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PubMed1981

Intelligibility and comprehension of time compressed sign language narratives.

A method of time compressing visual displays was devised to assess the effects of compression on the comprehension of American sign language (ASL). Two ASL narratives were visually presented to three groups of deaf ASL users. A compression group was presented narratives compressed to 50% of the duration of the normal rates. A no-compression group was presented narratives signed at normal rates. A pause groups was presented compressed narratives with blank pauses inserted so that the total time per narrative was equal to that of the no-compression versions. Following each narrative, subjects completed a written comprehension task. Comprehension in both compression and pause groups was significantly lower than in the no-compression group. Pauses did not significantly affect scores relative to compression. An additional group of deaf ASL users was presented an intelligibility task in which signs taken from the narratives were presented in isolation either with or without compression. The total number of signs correctly identified was significantly lower with compression. Decrements in comprehension were best explained as the result of cumulative decrements in sign intelligibility and not as the result of decrements in available processing time.

Deafness↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Narrative skills following traumatic brain injury in children and adults.

Personal narratives serve an important function in virtually all societies (Peterson & McCabe, 1991). Through narratives individuals make sense of their experiences and represent themselves to others (Bruner, 1990). The ability to produce narratives has been linked to academic success (Feagans, 1982). Persons who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) are at risk for impaired narrative ability (Dennis, 1991). However, a paucity of information exists on the discourse abilities of persons with TBI. This is partly due to a lack of reliable tools with which to assess narrative discourse. The present study utilized dependency analysis (Deese, 1984) to document and describe the narrative discourse impairments of children and adults with TBI. Ten children (mean age 12;0) and 10 adults (mean age 35;2) were compared with matched controls. Dependency analysis reliably differentiated the discourse of the individuals with TBI from their controls. Individuals with TBI were significantly more dysfluent than their matched controls. Furthermore, their performance on the narrative task revealed a striking listener burden.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Narrative analysis: a method of psychosocial research for AIDS-affected people.

Better methods of psychosocial research with people affected by AIDS are required; and narrative analysis may help to meet this need. It is based on the assumption that people create meaning in events by telling stories about them, and that these stories can be identified in interviews. The paper examines some conceptual issues underlying the method: the psychosocial functions of narratives, their structure, their embeddedness in interview responses, their linguistic macrofunctions and the concept of core narrative. An account of the method is provided, together with two alternative ways of doing it. Then the results of a small study of the value of the narrative analysis for the research interviews of HIV-infected men are reported, with the answering of questions about its consistency and usefulness and a brief account of the 12 narratives identified by the method. Some questions were answered in the affirmative but others were not. However, the narratives identified proved both vivid and useful. Evaluations of the study and of the method led to recommendations that narrative analysis be used to augment other methods in AIDS research.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1995

Medical students' first-person narratives of a patients story of AIDS.

Fourth year U.S. medical students' first-person narratives of a patient's experience of AIDS are analyzed using a conceptual framework that builds on the interactive model of narrative critique. Relational and affective convergence and, conversely, relational and affective dissonance, reveal imaginative reconstructions of emotional and interactional themes depicted in the patient's original story. Attention is focused on representations of isolation, contamination, shame and fear. Elements of indeterminacy and openness in the patient's description of his experience with AIDS provided students with opportunities to create an imagined response to HIV infection in their own narratives. The narratives describe social interaction that is tainted and constrained by the presence of infection and its associated stigma. The emotional content of the student narratives portrays an affective landscape that resonates. elaborates and, in some cases, distorts the feelings expressed in the patient's story. The narratives call attention to the way in which individual meanings are externalized, objectified and projected onto a socially and morally salient 'other'. Using the first-person narrative approach in the seminar on AIDS proved to be an effective method of sensitizing students to the experience of living with HIV infection. The challenge for medical educators lies in creating opportunities for students to develop increased empathy toward individuals with AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Computerized coding of injury narrative data from the National Health Interview Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the accuracy of a computerized method for classifying injury narratives into external-cause-of-injury and poisoning (E-code) categories. METHODS: This study used injury narratives and corresponding E-codes assigned by experts from the 1997 and 1998 US National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). A Fuzzy Bayesian model was used to assign injury descriptions to 13 E-code categories. Sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value were measured by comparing the computer generated codes with E-code categories assigned by experts. RESULTS: The computer program correctly classified 4695 (82.7%) of the 5677 injury narratives when multiple words were included as keywords in the model. The use of multiple-word predictors compared with using single words alone improved both the sensitivity and specificity of the computer generated codes. The program is capable of identifying and filtering out cases that would benefit most from manual coding. For example, the program could be used to code the narrative if the maximum probability of a category given the keywords in the narrative was at least 0.9. If the maximum probability was lower than 0.9 (which will be the case for approximately 33% of the narratives) the case would be filtered out for manual review. CONCLUSIONS: A computer program based on Fuzzy Bayes logic is capable of accurately categorizing cause-of-injury codes from injury narratives. The capacity to filter out certain cases for manual coding improves the utility of this process.

