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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

A cobalt study of medullary sensory projections from lateral line nerves, associated cutaneous nerves, and the VIIIth nerve in adult Xenopus.

The medullary projections of the anterior lateral line nerve, dorsal branch (Alln.d), the posterior lateral line nerve, dorsal branch (PLLn.d), associated cutaneous nerves, and the VIIIth nerve in Xenopus laevis have been delineated by axonal infusion of cobalt chloride and silver intensification. The peripheral innervation of the posterior lateral line sense organs has also been traced. From wholemount and sectioned preparations, we describe three central projections, extending the length of the ipsilateral medulla but occupying distinct zones: lateral line afferents dorsomedially, stato-acoustic dorsolaterally, and cutaneous ventrolaterally. Arborizations of ALLn.d and PLLn.d afferents are morphologically similar, intermingling throughout the lateral line lobe. Each divides into ascending and descending limbs bearing collaterals, which terminate in the lateral line neuropile and nucleus. Evidence is presented for directional and positional mapping in the branching of individual PLLn.d afferents and for topography in the ALLn.d projection. Second-order neurones have been identified by transneuronal staining and their axons traced into the contralateral torus semicircularis. The morphology of efferent neurones is also described. Rostral branches of PLLn.d also contain cutaneous afferents which run through the medulla into the spinal cord, similar to the nerve V (cutaneous) projection. In nerve VIII preparations, the projection to the compact cochlear nucleus and the massive vestibular projection are identified. Cutaneous and vestibular but not lateral line afferents extend into the cerebellum. The separation of VIIIth nerve and lateral line afferents in Xenopus medulla is considered as evidence against the validity of the acousticolateralis concept. Information processing in the lateral line lobe is discussed in relation to connectivity patterns between first- and second-order neurones.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed2004

Proximal nerve elongation vs nerve grafting in repairing segmental nerve defects in rabbits.

If segmental nerve defects could be repaired by elongating the proximal or distal segments, nerve grafting might be unnecessary. We elongated a 40-mm proximal segment of an injured median nerve, in the rabbit right forelimb, at a rate of 1 mm/day for 10 days in 10 rabbits and for 15 days in another 10. On the left forelimb of the same rabbits, a 10- for 15-mm segment of the median nerve was removed, and a 10- for 15-mm segment, respectively, of the tibial nerve was grafted in its place. Four months after the initial surgery, nerve conduction velocity (NCV), contractile strength of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS), axon count, and axon diameter did not differ significantly between the 10-mm groups but were better in the 15-mm grafted group. Elongating the proximal nerve segment may be an alternative to grafting in repairing segmental defects of less than 10 mm.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1980

Motor nerve conduction velocity and nerve fibre diameter in experimental protein deprivation. Studies on rat peripheral nerve during development.

Motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV) and nerve fibre calibre spectra of peripheral nerves were determined at different ages, during development in normal and protein-deprived rats. The protein deprivation was achieved by feeding female rats a protein deficient diet. Compared to control rats which were given a balanced diet, given ad lib from 2 weeks before conception and onwards. After weaning, the offspring were fed the same protein-deficient diet, the protein-deprived rats showed considerably reduced body weights but moderately reduced values of albumin and total protein in serum at 6 and 15 weeks of age. Although essentially the same, the mean nerve fibre diameter of the studied dorsal tail nerve was slightly larger in the protein-deprived rats at 6 weeks of age than in controls, while the inverse relationship was found at 15 weeks of age. The increase of MCV in normal and protein-deprived rats followed essentially the same curve during the period from 5-30 weeks of age. The results indicate that the MCV and nerve fibre diameter during development are correlated to chronological age and not to body size, although protein deprivation may, to a minor extent, influence nerve fibre calibre growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The anatomy of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh--a possible donor nerve for facial nerve repair.

