lack of knowledge and difficulties of communication, rather than negative attitudes, may explain Asian women's lesser use of services and to some extent the poor outcome of pregnancy observed in many studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Teenage pregnancy in Scotland: trends and risks.

Teenage pregnancy, considered to be associated with social and medical risks, is seen as a growing problem. Population based information from the Registrar General (Scotland) and Notification of Abortion permitted an analysis of the trends in the numbers, rates and outcomes of pregnancies among women aged less than 20 years. In addition, clinical information is available on all deliveries in Scottish hospitals from the standard hospital discharge document permitting analysis of the association of defined complications with age. Contrary to current perceptions, pregnancies and births among teenagers are not more frequent in 1988 when compared to 1975. There has been, however, a large increase in births to single women, a group with particular problems. The obstetric risks when compared to older women, are small and probably socially, not age related. These include a slightly higher rate of pre-term delivery and low birthweight and a later presentation for specialist antenatal care. The proportion of pregnancies affected by neural tube defects which are terminated is lower among women under 20. These medical risks are small, however, compared to the well-documented social and economic problems which will have long term and indirect effects on health.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1993

Ethnicity as a risk factor for consultations in primary health care and out-patient care.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of ethnicity, defined as foreign-born people, on consultation rates, admissions and prescriptions in out-patient care and primary health care. DESIGN: Prospective study of attenders at four different caregivers during seven consecutive weeks in 1988. Age-and sex-standardized relative risks and odds ratios with 95% confidence interval were calculated. SETTING: A suburban area in Lund, a city located in the south of Sweden, with 28% foreign-born people. SUBJECTS: This population (N = 5085) made 1,348 consultations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ethnic group and consultation rates of the local primary health care centre, the emergency department, hospital out-patient department, and private care, admissions to specialist care, prescriptions, and certified sick leave. RESULTS: Swedes made fewer age-and sex-standardized visits to the emergency department (RR = 0.69(0.48-0.99)) while the foreign-born people showed an opposite non-significant trend (RR = 1.37(0.95-1.99)). Latin Americans (RR = 1.60(1.02-2.51)) visited the local Primary Health Care centre in the residential area more than expected, while people born in Asia and Africa consulted the Primary Health Care centre less than expected (RR = 0.44(0.28-0.69)). There were no differences between Swedes and foreign-born people in being put on the sick-list, but foreign-born people were given significantly fewer prescriptions (RR = 0.07(0.03-0.19)) than Swedes. Foreign-born people, Latin Americans, and non-Swedish Scandinavians were referred significantly more often to hospital than other groups. CONCLUSIONS: There were important differences in consultations between Swedes and foreign-born people. It seems important to study these differences further to find out if they were due to morbidity or cultural differences in order to be able to meet the demands and needs of different ethnic groups.

Africa↗
PubMed1992

Birth spacing and child mortality in a Caribbean population.

Ten independent variables were used to predict death before the first birthday for 4411 births that took place from 1878 to 1976 to 978 women of native ancestry on the island of St. Barthélemy. Significant predictors of death include the death of the mother within a year, the birth year, multiple birth, whether the preceding child also died before 1 year of age, and whether the next child was conceived before the index child was 1 year old. Unlike most prior studies, birth-spacing variables were only weakly related to death in the first year. The relative absence of contraceptive techniques to control birth spacing in the study population and the use of vital records rather than survey data distinguish this project from others and may account at least partly for the unusual findings.

Birth Intervals↗
PubMed1991

Impaired cell-mediated immunity in Papua New Guinean infants.

Immune function was studied in Papua New Guinea highland infants with pneumonia, healthy highland controls and expatriate controls under the age of 15 months. Delayed-type hypersensitivity to tuberculin was depressed in highland pneumonia patients and highland controls as were CD4/CD8 T-lymphocyte ratios. The differences between highland and expatriate infants were more pronounced after 6 months of age, suggesting an environmental effect. Serum immunoglobulin and complement concentrations were higher in highland infants than in expatriate controls. Indices of nutritional status were similar in highland and expatriate infants but iron deficiency was more common in the highland infants in the study.

CD4-CD8 Ratio↗