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PubMed1999

Steroid transformations with Fusarium oxysporum var. cubense and Colletotrichum musae.

The utility of two locally isolated fungi, pathogenic to banana, for steroid biotransformation has been studied. The deuteromycetes Fusarium oxysporum var. cubense (IMI 326069, UAMH 9013) and Colletotrichum musae (IMI 374528, UAMH 8929) had not been examined previously for this potential. In general, F. oxysporum var. cubense effected 7alpha hydroxylation on 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroids, 6beta, 12beta, and 15alpha hydroxylation on steroidal-4-ene-3-ones, side-chain degradation on 17alpha,21-dihydroxypregnene-3,20-diones, and 15alpha hydroxylation on estrone. Both strains were shown to perform redox reactions on alcohols and ketones.

Androstenes↗
PubMed2001

Isolation, purification and some structural features of the mucilaginous exudate from Musa paradisiaca.

The water-soluble polysaccharides isolated from the vascular gel of Musa paradisiaca, were fractionated via anion exchange chromatography into four fractions. Fractionated polymers contained arabinose, xylose and galacturonic acid as major sugars, together with traces of galactose, rhamnose, mannose and glucose residues. Methylation analysis revealed the presence of a highly branched arabinoxylan with a significant amount of terminal arabinopyranosyl units and an arabinogalactan type I pectin. Periodate oxidation studies supported the results of methylation analysis.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Investigations into the biochemical basis for nematode resistance in roots of three musa cultivars in response to Radopholus similis infection.

The Musa cultivars, Dwarf Cavendish, Yangambi Km5 and Kunnan, exhibit considerable differences in resistance to Radopholus similis. Infection resulted in significant increases in condensed tannins and flavan-3,4-diols in roots (P < 0.001). The highly resistant cultivar Kunnan had the highest levels of condensed tannins before and after infection. The preinfection levels were similar to the postinfection levels of the two other cultivars. Tannins had mostly procyanidin character, but Kunnan also contained propelargonidins; these compounds may be involved in the resistance mechanism. It is suggested that the butanol/HCl assay be used as a rapid test in screening for resistance to R. similis.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Partial purification and characterization of polyphenol oxidase from banana (Musa sapientum L.) peel.

Polyphenol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.1, o-diphenol: oxygen oxidoreductase, PPO) of banana (Musa sapientum L.) peel was partially purified about 460-fold with a recovery of 2.2% using dopamine as substrate. The enzyme showed a single peak on Toyopearl HW55-S chromatography. However, two bands were detected by staining with Coomassie brilliant blue on PAGE: one was very clear, and the other was faint. Molecular weight for purified PPO was estimated to be about 41 000 by gel filtration. The enzyme quickly oxidized dopamine, and its Km value (Michaelis constant) for dopamine was 3.9 mM. Optimum pH was 6.5 and the PPO activity was quite stable in the range of pH 5-11 for 48 h. The enzyme had an optimum temperature at 30 degrees C and was stable up to 60 degrees C after heat treatment for 30 min. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, potassium cyanide, L-ascorbic acid, and cysteine at 1 mM. Under a low buffer capacity, the enzyme was also strongly inhibited by citric acid and acetic acid at 10 mM.

Catechol Oxidase↗
PubMed2000

Purification and characterization of polyphenol oxidase from banana (Musa sapientum L.) pulp.

Polyphenol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.1, PPO) in the pulp of banana (Musa sapientum L.) was purified to 636-fold with a recovery of 3.0%, using dopamine as substrate. The purified enzyme exhibited a clear single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-PAGE. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be about 41000 and 42000 by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE, respectively. The enzyme quickly oxidized dopamine, and its K(m) value for dopamine was 2.8 mM. The optimum pH was at 6.5, and the enzyme activity was stable in the range of pH 5-11 at 5 degrees C for 48 h. The enzyme had an optimum temperature of 30 degrees C and was stable even after a heat treatment at 70 degrees C for 30 min. The enzyme activity was completely inhibited by L-ascorbic acid, cysteine, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, and potassium cyanide. Under a low buffer capacity, the enzyme was also strongly inhibited by citric acid and acetic acid at 10 mM.

Catechol Oxidase↗
PubMed1999

Effect of blanching and ripening on functional properties of plantain (Musa aab) flour.