One hundred anterior branches of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh were dissected and measured in 50 adult cadavers. The results show that this nerve was present in all sides, and the average length from the point of the nerve piercing the fascia lata to the point of its first branch was about 79 mm, the average width was 2.25 mm, and the average thickness was 0.79 mm. It was found that the nerve was approximately along the line between the anterior superior iliac spine and the midpoint of the upper margin of the patella. This study presents a simple method of locating this nerve for clinical reference. The results also reveal that this nerve is a possible donor for facial nerve repair.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A resorbable nerve conduit as an alternative to nerve autograft in nerve gap repair.

Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) occurs within bacterial cytoplasm as granules and is available as bioabsorbable sheets. Previously, the advantage of PHB in primary repair has been investigated while in this study the same material has been used to bridge an irreducible gap. The aim was to assess the level of regeneration in PHB conduits compared to nerve autografts. The rat sciatic nerve was exposed, a 10 mm nerve segment was resected and bridged with either an autologous nerve graft or a PHB conduit. The grafted segments were harvested up to 30 days. Immunohistochemical staining was performed and computerised quantification of penetration distance and volume of axonal regeneration was estimated by protein gene product (PGP) immunostaining and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) positive fibres. Penetration and proliferation density of Schwann cells into the conduit was measured by quantifying S-100 staining. The inflammatory response was quantified with ED-1 staining for macrophages. Antibodies to vWf provided an assessment of angiogenesis and capillary infiltration. Percentage immunostaining for PGP in autograft and PHB groups showed a progressive increase up to 30 days with a significant linear trend with time and an increase in the volume of axonal regeneration. A similar pattern of progressive increase with time was observed with CGRP immunostaining for both groups and with S-100 in the PHB group. Good angiogenesis was present at the nerve ends and through the walls of the conduit. The results demonstrate good nerve regeneration in PHB conduits in comparison with nerve grafts.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Nerve sharing by an interpositional sural nerve graft between the great auricular and inferior alveolar nerve to restore lower lip sensation.

A case of bilateral nerve sharing via an autogenous sural nerve graft interposed between the ipsilateral great auricular nerve and the inferior alveolar nerve was used to restore sensation to the lower lip. To our knowledge this is the first report of successful nerve sharing between a sensory branch of the cervical plexus and the inferior alveolar nerve.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[A case of greater auricular nerve autologous nerve grafting for inferior alveolar nerve injury by mandibular fracture].

The results of peripheral nerve repair have been greatly improved in the last few years following the introduction of micro-surgery and increased application of free autologous nerve transplants. In the field of oral surgery, a rich experience has been made in plastic and reconstructive repair. The inferior alveolar nerve is endangered by a series of mandibular fractures, with fracture lines running along the nerve canal. For plastic repair of the inferior alveolar nerve, we interpose an autologous transplant from the greater auricular nerve.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Bioartificial nerve graft for bridging extended nerve defects in rat sciatic nerve based on resorbable guiding filaments.

A long defect (15 mm) in rat sciatic nerve was repaired with a bioartificial nerve graft composed of a silicone tube and seven synthetic filaments of five types (polyamide, catgut, polydioxanone, and two types of polyglactin, normal and quickly-absorbed) inserted longitudinally into the tube. In all cases in which filaments were used a regenerating bridge was obtained in the tube after three months in contrast to empty silicone tubes, in which no structure was observed. There was a 6%-46% recovery of isometric muscle contractility of the anterior tibial and gastrocnemius muscles with positive pinch reflex test in most cases. Myelinated axons were seen in the regenerating tissue between the filaments but not directly in contact with them, and there were varying numbers of macrophages close to the filaments. Silicone tubes with filaments, regardless of type of filament, induced nerve tissue to regenerate and resulted in functional recovery through a 15 mm nerve gap not achieved with empty tubes. Nerve promoting factors may be applied to the filaments and the model is a valuable tool for further development of artificial nerve grafts.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The effect of nerve growth factor and antibodies to nerve growth factor on ethylnitrosourea-induced neoplastic proliferation in rat trigeminal nerves.

