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PubMed2003

The impact of economic resources on premarital childbearing and subsequent marriage among young American women.

This paper extends previous work on premarital childbearing by modeling both the entry rates and the exit rates of unwed motherhood among young American women. In particular, I investigate the impact of economic resources on the likelihood of experiencing a premarital birth and then of subsequent marriage. Using a multiple-destination, multiple-spell hazard regression model and a microsimulation analysis, I analyze the accumulating effects of various economic variables. The results show that the economic resources are indeed important both for premarital childbearing and for subsequent marriage. However, the simulations show that large changes in these economic variables do not necessarily translate into large changes in nonmarital childbearing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Inbreeding in Gredos mountain range (Spain): contribution of multiple consanguinity and intervalley variation.

The present paper examines consanguineous marriages occurring between 1874 and 1975 in three valleys (Tormes, Alberche, and Tiétar) in the Sierra de Gredos mountain range, Avila province, Spain. Information was obtained from parish registers of 42 localities, corresponding to a total of 41,696 weddings. Consanguineous marriages were defined as those up to the third degree of consanguinity (second cousins). From 1874 to 1975 the percentage of related mates was 4.45% and the inbreeding coefficient was 0.0011868 (for 1874 to 1917 corresponding figures up to the fourth degree were 16.44% and 0.00 19085, respectively). In order to ascertain the characteristics and evolution of mating patterns in Gredos, the contribution of each degree of kinship was analyzed as a whole and then for each valley separately. Regarding total consanguineous marriages in Gredos, there is a low frequency of uncle-niece matings (0.21%) and a first-second cousin mating ratio (C22/C33) of 0.23 (up to the third degree of consanguinity). Before 1918 multiple matings (i.e., those involving more than a single relationship) accounted for 19.16% of consanguineous marriages (up to the fourth degree). The observed frequencies of multiple consanguineous marriages was, on average, about twice that expected at random, and the proportion of such marriages to total inbreeding was 34.65%. The temporal change of the Gredos inbreeding pattern was characterized by a recent decrease; the highest inbreeding levels correspond to the period from 1915 to 1944. Finally, intervalley differences (maximum inbreeding coefficient in the Tormes, minimum in the Tiétar) are interpreted considering the geography, population size, and population mobility for each valley

Consanguinity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adult sexual behavior in 1989: number of partners, frequency of intercourse and risk of AIDS.

Questions on sexual behavior that were added to the National Opinion Research Center's 1988 and 1989 General Social Surveys reveal that 97 percent of adult Americans have had intercourse since age 18. Respondents report having an average of about 1.2 sexual partners during the year preceding the survey and nearly 7.2 partners since age 18; men claimed to have had considerably more partners than did women. About one-fifth of adult Americans had no partners during the previous year. Moreover, over a year's time, only 1.5 percent of married people reported having had a sexual partner other than their spouse. On average, adults report engaging in intercourse 57 times per year. About two percent of sexually active adults reported being exclusively homosexual or bisexual during the year preceding the survey, and 5-6 percent have been exclusively homosexual or bisexual since age 18. Seven percent of adults are at relatively high current risk of contracting AIDS--three percent because they have had multiple partners, three percent because they have had unfamiliar partners and one percent because of their sexual orientation. However, 33 percent have engaged in relatively risky behavior at some time since age 18.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: implications for health education.

This paper reviews the current epidemiologic status of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on what is currently understood about the distinctive features of heterosexual transmission in young men, women, and children. Epidemiologic data show that AIDS is transmitted primarily through heterosexual vaginal intercourse. Heterosexual transmission is highlighted both as the principal mode of spread of AIDS in east, central, and southern Africa and as the primary focus for AIDS education and control of the epidemic. The transmission of AIDS, like that of other sexually transmissible diseases, results from sexual behaviors that are rooted in social and cultural values that are not easily changed. The primary risk factors--including multiple sex partners, prostitution, and unprotected intercourse--are examined. The perceived obstacles to control of the epidemic include unfavorable government reactions to the epidemic, poor public knowledge, prevailing sexual attitudes, and reluctance to use condoms. These and other immediate and competing risk factors like unemployment and poverty combine to complicate the task of AIDS education.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

Human immunodeficiency virus and migrant labor in South Africa.

