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PubMed2004

Evaluation of a single oral dose of diethylcarbamazine 300 mg as provocative test and simultaneous treatment in Myanmar migrant workers with Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Thailand.

We assessed the efficiency of oral diethylcarbamazine (DEC) 300 mg as a provocative test on blood examination 30 minutes after administration, while gauging the overall infection rate in Myanmar migrant workers with Wuchereria bancrofti infection who enrolled for work permits in Thailand in 2002, using circulating filarial antigens (CFA) assays, the NOW ICT Filariasis card test and the Og4C3 ELISA as reference. Overall infection rates of 0.3% (95% CI=0-0.7%), 4.2% (95% CI=1.8-6.5%) and 5.9% (95% CI=3.2-8.7%) by three diagnostic tests, respectively, were observed. Among three different location groups of Myanmar population sample tested, there were no statistically significant differences in the overall infection detection rates. When either the ICT card test or the Og4C3 ELISA was used as a reference, the specificity and positive predictive value of the DEC-provocative day test was the same, 100%. The sensitivities were 25.0% (95% CI = 0.5-49.5%) and 17.6% (95% CI = 0-35.8%) on the ICT and ELISA tests, respectively. The negative predictive values were 96.8% (95% CI = 94.8-98.9%) and 95.1% (95% CI = 92.6-97.6%), respectively. In three microfilaremic persons followed-up monitored at 8-weeks DEC post-provocation, there were 6 x 10(-1) and 7 x 10(-1) decreases in microfilaremia and antigenemia. These findings suggested that, unlike the CFA assays, the DEC-provocative day test is unsuitable for the diagnosis of active W. bancrofti infection in the population tested, and for gauging current infection prevalence. The treatment would likely be beneficial to reduce microfilaremia and antigenemia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Cryptosporidiosis in Myanmar infants with acute diarrhea.

Cryptosporidiosis has been found in Myanmar for the first time in infants presenting with a mild transient form of acute diarrhea. A total of 203 fecal samples collected from those infants were examined by Kinyoun's acid fast modified method. 3.4% of infants between 2 and 11 months of age were found passing cryptosporidium oocysts. All cases presented with features consistent with findings reported by other authors from developing countries. Cryptosporidium was the sole microorganism isolated. Hence, cryptosporidiosis may be responsible for acute diarrhea in these Myanmar infants.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1994

The use of primaquine in malaria infected patients with red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in Myanmar.

32 subjects with Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes, and 31 cases with Plasmodium vivax infection from two military hospitals (Lashio, Mandalay) were treated with quinine 600 mg three times a day for 7 days followed by primaquine 45 mg single dose for gametocytes and 45 mg weekly x 8 weeks for vivax malaria. Although screening of red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) was done prior to primaquine treatment, G6PD deficient subjects were not excluded from the trial. 20 patients hemizygous for mild G6PD deficiency (GdB- variant), 2 patients hemizygous for severe deficiency (Gd-Myanmar variant) completed the trial. No case of acute hemolysis was observed in all 22 patients with two genotypes of red cell G6PD deficiency status. Therefore, a single dose of primaquine 45 mg and/or weekly for 8 weeks is adequate for the treatment of patients with P. falciparum gametocytes and/or P. vivax malaria ignoring these red cell G6PD enzyme deficient variants in Myanmar.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1993

Family planning: knowledge, attitudes and practice survey in Zigone, Myanmar.