Sprague-Dawley (CD) rats were injected intravenously with ethylnitrosourea at a dose of 20 mg/kg on day 20 of gestation. This exposure resulted in early neoplastic proliferation or development of a neurinoma of the trigeminal nerve in 58% of the offspring at 90 days of age. Implantation of osmotic microinfusion pumps containing 2.5S nerve growth factor prior to ethylnitrosourea administration significantly reduced the incidence of early neoplastic proliferation. Postnatal implantation of microinfusion pumps containing 2.5S nerve growth factor also resulted in a significant but less pronounced reduction of early neoplastic proliferation. Immunoglobulin G directed against nerve growth factor (anti-nerve growth factor) did not influence the incidence of early neoplastic proliferation when administered via microinfusion pumps implanted on day 15 postnatally. These findings suggest that nerve growth factor has a protective effect on the developing nervous system against ethylnitrosourea-induced carcinogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A case of multiple schwannomas of the trigeminal nerves, acoustic nerves, lower cranial nerves, brachial plexuses and spinal canal: schwannomatosis or neurofibromatosis?

In most cases, while schwannoma is sporadically manifested as a single benign neoplasm, the presence of multiple schwannomas in one patient is usually indicative of neurofibromatosis 2. However, several recent reports have suggested that schwannomatosis itself may also be a distinct clinical entity. This study examines an extremely rare case of probable schwannomatosis associated with intracranial, intraspinal and peripheral involvements. A 63-year-old woman presented with a seven-year history of palpable lumps on both sides of the supraclavicular area and hearing impairment in both ears. On physical examination, no skin manifestations were evident. Facial sensory change, deafness in the left ear and decreased gag reflex were revealed by neurological examination. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple lesions of the trigeminal nerves, acoustic nerves, lower cranial nerves, spinal accessory nerve, brachial plexuses, and spinal nerves. Pathological examination of tumors from the bilateral brachial plexuses, the spinal nerve in the T8 spinal position and the neck mass revealed benign schwannomas. Following is this patient case report of multiple schwannomas presenting with no skin manifestations of neurofibromatosis.

Brachial Plexus Neuropathies↗
PubMed1975

[Spinal nerve root distribution of the myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers of a cat cutaneous nerve].

The distribution of myelinated and nomyelinated nerve fibres from n. saphenus in the dorsal and ventral roots of the cat spinal cord was investigated, using methods improving the signal-to-noise ratio in the neurogram of the nerve evoked response. Nerve fibres from n. saphneus enter the spinal cord through roots of segments L4-6. In the dorsal roots of these segments the nerve fibres have conduction velocities from 80 to 0.38 m/s. In the ventral roots four groups of the nerve fibres with conduction velocities 80--60, 40--30, 12.0--3.0 and 1.1--0.51 m/s are found that are likely to be afferents. The conditions for low amplitude potentials detection in the spinal cord roots as well as the possible functional significance of the nerve fibres in the ventral roots are discussed.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1995

The anatomy of the inferior petrosal sinus, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, and accessory nerve in the jugular foramen.

PURPOSE: To define the variations of the courses of the cranial nerves and the inferior petrosal sinuses as they enter and traverse the jugular foramen. METHODS: Thirty-nine cadaveric specimens containing the jugular foramen were scanned with 1-mm contiguous axial and coronal CT sections. Each specimen was dissected to evaluate the position of the cranial nerves and inferior petrosal sinus as they entered the jugular foramen. RESULTS: The glossopharyngeal nerve entered the most superior, anterior, and medial aspect of the jugular foramen and descended in the anterior portion of the jugular foramen, often within a groove. The vagus and accessory nerves could not be separated by CT. They entered the jugular foramen most often anterior or anterior and inferior to the jugular spine of the temporal bone and descended in a position ranging from medial to anterior to the jugular vein. The inferior petrosal sinus most often coursed inferior to the horizontal portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve and entered the jugular system in the jugular foramen, at the exocranial opening or below the skull base. A pars nervosa and pars venosa could be identified only at the endocranial opening, where the jugular spine separated the pars nervosa containing the inferior petrosal sinus and three cranial nerves from the pars venosa containing the jugular vein. CONCLUSION: Our evaluation demonstrated anatomic variation in the area of the jugular foramen.