The authors investigate the impact of the migrant labor system on heterosexual relationships on South African mines and assess the implications for the future transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The migrant labor system has created a market for prostitution in mining towns and geographic networks of relationships within and between urban and rural communities. A section of the migrant workforce and a group of women dependent on prostitution for economic support appear especially vulnerable to contracting HIV infection since they are involved in multiple sexual encounters with different, changing partners, usually without condom protection. Furthermore, sexually transmitted disease morbidity is extensive in the general and mineworker populations. Historically, migration facilitated the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases and may act similarly for HIV. Problems of combating the HIV epidemic in South Africa are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1994

Sexual partner change and condom use among urban factory workers in northwest Tanzania.

OBJECTIVE: To describe sexual partner change and condom use at the intake of a cohort study of urban factory workers in Tanzania. METHODS: From October 1991 to March 1992, 926 male and 170 female factory workers were interviewed using a structured, pre-coded questionnaire. Questionnaire reliability was assessed by pre-testing and comparison with results of unstructured interviews and carrying out repeat questionnaires on a sub-sample. RESULTS: Almost half of both men and women had had sexual intercourse by their 17th birthday. The period of premarital sex had an interquartile range of 2 to 10 years in men and 0 to 2.5 years in women. Having had sexual intercourse in the past month with more than one partner was reported by 22% of the men and 5% of the women. Factors associated with multiple partners in men were being born in or near Mwanza Region, having low education and low income, and being married. Condoms had been used in the past month by 3% only, mainly with casual partners. Condom use in men was associated with being young, living in town, being born in Kagera Region, high education and high income, being circumcised, and having causal or steady (non- martial) partners. CONCLUSION: Information, education and communication (IEC) on sexual relationships and condom use should start at an early age, and include education at primary schools. Much sexual partner change appears to occur through steady (non-marital) partnerships, indicating the need for IEC to be expanded beyond groups such as commercial sex workers and their clients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Juvenile papillomatosis and breast carcinoma.

Juvenile papillomatosis (JP) is a breast tumor of young women featuring atypical papillary duct hyperplasia and numerous cysts, first described as a clinicopathologic entity in 1980. The disease is of interest because of the youth of these patients and the fact that the pathologic elements resemble those considered to be precancerous in older women. This report summarizes the findings in 180 patients enrolled in the Juvenile Papillomatosis Registry. The mean age at diagnosis was 23 years (range, 12-48 years; median, 21 years; mode, 18 years). No relationship was found with parity, age of menarche, or use of birth control pills. Fifty patients (28%) reported that one or more relatives had had breast cancer. Twelve (7%) patients reported a first degree relative (mother, 10; sister, 2), whereas in 38 (21%) breast cancer was limited to one or more secondary relatives, most often maternal (23/39 or 59%). Persistent (or recurrent) JP was found in 25 patients who had a subsequent biopsy, and 8 patients had bilateral JP. Pathologic analysis revealed focal epithelial necrosis, a feature often associated with carcinoma, in 30 (17%) cases predominantly in those with the most severe cytologic atypia of hyperplastic duct lesions (77%). Positive family history was reported by 33% (10/30) of women with epithelial necrosis and 27% (40/150) without this finding. Seven patients (4%) had breast carcinoma diagnosed concurrent with JP (ipsilateral, 5 cases; contralateral, 2 cases). A previously unreported finding is the diagnosis of carcinoma subsequent to JP in two cases (contralateral intraductal and ipsilateral microinvasive duct, respectively) with intervals of 8 and 9 years, respectively. The nine patients with carcinoma and JP tended to be slightly older at the time JP was diagnosed (mean, 27 years) and had a higher frequency of positive family history (56%) than those without breast cancer (mean age, 23 years; positive family history, 26%). These findings confirm earlier evidence that JP is a marker for families at risk and now indicate that the patient with JP may herself be in jeopardy of developing breast cancer coincidentally or at a later date. Wide local excision is adequate to control the lesion in most cases. Careful clinical surveillance is indicated for any woman who has juvenile papillomatosis and for her female relatives. The early age of onset of this unusually florid proliferative disease, and family history association, suggest there may be an underlying hormonal disturbance or genetic abnormality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Determinants of rural and urban fertility differentials in Nigeria.