Perhaps the most important finding of this Zigone KAP survey was that about 50.3% (95% CI 46.2-54.2) of the married women of reproductive age were currently practicing modern methods of contraception. For a country like Myanmar, where the government has until recently favored a pronatalist population policy, this is indeed surprising. This 30 cluster survey, designed to determine the prevalence of various family planning methods adopted, as well as knowledge and attitudes, among villagers in rural Myanmar, covered a sample of 600 married women of reproductive age in Zigone township which has a population of 70,000. The survey results showed a high awareness of specific contraceptive methods among the target group and the ever-use rate of birth spacing methods was about 54% (95% CI 50.7-58.7). The most used method was oral contraceptives (64.6% of all users), followed by injectable contraceptives (32.3%). There was a small number of IUD users (1.1%), use of a permanent method (sterilization) was extremely low (0.3%). Seven out of ten married women of reproductive age did not want more children and one out of two women in this group were current users of contraception. Therefore a certain proportion of user was probably using these (mainly temporary) methods to terminate fertility rather than for birth spacing purposes. Moreover, only 63% of those wanting children, but not in the next 12 months, were using a contraceptive method. These findings demonstrated that there was a large group of potential contraceptive users who were currently not using a method. In an attempt to investigate the factor hindering the non-use of contraceptives when needed, the women were divided, according to their contraceptive practice, into two groups. Logistic regression was employed to compare the characteristics of women in the user and nonuser groups. After adjusting for covariates, it was found that economic group and number of living children had a positive effective effect on contraceptive use, while age and number of children under three years of age had a negative effect. The survey also found that about 48% of the contraceptive users were obtaining their supplies from the private sector and another 40% received supplies from government health officers. The reference by respondents to "health staff", as the source of supply, was assumed to be health staff working in their private practice, since the government's current health program does not cover the provision of contraceptives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Genotype determination of three dengue type 2 virus strains from Myanmar by sequencing E/NSI gene junction.

Genotype of three dengue-2 virus strains from Myanmar was determined as genotype II by sequencing 240 nucleotide long fragment across the E/NS1 gene junction by the primer extension dideoxy chain termination method, applying direct sequencing of the PCR product. These strains were isolated from a dengue shock syndrome (DSS) patient and two patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) grade 1, in Yangon (Rangoon), Myanmar (Burma), in 1987. Sequence homology of all three strains were highest (96%) to New Guinea C strain (genotype II), lesser homology (93%) to Jamaican 1409 strain (genotype III), and the least homology (91%) to PR 159/S1 strain (genotype I). Two DHF strains revealed only 2 nucleotide and 3 nucleotide differences compared with DSS strain, all at the 3rd position of the codons which resulted in silent mutations.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

In vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to eight antimalarials in China-Myanmar and China-Lao PDR border areas.

In 1991-1995 by using the Rieckmann in vitro micro-method, susceptibilities of Plasmodium falciparum to eight antimalarials in the China-Lao PDR and China-Myanmar border areas were tested. The resistant rates of P. falciparum to chloroquinine were 95.0%-100%; IC50 114-240nmol/l. P. falciparum resistant rates to amodiaquine resistance accounted for 83.5%-100%, IC50 52-72nmol/l. All cases were sensitive to quinine, IC50 470-608nmol/l. P. falciparum isolates from the Lao PDR frontier were highly sensitive to artesunate, dihydroartemisinin, and arteether. Resistant rates from other areas were 0-11%. P. falciparum from China-Myanmar and Lao PDR border areas were also sensitive to mefloquine, IC50 68-88nmol/l. A longitudinal survey of the sensitivity of P. falciparum in vivo on the China-Lao PDR border showed that the average defervescent time of falciparum malaria was treated by pyronaridine increased from 32.7 +/- 16.0 hours during 1984-85 to 56.2 +/- 27.4 hours in 1995; the recrudescence rate rose up from 15.2% to 37.5%. The results monitored in vitro showed that all cases assessed in 1988 for response to pyronaridine were sensitive, but 36.4% of cases had emerging resistance, IC50 increased from 13nmol/l to 40 nmol/l. The above results suggested that P. falciparum in these areas has expressed resistance to chloroquine and amodiaquine. However, the parasites are still sensitive to artemisinin, pyronaridine, mefloquine, quinine, but with a declining sensitivities.

Amodiaquine↗
PubMed1998

[AIDS and STD knowledge and risk behaviors among commercial sex workers in Myitkyina, Myanmar].