Flours were prepared from raw and blanched samples of unripe and ripe mature plantain Musa aab and examined for their proximate composition, physical characteristics and functional properties. The plantain flours contained 3.5 g crude protein, 2.5-3.5 g crude fat, 5.7-7.1 g moisture, 1.33-2.0 g crude fiber, 1.66-2.0 g ash, and 82.25-86.07 g carbohydrate per 100 g sample. The flours had bulk densities between 0.42-0.72 g/ml, emulsion capacities of 4.7-14.7%, water absorption capacities of 250-338%, oil absorption capacities of 214-371%, foaming capacities of 1.90-5.79%, least gelation concentrations of 6-8%, and viscosities of 23.7-46.7 CP at 2% slurry concentration. Foaming capacity increased with increasing flour concentration. Blanching considerably reduced the emulsion capacity and viscosity, while bulk density, water and oil absorption capacities were increased by blanching. Ripening was found to have a negative effect on all the functional properties examined except the bulk density, and gelation property. Unripe plantain could be used as an emulsifier and thickener in a food system.

Absorption↗
PubMed2001

Characterization of EDTA-soluble polysaccharides from the scape of Musa paradisiaca (banana).

The polysaccharide components present in the scape of Musa paradisiaca (banana) were fractionated into water-soluble (WSP), EDTA-soluble (EDTA-SP), alkali-soluble (ASP) and alkali-insoluble (AISP) polysaccharide fractions [Anjaneyalu, Jagadish and Raju (1997) Glycoconj. J. 14, 507-512]. The EDTA-SP was further fractionated by iso-amyl alcohol into EDTA-SP-A and EDTA-SP-B. The homogeneity of these two polysaccharides was established by repeated precipitation with iso-amyl alcohol, gel-filtration chromatography and sedimentation analysis. The polysaccharides were characterized by monosaccharide composition analysis, methylation linkage analysis, iodine affinity, ferricyanide number, blue value, hydrolysis with alpha-amylase, gold-electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Data from all of these studies suggest that EDTA-SP-A is a branched amylose-type alpha-D-glucan and that EDTA-SP-B is a highly branched amylopectin-type polymer. The nature of the branching patterns of these polysaccharides suggests that they are unique to M. paradisiaca.

Chromatography↗
PubMed1990

Isolation and characterization of BanLec-I, a mannoside-binding lectin from Musa paradisiac (banana).

A lectin (BanLec-I) from banana (Musa paradisiac) with a binding specificity for oligomannosidic glycans of size classes higher than (Man)6GlcNAc was isolated and purified by affinity chromatography on a Sephadex G-75 column. It did not agglutinate untreated human or sheep erythrocytes, but it did agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes. BanLec-I stimulated T-cell proliferation. On size-exclusion chromatography, BanLec-I has a molecular mass of approx. 27 kDa, and on SDS/PAGE the molecular mass is approx. 13 kDa. The isoelectric point is 7.2-7.5. BanLec-I was found to be very effective as a probe in detecting glycoproteins, e.g. on nitrocellulose blots.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Carbohydrate binding properties of banana (Musa acuminata) lectin II. Binding of laminaribiose oligosaccharides and beta-glucans containing beta1,6-glucosyl end groups.

This paper extends our knowledge of the rather bizarre carbohydrate binding poperties of the banana lectin (Musa acuminata). Although a glucose/mannose binding protein which recognizes alpha-linked gluco-and manno-pyranosyl groups of polysaccharide chain ends, the banana lectin was shown to bind to internal 3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl units. Now we report that this lectin also binds to the reducing glucosyl groups of beta-1,3-linked glucosyl oligosaccharides (e.g. laminaribiose oligomers). Additionally, banana lectin also recognizes beta1,6-linked glucosyl end groups (gentiobiosyl groups) as occur in many fungal beta1,3/1,6-linked polysaccharides. This behavior clearly distinguishes the banana lectin from other mannose/glucose binding lectins, such as concanavalin A and the pea, lentil and Calystegia sepium lectins.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1992

Hypocholesterolaemic effect of banana (Musa sapientum L. var. Cavendishii) pulp in the rat fed on a cholesterol-containing diet.