Forms and Records Control↗
PubMed2002

A personal construct psychology view of relapse: indications for a narrative therapy component to stuttering treatment.

UNLABELLED: Relapse following treatment for stuttering is a common problem for many clients. It has often been suggested that one factor contributing to relapse is the client's difficulty in adjusting to a new role as a fluent speaker. In this tutorial article, we first present a personal construct view of relapse, which suggests that this difficulty may be addressed by increasing the meaningfulness of the fluent speaker role for the speaker. Section 3 proposes that post-treatment success for persons who stutter may be facilitated by the use of a narrative approach to counseling in which the meaningfulness of the fluent speaker role is elaborated. In this approach, clients are guided through a process of deconstructing their stuttering-dominated personal narrative, followed by the reconstruction of an alternative narrative that is more compatible with being a fluent speaker. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES: The reader will (1) learn about a personal construct psychology perspective on resistance and relapse in stuttering therapy, (2) be able to describe a narrative approach to counseling for people who stutter that is directed toward the long-term maintenance of fluent speech and the steps of deconstruction of the dominant stuttering narrative and reconstruction of a new, more fluent personal narrative, and (3) be able to prepare a series of narrative interview questions with which to engage clients in conversations that may facilitate the deconstruction and reconstruction processes.

Counseling↗
PubMed2001

Life disruption and generic complexity: a social linguistic analysis of narratives of cancer illness.

This paper draws on social linguistics to inquire into the meaning and function of complexity in illness narratives. According to social linguists, five different story-type genres occur in spoken English. These are illustrated and differentiated using examples drawn from 10 interviews with people who have undergone colectomy for colorectal cancer. In order to test a hypothesis that complexity in illness narratives is related to life disruption, the 10 accounts were ranked in terms of their generic complexity. Measures of life disruption were based on rankings furnished independently by two readers from different disciplines who were blind to the hypothesis being tested. These two rankings showed a high level of agreement (r(s) = 0.85, p<0.01). When the two life disruption rankings and the generic complexity ranking were compared, a high degree of concordance between the three rankings was observed (W = 0.91, p<0.01). No evidence was found of associations between generic complexity and gender, interviewer, surgical outcome in terms of stoma (p>0.05), age (p>0.7) nor time since diagnosis (p>0.1). We conclude that in this study, generic complexity was strongly and significantly related to life disruption. To explain the function of complexity in interaction, we characterise the illness narrative as a genre in its own right, and argue that illness narratives need to be considered both in terms of the work they do both on the listener and for the narrator. In the former case, complexity opens up a discursive space for the dynamic positioning of the interlocutor. In the latter case, we propose that complexity reflects the degree to which the process of re-ordering life by assigning meaning is occurring as the interaction unfolds. In both cases, complex narratives can thus be understood as "hard working" narratives.

Anecdotes as Topic↗
PubMed1996

Interaction, language and the "narrative turn" in psychotherapy and psychiatry.

The traditional emphasis in psychiatry about "listening to patients" has recently been added to by the development of what we call the "narrative turn" in mental health care where clients' narratives are emphasised. We shall argue however that both approaches tend to embody similar assumptions about therapeutic transactions and roles, and that much work emphasising narratives reveals little about how therapists and researchers work to reconstruct the clients' accounts. It is therefore vital that the emphasis on narratives be supplemented by a more thoroughgoing approach to shared structures of knowledge which act to prefigure clients' distress, how professional records are a profoundly transformative medium, and how therapeutic encounters work to co-construct clients' narratives, rather than simply reflect or explore them. The radical implications of thinking about therapy in terms of narrative and language need to be more fully discussed in the therapy literature, so the narrative turn does not simply reproduce the common-sense assumptions of more conventional approaches.

Communication↗
PubMed1997

Children's individual approaches to the organization of narrative.