This study investigated AIDS and STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) knowledge, risk behaviors, and condom use among two different groups of female commercial sex workers (CSWs) in Myitkyina, Myanmar. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted with 65 direct and 65 indirect CSWs. These CSW groups differ in the prices they charge, their places and modes of employment, levels of knowledge concerning HIV and STD transmission and prevention, number of clients served, levels of condom use and STD symptoms. Indirect CSWs have higher levels of knowledge, fewer partners, and more frequent condom use; but still have high levels of STD symptoms and frequently engage in unprotected sex with clients. Many CSWs and their clients were originally from other regions; these people could well be agents in the rapid spread of the HIV virus throughout Myanmar. Interventions targeted to specific groups of CSWs and clients should be undertaken as soon as possible, including educational activities concerning AIDS and STD transmission and prevention, condom promotion and distribution, and activities to improve the health sector's capabilities to help both CSWs and their clients.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Carriage of enteric bacterial pathogens by house flies in Yangon, Myanmar.

The carriage of enteric bacterial pathogens by house flies, caught from different places of human habitation and at different seasons, was quantitatively determined in the town of Tamwe, Yangon, Myanmar. A total of 186 fly-pools, each containing 10 live flies, were caught in entomological cages by random sampling regarding season, month, frequency and place of collection. A 10% suspension of each homogenised fly-pool in sterile normal saline was prepared on the day of collection and was cultured to isolate pathogens using standard microbiological methods. Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae non-O1, and species of Salmonella and Shigella were isolated from 76.3%, 45.7%, 11.8% and 4.8% respectively from all the fly-pools. Enteric bacterial pathogens were isolated more frequently in flies from refuse dumps and animal pens and least commonly in flies from kitchens. Of the E. coli isolates, one pool each from flies trapped in animal pens (n = 30 fly-pools), latrines (n = 32) and refuse dumps (n = 34) produced enterotoxins (ETEC). These ETEC isolates were obtained in the months of June and July. The rates of isolation of pathogens were highest in the hot-wet season. The faecal coliform counts in the fly-pools also increased in this season compared with those in cool-dry and hot-dry seasons. These data suggest that flies may be an important carrier of enteric infections in Myanmar.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A new anthropoid from the latest middle Eocene of Pondaung, central Myanmar.

A new genus and species of medium-sized fossil primate, Myanmarpithecus yarshensis, is described from the lastest middle Eocene sediments of Pondaung, central Myanmar (Burma). The specimens consist of right maxillary fragments with P(4)-M(3)and a left mandibular corpus with C-P(3)and M(2-3). To date, three purported anthropoids have been discovered from the Pondaung Formation: Pondaungia and Amphipithecus (Amphipithecidae) and Bahinia (Eosimiidae). Myanmarpithecus differs from these other Pondaung primates in having cingular hypocones on upper molars and in lacking paraconids on M(2-3). Although Myanmarpithecus resembles some utahiin omomyines in superficial aspects of the morphology of M(2-3)(i.e., mesiodistally compressed molar trigonid and enamel crenulation), the morphological analysis of upper molars and lower premolars indicates that it is neither an omomyoid nor an adapoid but is more derived than fossil prosimians (such as adapoids, omomyoids, and tarsiers) and more anthropoid-like. On the other hand, it is more primitive (prosimian-like) than early anthropoids from the late Eocene/early Oligocene of the Fayum, Egypt. Myanmarpithecus is likely to be an early, primitive anthropoid ("protoanthropoid").

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The upper dentition and face of Pondaungia cotteri from central Myanmar.

A specimen of Pondaungia from the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation in central Myanmar includes maxillary fragments and parts of the dentition, some hitherto undocumented, including the upper central incisor, canine, premolars and molars. Pondaungia has a large spatulate I1 closely resembling that of crown anthropoids. It possesses a stout projecting upper canine (like anthropoids) but differs from that tooth of crown anthropoids in lacking a strong mesial groove. There are three upper premolars of which P2 is distinctly smaller than P3 or P4. P3 has a buccolingually oriented mesial profile and an inflated distal profile resembling that of parapithecids and crown anthropoids. The distolingual molar cusp is a hypocone and is not homologus with the "pseudohypocone" of notharctines because the cusp is neither twinned with the protocone nor attached to a Nannopithex-fold. Pondaungia has a stout zygomatic root with a strongly demarcated muscle scar for the superficial masseter situated well above the occlusal plane. The inferior orbital margin is not preserved but the inflated suborbital region allows for the inference that the orbit was small. This specimen is not sufficiently well preserved to identify if there was postorbital closure. However, a specimen of the frontal bone of Amphipithecus shows that its orbital septum was absent or poorly developed. If, as commonly supposed, Pondaungia andAmphipithecus are sister taxa, postorbital closure was probably absent in Pondaungia. The large incisors, molars with poorly developed crests and thick enamel, together with the stoutly developed and strong dorsal component of the force vector of the superficial masseter muscle suggest that Pondaungia had a diet low in fiber, but that included hard food objects like nuts or seeds. The present material adds to the structural similarities between Pondaungia and anthropoids, but whether these similarities are due to shared descent or functional and adaptive convergence remains unresolved.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