The pulp of banana fruit (Musa sapientum L. var. Cavendishii) was examined for its cholesterol-lowering effect with male rats fed on a diet containing lard (50 g/kg) and cholesterol (5 g/kg). Freeze-dried banana pulp showed a marked cholesterol-lowering effect when incorporated into a diet at the level of 300 or 500 g/kg, while the banana pulp dried in a hot-air current (65 degrees) did not. Starch and tannin prepared from banana pulp were not responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effect. The results also suggest that banana lipids did not affect the concentration of serum cholesterol. Feeding of dopamine, n-epinephrine and serotonin tended to raise the concentration of serum cholesterol. Thus, all the substances tested which were thought to be susceptible to influence by hot-air drying were unlikely to be responsible for the hypocholesterolaemic effect. However, both soluble and insoluble fibres fractionated from banana pulp had a cholesterol-lowering effect, with the exception of cellulose. It was assumed that a browning reaction undergone during hot-air drying might be related to the disappearance of the hypocholesterolaemic effect of banana pulp dried in a hot-air current. The results obtained support the conclusion that soluble and insoluble components of dietary fibre participate in the hypocholesterolaemic effect of banana pulp.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The functional morphology of the petioles of the banana, Musa textilis.

Bananas are among the largest herbs in the world and their lightweight petioles hold up huge leaves. This study examined how the petioles manage to achieve adequate rigidity to do this, while allowing extensive and reversible reconfiguration in high winds. Morphological and anatomical examination of the petioles and leaves of Musa textilis suggested how these two apparently incompatible abilities are achieved. The hollow U-shaped section of the petiole and the longitudinal strengthening elements in its outer skin give it adequate rigidity, while its ventral curvature help support the leaf without the need for thick lateral veins. These features, however, also allow the petiole to reconfigure by twisting away from the wind, while the leaf can fold away. In addition, two sets of internal structures, longitudinal partitions and transverse stellate parenchyma plates, help prevent dorsoventral flattening, allowing the petiole to flex further away from the wind without buckling. These ideas were tested and verified by a range of mechanical tests. Simple four-point-bending and torsion tests showed that the petioles are indeed far more compliant in torsion than in bending. Axial bending tests and crushing tests showed that petioles could be flexed twice as far and were four times as resistant to dorsoventral flattening when intact than when the internal tissue is removed. The banana petiole, therefore, seems to be an excellent example of natural integrated mechanical design.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1998

Euphorbia hirta leaves and Musa sapientum fruits in culture media for fungi.

Two plant products, Euphorbia hirta leaves and fruits of Musa sapientum, were evaluated as principal ingredients for selective cultivation of fungi. Sapientum glucose agar supported the growth of both dermatophytic, yeast-like, and saprophytic fungi; growth on this medium compared favourably with growth on Sabouraud glucose agar, a standard mycological medium. Sporulation and pigment formation were stronger on sapientum glucose agar than on Sabouraud glucose agar, although fungal growth on the latter was more luxuriant. Addition of Euphorbia extract to mycological media remarkably enhanced fungal growth on the media, and concomitantly suppressed bacterial growth to a similar extent as did antibiotics. The results of this study suggest that Euphorbia sapientum glucose agar can safely be recommended as a cheap and efficient medium for routine isolation of fungi in both clinical and general mycological studies.

Agar↗
PubMed2001

16S ribosomal DNA characterization of nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from banana (Musa spp.) and pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merril).

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from banana (Musa spp.) and pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merril) were characterized by amplified 16S ribosomal DNA restriction analysis and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Herbaspirillum seropedicae, Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans, Burkholderia brasilensis, and Burkholderia tropicalis were identified. Eight other types were placed in close proximity to these genera and other alpha and beta Proteobacteria.

Alphaproteobacteria↗
PubMed1998

Synthesis and secretion of phosphatases by endophytic isolates of Colletotrichum musae grown under conditions of nutritional starvation.

