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PubMed1989

Parasites that attack stable fly and house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) puparia during the winter on dairies in northwestern Florida.

Throughout the winter and early spring months, stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and house fly, Musca domestica L., puparia were collected from silage, hay, and manure from six dairies in northwestern Florida and evaluated for parasitism. Of the puparia producing flies or parasites, 23% of the stable flies and 46% of the house flies were parasitized. The predominant parasite observed attacking muscoid flies (76% for stable flies and 58% for house flies) was Spalangia cameroni Perkins. Muscidifurax sp. was recovered from 11 and 36% of the stable fly and house fly pupae, respectively. Other parasite species encountered were Spalangia endius Walker and S. nigroaenea Curtis. Significantly more parasitized fly pupae were collected from silage than from hay residues or manure. Winter and early spring parasite populations in northwestern Florida appear to be present as long as viable fly pupae are available to support the developing parasites.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Walk-through trap for control of horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on pastured cattle.

A walk-through fly trap designed in 1938 by W. G. Bruce was tested for two field seasons in Missouri. Screened elements along both sides of the device functioned as cone traps, thereby catching horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), as they were swept from cattle by strips of carpet hung from the roof. Horn fly control on pastured cattle averaged 54 and 73% when they were afforded access to the trap. Analyses of Diptera captured in the trap indicated that horn flies comprised the most abundant species; face flies, Musca autumnalis De Geer, stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and others were present in smaller numbers. Cattle were not reluctant to use the trap, and no structural problems were observed during the experiment.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effect of experimental bedding treatments on the density of immature Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) in outdoor calf hutches.

Experimental bedding materials and a novel delivery method of cyromazine (Larvadex) were evaluated as replicated treatments in outdoor calf hutches for effect on the density of immature Musca domestica L. and Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). In 6-wk trials, overall density of Musca domestica L. and Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) in straw bedding averaged 36.2 and 52.6 maggots/liter, respectively, compared with respective average densities of 9.0 and 16.2 for wood chips and 10.4 and 20.0 for wood chips over a hydraulic fabric filter system. These values represent average reductions of 80 and 69% and 77 and 68%, respectively. Densities of M. domestica and S. calcitrans in ground corncob over the filter system averaged 13.3 and 4.1 maggots/liter in 3.2-mm size corncob particles, and 1.7 and 1.2 for 6.4-mm size corncob particles (average reductions of 62 and 87% and 90 and 96%, respectively) relative to straw bedding. Densities of these two species in sand bedding averaged 2.8 and 0.4 maggots/liter (average reductions of 93 and 99%), but sand became compacted and soiled with calf urine and feces after several weeks. Cyromazine excreted in calf urine limited density of both species in straw to an average of 11.0 and 15.6 maggots/liter, respectively (a 58 and 79% suppression relative to untreated straw). These data confirm that straw bedding promotes muscoid maggot growth and illustrate that alternative calf hutch bedding systems and urine delivery of cyromazine may improve muscoid fly management on dairy farms by limiting the development of muscoid maggots.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Costs of existing and recommended manure management practices for house fly and stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) control on dairy farms.

Costs of fly control practices were estimated for 26 New York and Maryland dairy farms. Objectives were to characterize existing practices, compare them with the cost of more frequent and complete manure removal to reduce fly breeding, and to compare costs of manure removal and insecticide application. Information was collected in scouting visits and personal interviews of farm operators. Equipment, labor, and bedding costs were included for manure removal. Insecticide application costs included chemicals and labor for application. A typical farm with a stanchion barn had manure removal costs of $0.348 per cow per day. Recommended changes would increase costs by $0.016-0.033 per cow per day. Insecticide costs averaged $0.021 per cow per day. It may be possible to eliminate many of the insecticide applications on the farms by using the recommended 7-d manure removal practice. Even if insecticides are not eliminated entirely, increased manure removal costs would be offset by some reduction in insecticide cost. This also would have the additional benefit of greatly slowing the development of insecticide resistance by the flies.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Azadirachtin as a larvicide against the horn fly, stable fly, and house fly (Diptera: Muscidae).

Effects of azadirachtin, a triterpenoid extracted from neem seed, Azadirachta indica A. Juss., were similar to those of insect growth regulators against the immature stages of the born fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and the house fly, Musca domestica L. When an ethanolic extract of ground seed was blended into cow manure, LC50 and LC90's for larval horn flies were 0.096 and 0.133 ppm azadirachtin, respectively. An emulsifiable concentrate (EC) had an LC50 for larval horn flies of 0.151 ppm and an LC90 of 0.268 ppm. For larval stable flies, the EC formulation had an LC50 of 7.7 ppm and an LC90 of 18.7 ppm azadirachtin in manure. Against larval house flies, the LC50 and LC90 were 10.5 and 20.2 ppm, respectively. When the EC formulation was administered orally to cattle at a rate of greater than or equal to 0.03 mg azadirachtin per kg of body weight per day or when ground neem seed was given as a daily supplement of greater than or equal to 10 mg seed per kg body weight, horn fly development in the manure was almost completely inhibited. In contrast, ground seed mixed in cattle feed at the rate of 100-400 mg seed per kg of body weight per day caused less than 50% inhibition of stable flies in the manure.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Permethrin metabolism in pyrethroid-resistant adults of the horn fly (Muscidae: Diptera).