Accessory Nerve↗
PubMed1993

Nerve growth factor facilitates regeneration across nerve gaps: morphological and behavioral studies in rat sciatic nerve.

The rat sciatic nerve does not possess a high potential for regeneration through silastic tubes when the interstump nerve gap is greater than 10 mm. In this study, the effect of NGF treatment on regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve in 10- and 15-mm silastic chambers was compared. In addition, regeneration in 15-mm silastic chambers was compared to regeneration in 15-mm semipermeable chambers. Sections of tubing were implanted and filled with NGF or a control solution of cytochrome C (Cyt. C). Tube implants were removed at various postoperative times and regeneration was assessed histologically and behaviorally. NGF treatment promoted regeneration success rate. It enhanced the initial outgrowth of nonneuronal cells and neuronal fibers into the chamber producing more cellular, organized regenerates. At 2 weeks, in 10-mm chambers, NGF-treated regenerates had fourfold more unmyelinated fibers than controls. At 3 weeks, NGF-treated regenerates possessed threefold more myelinated fibers than controls. After 4 weeks all regenerates had similar numbers of myelinated nerves at the chamber's midpoint. This initial "head start" was sustained peripherally as indicated by the earlier return of sensory function (response to a noxious temperature stimulus) in NGF-treated animals. Finally, regeneration success rate in 15-mm semipermeable tubes is greater than that in 15-mm silastic chambers (NGF and Cyt. C). However, regenerates in silastic chambers possessed twofold more myelinated fibers than regenerates in semipermeable chambers. The positive effects of NGF on neural regeneration and recovery of sensory function provide support for the potential use of NGF in treating peripheral nerve injuries.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Angiotensin II receptor blockade improves nerve function, modulates nerve blood flow and stimulates endoneurial angiogenesis in streptozotocin-diabetic rats and nerve function.

We examined the effect of the angiotensin II receptor blocker, ZD 8731, on nerve function, capillary density, and blood flow in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Deficits in sciatic motor and saphenous sensory nerve conduction velocity of 21% and 15%, respectively, were observed after 1 month of diabetes mellitus (p < 0.001). These were completely ameliorated by a further month of ZD 8731 treatment (p < 0.001). Treatment of non-diabetic rats for 1 month with ZD 8731 had no effect on motor or sensory conduction velocity. Sciatic nerve capillary density was not significantly affected by 1- or 2-month untreated diabetes, however, there was a 15% increase in density with ZD 8731 treatment (p < 0.001). Treatment of non-diabetic rats for 1 month had no effect on capillary density. Diabetes prolonged the time taken for 80% conduction failure by 19% (p < 0.05) and 49% (p < 0.001) for 1 and 2 months of diabetes, respectively, when sciatic nerve was exposed to hypoxia in vitro. ZD 8731 treatment during the second month of diabetes limited the prolongation to 22%, not significantly different from 1 month of untreated diabetes but less than for the 2-month diabetic group (p < 0.001). Concentrations of sciatic nerve polyol pathway metabolites were elevated six-fold and myo-inositol was reduced 40% by diabetes; ZD 8731 treatment was without effect. Acute experiments examined the effect of ZD 8731 on sciatic nerve blood flow using laser-Doppler flowmetry. In non-diabetic rats, blood flow changes followed the dose-dependent reductions in systemic arterial pressure and there were no significant variations in sciatic vascular resistance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed2002

Anterior interosseous nerve transfer to the motor branch of the ulnar nerve for high ulnar nerve injuries.