Even though fungal phosphatases are widely used to study ambient-regulated gene expression, little is known about these enzymes in the agriculturally important genus Colletotrichum. We have therefore identified several phosphatase activities in endophytic isolates of Colletotrichum musae grown under conditions of nutritional sufficiency or starvation for sources of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), carbon (C), and sulphur (S). These enzyme forms could be distinguished by substrate specificity, optimum pH, activation and inhibition by some substances, response to nutritional starvation, and pattern of migration in native gel electrophoresis. At least four individual phosphatase activities were identified under the growth conditions employed. A pH 5.0 acid phosphatase and an Mg(2+)-dependent pH 7.5 phosphodiesterase were expressed under all growth conditions at constant rates. Under conditions of P-starvation, derepression of a major pH 6.0-acid phosphatase was observed in cell-free extracts and the culture medium. A synthesis of alkaline phosphatase activities followed a more distinct pattern. Under conditions of nutritional sufficiency of P- or N-starvation, only a single intracellular enzyme form (optimum pH 10) was observed, which was resolved as a single electrophoretic activity band. However, in media lacking C or S sources additional alkaline phosphatase forms were derepressed with a concomitant increase in the overall enzyme activity level measured at pH 10. To our knowledge, this report represents the most detailed study of phosphatases in Colletotrichum and the first partial characterization of the phosphatase system in an endophytic fungus.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

[Anatomic and morphological studies on the initiation of somatic embryos obtained from meristematic apexes of Musa sp.

The origin of somatic embryos obtained from meristematic apexes of the Musa (AAA) clone "Gran enano" was analyzed through histological and morphological studies during the various development phases of the process. The research point out that somatic embryos developed directly from perivascular parenchyma cells of the leaves. Histological sections of globular embryos showed a radial disposition to cell and the existence of an epidermal layer that surrounds the embryo completely. When citocinine (Z or BA) was added, some embryos remained in globular stage with mild signs of enlargement but with no later development of invagination. Other's embryos reached the invagination stage; and some reached the enlargement stage with active photosynthetic tissues. However there were no to generation of complete plant regardless of additional treatment, such as "osmotic shock" or the additions of GA3--At present do not have an explanations for this results. Therefore, additional experiment should be in early, intermediate and later stages of somatic embryogenesis, in order to understand the mechanisms underlying the lack of development of plants from somatics embryos.

Cloning, Organism↗
PubMed1988

Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in the seeded diploid banana Musa ornata Roxb.

Somatic embryos of a seeded diploid ornamental banana (Musa ornata Roxb.) were obtained from zygotic embryos cultured on semi-solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) (1962) medium with the auxin 2,4-D (0.5, 1, 2 mg/l) and 5% CW. Removal of 2,4-D and transferral to Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) (1972) salts with CW followed by basal MS led to embryo germination and growth. Plantlet production was obtained using filter paper bridges in liquid half-strength SH medium with 1% sucrose. The remarkable phenotypic fidelity of somatic embryos to that of zygotic embryos and the presence of a haustorium-like outgrowth on the somatic embryos is described.

Fruit↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In-field behaviour of banana plants (Musa AA sp) obtained after regeneration of cryopreserved embryogenic cell suspensions.

This study describes the in-field behavior of bananas (Musa AA sp.) obtained after regeneration of cryopreserved embryogenic cell suspensions. Observations were focused on the classical vegetal development descriptors. We observed no significant differences between the cryopreserved-derived plants and the control plants with respect to the plant height and circumference, the number of leaves, the number of fruits, the fruit length, the fruit diameter and weight, the bunch weight and the date of harvest. During the first culture cycle, 2 out of 11 descriptors analyzed were however found to be different between the control and the cryopreserved suspensions derived plants. These were the number of nodal clusters of the inflorescence (usually called hands) and the date of flowering. These differences were, however, quite minor as the two cases together amounted to only 2 % of the control value. During the second cycle of culture, no significant difference between the two groups of plants was found whatever the parameter analysed. These results suggest that, with the experimental conditions of the study, there is no difference at the agronomic level between plants produced from cryopreserved embryogenic cell suspensions and control plants.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Sodium selenite induced changes during ripening in post-harvest banana (Musa sapientum) fruits.

The metabolic role of selenium, if any, in plant systems has received little attention, as opposed to animal and other systems where many studies have been performed. Post-harvest banana (Musa sapientum) fruits treated with 1 mM solutions of sodium selenite show an increase in the rate of ripening. Visually, typical ripening changes in colour, aroma and tissue softness were observed to occur earlier in sodium selenite-treated fruits as compared to controls. These results were substantiated biochemically, enzymologically and physiologically, showing a strong relationship of this phenomenon with the oxidative changes.

Antioxidants↗