The in vivo metabolism of topically applied 14C-permethrin was determined for adults of pyrethroid-resistant and -susceptible horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.) at 1, 2, and 6 h after treatment. At 1 and 2 h after treatment, resistant horn flies had significantly higher internal levels of radioactivity (permethrin plus metabolites) compared with adults of the susceptible strain. Analysis of the internal extracts by thin-layer chromatography indicated no differences in the levels of permethrin. However, significantly higher levels of metabolites that co-chromatograph with 3-(2'- or 4'-hydroxyphenoxy)benzyl (1RS) cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate at 1 and 2 h after treatment and (1RS) cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid at 1 h after treatment. These results demonstrate that an enhanced penetration and metabolism are present during the early phases of permethrin intoxication. Enhanced metabolism may contribute to the ability of resistant horn flies to survive in the presence of pyrethroids.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Chronology of permethrin resistance in a southern Illinois population of the horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) during and after selection by pyrethroid use.

From 1985 through 1988, horn flies (Haematobia irritans (L)) collected at the Dixon Springs Agricultural Center (DSAC) in southern Illinois were tested in 22 h bioassays for permethrin resistance with residues on cotton cloths. The LC90 for a susceptible field population collected in June 1985 was 0.19 micrograms/cm2. In comparison, flies collected from pyrethroid-tagged cattle in 1985 and 1986 exhibited 25- to 116-fold resistance to permethrin. A 25-fold level of resistance allowed survival on treated cattle 8 wk after pyrethroid tag application. Flies representing the local background population were collected periodically from an untreated herd 2.4 km from the nearest cattle treated with a pyrethroid; these flies exhibited up to 18-fold resistance. Although pyrethroids were not used on DSAC animals after October 1986, all bioassays done in 1987 and 1988 indicated resistance levels of greater than or equal to 7-fold. The 95% confidence intervals for LC90s from all 1987 bioassays overlapped the confidence interval from the corresponding July 1986 estimate for resistant flies collected from pyrethroid-tagged cattle. Although some decline in resistance was evident in 1988, bioassays done at the end of the season produced resistance ratios of 7.4 and 15.3. Survivorship at a diagnostic dose indicated that resistance frequencies remained at 4-8% throughout 1988. Two years' abstinence from pyrethroid use was insufficient to allow an adequate decline in resistance levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Commercial and naturally occurring fly parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) as biological control agents of stable flies and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on California dairies.

Filth fly parasites reared by commercial insectaries were released on two dairies (MO, DG) in southern California to determine their effect on populations of house flies, Musca domestica L., and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). Spalangia endius Walker, Muscidifurax raptorellus Kogan and Legner, and Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan and Legner were released on the MO dairy from 1985 to 1987 in varying quantities. Parasitism by Muscidifurax zaraptor on the MO dairy was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) from the field-collected stable fly (4.4%) and house fly (12.5%) pupae, compared with a control dairy (0.1%, stable fly; 1.3%, house fly). Muscidifurax zaraptor, released from April through October during 1987 on the DG dairy (350,000 per month), was not recovered in a significantly higher proportion from either fly species relative to the corresponding control dairy. No specimens of Muscidifurax raptorellus were recovered from the MO dairy. Parasite treatments had no apparent effect on adult populations of either fly species or on overall parasitism rate of field-collected stable fly (16.8%, MO; 17.2%, DG) and house fly (23.3%, MO; 20.9%, DG) pupae. Spalangia spp. were the predominant parasites recovered from field-collected stable fly and house fly pupae on all four dairies. Sentinel house fly pupae placed in fly-breeding sites on both release dairies were parasitized at a significantly higher rate, as compared with sentinel pupae on control dairies. The generic composition of parasites emerging from sentinel house fly pupae was 20.6% Spalangia spp. and 73.2% Muscidifurax spp., whereas in field-collected house fly pupae, Spalangia spp. and Muscidifurax spp. constituted 74.3 and 19.6% of the parasites, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Comparative attraction of four different fiberglass traps to various age and sex classes of stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) adults.

An Alsynite cylinder trap and three different Williams cross-configuration traps with three adhesives were compared to determine their relative attraction to stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), adults. Williams traps coated with Olson Sticky Stuff performed as well as Williams traps coated with Tack Trap, thus allowing fly samples collected with either adhesive to be compared. The cylinder trap captured fewer total flies, but more flies per cm2 than any of the Williams traps. Sex ratio of flies captured on the cylinder trap was 50:50, while the three Williams traps captured predominantly males. The cylinder trap captured a larger percentage of nulliparous, unmated females than did the other traps tested.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Salinity tolerance of stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae).

Effects of salinity on the survival, growth, and development of stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), were investigated in the laboratory. Larvae failed to develop to pupation when reared in media containing a salinity of 40 parts per thousand (ppt) sodium chloride (NaCl). Maximum salinity supporting larval development equaled the salinity of seawater (34 ppt); the larval LC90 was 24.2 ppt. Deleterious effects of high salinity decreased as larvae matured. Six-day-old larvae reared at a salinity of 34 ppt weighed 79% less than controls, compared with a 36% difference in 9-d-old larvae; by pupation, the difference was only 24%. Salinity did not influence the duration of larval, pupal, or adult stages. Survival of pupae was unimpaired despite a slight increase in number of pupal deformities, and normal adults emerged. Eggs were highly tolerant to saline. They hatched at salinity concentrations lethal to larvae; greater than 50% hatch occurred even when eggs were maintained at 80 ppt NaCl. Sensitivity of larvae to salinities close to that of seawater might be important for control of stable flies inhabiting marine areas.

Animals↗