Endocranial cast and morphology of the olfactory bulb of Amphipithecus mogaungensis (latest middle Eocene of Myanmar).

A detailed endocranial cast of the olfactory bulb of Amphipithecus mogaungensis, a latest middle Eocene primate from the Pondaung Formation (Myanmar), was studied in comparison with some Paleogene primates, the olfactory bulb of which has been reported. The olfactory bulb of Amphipithecus is located just anterior to the postorbital constriction, that is, within the interorbital septum. It is relatively large and pedunculate, not overlapped by the frontal lobe, and consists of two parallel aligned bodies. The relative volume of the olfactory bulb shows the same pattern as in adapiforms, but the location and bilobed form are more similar to those of omomyoids than of adapiforms.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bites by Russell's vipers (Daboia russelii siamensis) in Myanmar: effect of the snake's length and recent feeding on venom antigenaemia and severity of envenoming.

An improved enzyme immunoassay technique (EIA) was used in the diagnosis of 311 suspected Russell's viper bite cases in Myanmar [Burma], 181 of whom (58%) had systemic envenoming. Russell's viper venom was detected in the sera of 175 (56.3%), cobra or green pit viper venoms in 4 (1.3%), and no venom in the remaining 132 (42.4). Among 175 of these patients who failed to bring the dead snake, EIA achieved a specific diagnosis of Russell's viper envenoming in 101 (58%). The serum venom antigen concentration was higher in patients with systemic envenoming than in those with local or no envenoming and it increased with the development of coagulopathy. Stomach contents were examined in 101 Russell's vipers responsible for bites. The presence of prey, usually a rodent, in the snake's stomach, indicating that it had eaten recently, did not influence the severity of envenoming, the initial venom level, or the percentage circumference increase and the extent of local swelling in the bitten limb. One hundred and fifty-five Russell's vipers responsible for bites showed a bimodal distribution of total lengths. The smaller snakes had probably been born that year. Longer snakes were responsible for more severe envenoming, a shorter interval between the bite and the detection of incoagulable blood, and more extensive local swelling with a greater percentage circumference increase of the bitten limb; but their bites were not associated with higher initial venom antigenaemia or a greater risk of developing acute renal failure.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Local compression pads as a first-aid measure for victims of bites by Russell's viper (Daboia russelii siamensis) in Myanmar.

A prospective study of the efficacy of applying local pressure by compression pads in retarding spread of venom was carried out on 15 cases of bite by Russell's viper (Daboia russelii siamensis) in Myanmar. A firm rubber pad was applied with cotton bandaging over the site of bite and the limb was immobilized with a splint. Serial monitoring of venom levels by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was carried out at 15 min intervals for 1h (2h in one case) while the pad was in place and at 15 and 30 min after its removal. A rise of 10-40ng/mL in serum venom antigen level was observed in most cases after removal of the pad. The central movement of venom antigen was retarded in 13 of the 15 cases. Mild haemostatic changes (factor V and X assays and screening tests) were observed in 10 pad-treated cases measured at the time of onset of incoagulability of blood. The side effects observed while the pads were in place were minimal, consisting of swelling, pain and tenderness, and were well tolerated by most patients (for up to 2h by one patient), except for 2 who had incisions or bruising at the site of the bite.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax in Myanmar.