This paper investigates the similarities and differences observed in individual approaches to the linguistic organization of narrative. Twenty subjects in each of five age groups (four, six, eight, ten years and adult) were asked to relate a narrative elicited from a picture book. All references to the animate characters in the book were coded for form (nominal/pronominal), and function (switch versus maintenance). Individual analyses of the narratives indicated that a variety of strategies were used across all age groups. Strategies identified included thematic subject, nominal and anaphoric. When the narrative was divided into segments based on the referential load of each segment, it was found that there was an interaction between the strategy adopted in the first segment, the age of the subject and the referential load of subsequent segments. A variety of strategies was adopted by all age groups although there were preferential trends observable within each group. The ability to maintain a strategy across the varying referential load of the narrative increased with age. Five developmental stages were identified from the analysis which enabled certain tentative predictions to be made about the way children approach a complex narrative task, suggesting that children pass through a number of stages which reflect their ability to organize the referential content of the narrative at differing speech levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Encouraging narratives in preschoolers: an intervention study.

Twenty economically disadvantaged preschoolers (mean age 3;7) were randomly assigned to an intervention or a control group, and their mothers' styles of eliciting narratives from their children were assessed before and after intervention. Mothers of intervention children were encouraged to spend more time in narrative conversation, ask more open-ended and context-eliciting questions, and encourage longer narratives through back-channel responses. Children's narrative and vocabulary skills were assessed before and after the year-long intervention and 14 children participated in a follow-up assessment a year later. Narrative measures included the number and length of narratives as well as how decontextualized and informative they were. Intervention children showed significant vocabulary improvement immediately after intervention terminated, and a year later they showed overall improvements in narrative skill. In particular, intervention children produced more context-setting descriptions about where and especially when the described events took place. Such decontextualized language has been emphasized as important for literacy acquisition.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed2002

Narrative discourse in young children with histories of early corrective heart surgery.

Narrative attainment was assessed in a group of 76 four-year-old children at risk for brain injury because of histories of early corrective heart surgery. Elicited personal experience narratives were coded for narrative components, evaluative devices, and information adequacy and were contrasted with narratives produced by a comparison group of typically developing 4-year-olds. The production of autonomous narrative discourse was identified as an area of special vulnerability for children with this medical history. Despite considerable heterogeneity in narrative performance, children with early corrective heart surgery produced fewer narrative components than typically developing children. Results suggest that the elaboration of events and contextual information, the expression of subjective evaluation and causality, and clarity and explicitness of information reporting may constitute special challenges for this population of children. Implications of these findings for clinical assessment and possible risks for socioemotional relationships and academic achievement are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed2000

On the use of narratives in nursing research.

On the use of narratives in nursing research Narratives have always been a path to knowledge in nursing care but are a recent element within nursing research. Therefore, this article deals with the narrative and its use within nursing research. First, the use of narratives in nursing care and nursing research is examined. Second, Paul Ricoeur's narrative theory with its dimensions of interpretation, time, action and ethics is presented as a possible methodological basis. Third, the use of Ricoeur's narrative theory in nursing research is examined, showing that, at present, support mainly comes from Ricoeur's text interpretation theory. Finally, a nursing research approach to the narrative, based on the life-world, is suggested.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2001

From individual to group: use of narratives in a participatory research process.

AIMS: This paper provides a theoretical understanding of narrative research and its use in research. It aims to expose the ways narrative research, when taken beyond the researcher's lone analysis of text, can contribute to the development of clinical knowledge. BACKGROUND: Methodological approaches involving the construction of narratives are increasingly apparent in the nursing and allied health literature. Narratives, constructed from stories of nursing practice, become texts available for analysis. This is undertaken predominantly by a researcher engaged in a lone activity with little involvement of those contributing the stories. METHODS: This paper is drawn from a critical praxis study of nurse-patient friendship utilizing participatory research processes. The nurses involved in the study were co-researchers in an indepth study of their relationships with patients. FINDINGS: The paper traces the movement from naïve story, through individual narratives during interviews with each nursing and demonstrates the changes in understanding about the narrative accounts that occurred during the participatory group process. CONCLUSION: The nurses involved in this study were able, through the use of narrative stories reexamined in a group context, to develop new insights and understandings about their practice. Knowledge generated in these ways remains grounded in the real life world of clinical nursing and gives voice to the complexity of those aspects of nursing practice that are taken for granted.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Maternal secure base scripts, children's attachment security, and mother-child narrative styles.