Primary repair of a high ulnar nerve injury results in a uniformly poor outcome as a result of the great distance between the site of injury and the innervated muscles. In this study the authors present two cases of high ulnar nerve injuries in adults. Reconstruction was performed using the distal branch of the anterior interosseous nerve, which was transferred to the distal motor branch of the ulnar nerve. This resulted in timely return of function to the ulnar-innervated intrinsic muscles of the hand, which was documented further by electromyography. For high ulnar nerve injuries, this type of nerve transfer is a much better approach than the traditional primary neurorrhaphy.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Characteristics of the nerve growth factor receptors and a nerve growth factor receptor--nerve growth factor covalent complex.

Nerve growth factor is a polypeptide hormone that is required for the normal growth and development of the embryonic sensory and sympathetic nervous systems. On these cells, there are two different receptors for the nerve growth factor. Recently, these receptors have been isolated from three cell types and shown to have essentially the same binding characteristics. Molecular weights for receptors from two of these cell types, embryonic sensory and rat pheochromocytoma cells, have been determined. In addition, the formation of a covalent nerve growth factor, nerve growth factor receptor complex, has been investigated on embryonic sensory and sympathetic neurons. The formation of this covalent complex containing 125I-beta nerve growth factor is prevented by the addition of excess unlabeled nerve growth factor or by the addition of sodium fluoride and dinitrophenol. This complex forms at 4 degrees, 22 degrees, and 37 degrees, indicating that it is occurring on the cell surface. A disulfide bond is involved in the formation of this covalent complex.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Nerve regeneration over a 20-mm gap through a nerve conduit containing blood vessels in rats: the influence of interstump distance on nerve regeneration.

BACKGROUND: The present study was conducted in rats to investigate whether a tube with additional intrachamber vascularization could permit axons to extend over a distance greater than 10 mm, which appears to be the maximum axon regeneration distance for rat sciatic nerve axons through a normal empty tube. METHODS: A sural vessel-containing tube (VCT) was designed and interposed between transected sciatic nerve stumps in the thigh, leaving a 20-mm interneural gap. RESULTS: Twelve weeks after tubulation, six out of nine rats showed successful nerve regeneration and re-innervation of the soleus muscle using the VCT. At 24 weeks, intrachamber nerve regeneration and re-innervation of the soleus and pedal adductor muscles were electrophysiologically and histologically confirmed in all rats. However, no neural tissue was observed within any ligated sural vessel-containing tube (LVCT) or empty unmodified tube (ET) with a 20-mm interneural gap. When nerves regenerated in the VCT with a 20-mm gap were compared with those regenerated in a VCT with a 10-mm gap 12 and 24 weeks after surgery, the results produced by the VCT with a 20-mm gap were inferior to those after use of the VCT with a 10-mm gap, except for motor nerve conduction velocity at 24 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The value recovered to almost identical levels (about 50-60% normal) in both groups.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Wide range of lineages of cells expressing nerve growth factor mRNA in the nerve lesions of patients with vasculitic neuropathy: an implication of endoneurial macrophage for nerve regeneration.

In situ localization of nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA was examined in the nerve lesions of patients with vasculitic neuropathy. Double labeling of in situ hybridization for NGF mRNA and immunohistochemistry for cell markers showed that NGF mRNA was expressed in a wide range of lineages of cells: Schwann cells, infiltrating macrophages, T cells and perivascular cells. Round-shaped macrophages with early-phase features expressed high levels of NGF mRNA, in contrast to late-phase polymorphic macrophages, which expressed low levels of NGF mRNA. NGF mRNA was also expressed universally in T cells with various cell surface markers. Epineurial macrophages surrounding vasculitic lesions and endoneurial T cells expressed high levels of NGF mRNA in the damaged nerves. Moreover, the extent of endoneurial NGF expression level in macrophages was closely related to the degree of axonal regeneration. These results suggest that NGF is expressed in a wide range of lineages of cells but is differentially expressed spatially in vasculitic nerve lesions, and that the expressed NGF, particularly in macrophages, may play an important role in the nerve regeneration process.

Adult↗