Fifty patients with Plasmodium vivax infection were treated with the standard regimen of chloroquine phosphate (1500 mg over 3 d) followed by primaquine (45 mg immediately and then weekly for 8 weeks); 43 patients had sensitive infections but recrudescences of parasitaemia occurred between days 3 and 14 with RI, RII and RIII patterns in one, 3 and 3 patients, respectively. All the chloroquine-resistant cases were again treated with chloroquine (1500 mg) and no further recrudescence or relapse was detected on days 21 and 28. This study indicates that chloroquine is losing its efficacy against P. vivax in Myanmar.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Costs to the patient for seeking malaria care in Myanmar.

This study investigates the costs incurred by patients diagnosed with uncomplicated malaria at a formal rural health facility in Myanmar. A cross-sectional survey of 410 patients indicated that the majority of patients were male (89.3%), married (84.6%) and the head of their family (80.2%); this spectrum reflected the deliberate selection of persons for whom relatively accurate costing was feasible. The average total costs incurred for an episode of malaria was kyats 173.58 (95% CI = 166.13-181.02). with the highest cost contribution being the loss of earnings due to absence from work (mean = kyats 135.05; 95% CI = 128.14-141.96). Total costs to the patient per episode were, on the average, equivalent to 4.2 days of per capita economic output indicating that malaria imposes a significant financial burden on the patient even though medical services and treatment are provided free of charge. Variables significantly positively associated with patient cost included the duration of illness (P < 0.001), income of the patient (P < 0.001), presence of accompanying person at the health facility (P < 0.001) and being a farmer (P = 0.026). The results of this study highlight the importance of using confirmatory diagnosis in rural settings to minimize the financial burden of malaria to the patient and family.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Myanmar mission].

The authors report the accomplishment of humanitarian missions in plastic surgery performed by a small team in town practice in Yangon, about their 3 years experience in Myanmar with 300 consultations and 120 surgery cases. They underline the interest of this type of mission and provide us their reflexion about team training, the type of relation with the country where the mission is conducted and the type of right team.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2005

Taxonomic status of purported primate frontal bones from the Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar.

Two isolated cranial fragments from the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation of central Myanmar have previously been interpreted as frontal bones of the amphipithecid primate Amphipithecus mogaungensis. Aside from a few maxillary fragments, these specimens provide the only potential source of information currently available regarding the cranial anatomy of Amphipithecidae. Were this taxonomic attribution correct, these specimens would indicate that amphipithecids retained numerous primitive skull features, including the absence of a postorbital septum, the retention of a voluminous olfactory chamber, and strong separation between the forebrain and the orbital fossa. However, several anatomical details observable on these specimens are incompatible with their attribution to any primate and strongly suggest that they cannot be ascribed to Mammalia. Particularly problematic in this regard are the extreme thickness of the dermal bone, the odd structure of the alleged "frontal trigon," and the mediolateral orientation and uniquely robust construction of the descending process of the frontal bone (which partially segregates the orbital and temporal fossae). Because these isolated elements can no longer be attributed to Amphipithecus, the anatomical, phylogenetic, and behavioral inferences regarding amphipithecid paleobiology that have been drawn from these specimens can no longer be sustained.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Envenoming by Chinese krait (Bungarus multicinctus) and banded krait (B. fasciatus) in Myanmar.

A retrospective study of 8 cases of envenoming by Chinese krait (Bungarus multicinctus) and one banded krait (B. fasciatus) in southern Myanmar is reported. Chinese krait bite produced minimal local reactions, except in one person bitten on the lip which resulted in local swelling. Onset of neurotoxic symptoms occurred 2.5-6 h after the bite, and the interval between bite and death ranged from 12-30 h. Three deaths were due to respiratory failure. Four mildly envenomed cases recovered spontaneously without assisted ventilation. One severely envenomed patient recovered after 8 d intensive respiratory care. Cobra (Naja kaouthia) antivenom had no value in reversing neurotoxic symptoms. Anticholinesterase injection given to one patient failed to improve neurotoxic symptoms. The bite of banded krait (B. fasciatus) resulted in neurotoxic envenoming within 2 h after the bite, with minimal local reactions. The victim died of respiratory failure 14 h after the bite.

Adolescent↗