This paper reports the results of a study examining links between maternal representations of attachment, child attachment security, and mother and child narrative styles assessed in the context of reminiscences about shared experiences. Participants were 90 mother - child dyads. Child attachment security was assessed using the attachment Q-set and maternal attachment representations were measured using a recently designed instrument that assesses the script-like qualities of those representations. Analyses examined dependencies in the mother - child memory talk data and then assessed the overlap between both mother and child reminiscing styles and the attachment variables. Narrative styles of both the mothers and their children were coherent and consistent for each dyad member. Furthermore, maternal narrative style (e.g., specific and elaborative questions, using confirming evaluation comments) was significantly related to child participation in the narrative. Maternal and child attachment variables were positively and significantly correlated, and child security was positively associated with maternal narrative style. Maternal secure base scripts were also found to be significantly related to the number of references to emotions in both mother and child narratives as well as to children's overall participation in the memory talk. The pattern of results suggests that attachment representations serve as one influence on the manner(s) in which mother - child dyads think about and discuss emotion-laden content relevant to the child's personal autobiography. Furthermore, the results are consistent with the notion that the manner in which children organize their thoughts about emotion are (at least potentially) shaped by the narrative styles of their parents.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The role of experience, narrative, and community in skilled ethical comportment.

Two major types of narrative--constitutive or sustaining narratives and narratives of learning--are presented to illustrate the functions of narrative in everyday ethical expertise and socially embedded caring practices. Four narrative themes illustrate constitutive and sustaining narratives: healing and transcendence, the heroic saving of a life, fostering care and correction, and stories of being present. Five themes illustrate narratives of learning: the skill of involvement, being open to experience, disillusionment, facing death and suffering, and liberation. Quandary- and rights-based procedural ethics address ethical problems and breakdown and overlook everyday ethical comportment. Public storytelling is recommended as a way to explore notions of the good and ethical concerns.

Assertiveness↗
PubMed2003

Narrative incoherence in schizophrenia: the absent agent-protagonist and the collapse of internal dialogue.

It is widely known that people with schizophrenia have difficulty telling a coherent story of their lives and that this is linked to impoverished function. But what specifically has gone wrong in the narratives in schizophrenia? Is it the case that some elements of narrative remain intact in schizophrenia while others are uniquely affected? To address these questions, we qualitatively analyze the personal narratives of three persons with schizophrenia, which have emerged in psychotherapy. Based on this analysis we suggest that narratives in schizophrenia uniquely fail to situate agency within the narrator resulting in a story that is missing an agent-protagonist. While the narratives we present contain coherent accounts of how others are connected to one another, they fail to evolve into a story about the self as an agent that others could associate with the narrator. We speculate that this may reflect neuro-cognitively based difficulties maintaining the internal dialogue that propels agency as well as fears that any emergent subjectivity may be appropriated or objectified by others. Implications for psychotherapy are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Narrative inversion: the biblical heritage of The well of loneliness and Desert of the heart.

The Bible acts as an epistemological anchor for the English Bildungsroman; however, the biblical narratives are themselves in flux, especially with regard to representations of spiritual development gendered feminine. The extent to which one can consider the traveling/travailling mother a spiritually coherent figure who exists independent of male spiritual authority seems only possible insofar as one adopts the position of the perverse reader, who envisions the envelopment of her stories as narrative inversion. To do so is to believe that accounts of female heroism need not narratively depend on those of male heroism. The term narrative inversion in turn allows the perverse reader to recognize a narrative desire that, because it does not conform to but indeed suggests an alternative narrative possibility for the homosocial plot, remains enfolded within the plot. Inhabiting precisely this paradox of narrative inversion are the lesbian heroines who follow in the Bible's wake.

Bible↗
PubMed2001

The polio narratives: dialogues with FDR.

As a group of accounts that span the decades from the mid-1940s to the present, the published polio narratives enable us to align their shifting perceptions of disability with social, cultural, and technological change. This paper identifies two distinct groups of narratives. Authors of the first group, writing between the mid-1930s and mid-1950s--a period of relative prosperity, conformity, and homogeneity--were uncomfortable with radical movements, diversity, and conflict; their narratives typically told of either full or substantial recovery. Beginning in the mid-1950s--the period of both McCarthy and the Civil Rights movement--a second wave of narratives begins to tell stories of partial to serious disability; typically, they reflect on a lifetime of coping with chronic disability. Both sets of narratives, however, represent a dialogue with Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Roosevelt himself, journalists, and the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis all helped to create and promote a core polio narrative featuring FDR's triumph over disease and disability that would become a national myth. Yet while the early narratives reinforced the core elements of the Roosevelt myth, the later ones began to challenge them.

Adaptation, Psychological↗