Whatever proximate variables are examined, their differential effects on rural and urban fertility are small. This indicates that no major disturbance has taken place in urban or rural reproductive norms. However, two possible reasons for the converging pattern of rural and urban fertility in Nigeria are identified. One is that urban mothers in the first half of the childbearing age range have higher fertility than their rural counterparts. The other is that breast-feeding and post-partum abstinence, which are the major determinants of marital fertility, exert a more depressing influence on rural than urban fertility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The benefits of frequent positive affect: does happiness lead to success?

Numerous studies show that happy individuals are successful across multiple life domains, including marriage, friendship, income, work performance, and health. The authors suggest a conceptual model to account for these findings, arguing that the happiness-success link exists not only because success makes people happy, but also because positive affect engenders success. Three classes of evidence--crosssectional, longitudinal, and experimental--are documented to test their model. Relevant studies are described and their effect sizes combined meta-analytically. The results reveal that happiness is associated with and precedes numerous successful outcomes, as well as behaviors paralleling success. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that positive affect--the hallmark of well-being--may be the cause of many of the desirable characteristics, resources, and successes correlated with happiness. Limitations, empirical issues, and important future research questions are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

A study of sexual behavior among rural residents of China.

OBJECTIVE: Although the recent spread of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in China has been associated with sexual activities, little information has been available about sexual behavior in rural areas with high HIV prevalence. Studies identifying high-risk sexual behaviors are needed to formulate effective prevention programs. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was used to measure sexual activities using a two-stage cluster sampling method. A two-part anonymous questionnaire was used. Sensitive questions related to sexual behavior were administered using a tape recorder, earphones, and an answer sheet which did not include the text. RESULTS: In total, 1057 subjects were interviewed. Among 886 sexually active individuals, 7.8% had >1 sexual partner, 22.8% had premarital sex, 2.4% had anal intercourse, 4.1% had oral intercourse, and 2.3% had both anal and oral intercourse. Less than 2% reported past or current sexually transmitted diseases. Overall, 10.4% used condoms; only 11.2% for every sexual act. History of premarital and extramarital sex was higher in younger people. CONCLUSIONS: Sexual norms in rural China are changing rapidly and high-risk sexual behavior among young rural residents is increasing. Strategies to prevent HIV/AIDS should include education to promote delayed onset of sexual activity, safer sexual behavior, and condom use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Extensions to pedigree analysis I. Likehood calculations for simple and complex pedigrees.

A graph theoretic definition of pedigrees is given and a distinction drawn between simple and complex pedigrees. Algorithms are presented to calculate the likeihood of any kind of pedigree, assuming only segregation at a finite set of loci, nonassortative mating and no environmental correlations; multiple births and consanguineous marriages are explicity allowed for. The formulation given can lead to more powerful genetic counselling, segregation analysis and linkage analysis.

Genetic Linkage↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of family on the work lives of married physicians: what if the spouse is a physician, too?

Using data from a national survey of pediatricians, this study examines the effect of family life on the career choices of 1,782 married pediatricians, one-quarter of whom were in dual-physician marriages. We hypothesized that marriage to physicians would affect the work lives of male pediatricians much as parental responsibility does for female pediatricians. Logistic and multiple regression models confirmed that marriage to physicians and the presence of children affected career decisions of female pediatricians. In addition, male pediatricians in dual-physician marriages worked significantly fewer hours than other married male pediatricians, although responses to more subjective questions indicated that male pediatricians' perceptions of accommodation for the family may not match actual adjustments in work effort.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Multiple familial keratoacanthoma of Witten and Zak - A report of three siblings.

Three out of 11 siblings of a nonconsanguineous marriage suffering from biopsy-proven multiple small eruptive keratoacanthoma (KA) of Grzybowski as well as large nodular KA of Ferguson-Smith are reported. The response to oral methotrexate was not encouraging. Intravenous 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) at a dose of 12 mg/kg/day in isotonic saline given in weekly 5-day cycles resulted in almost complete resolution of small eruptive lesions and signs of involution in older large agglomerate noduloulcerative KA after 6 cycles. Thus, intravenous 5-FU was found to be an effective therapeutic modality for the Witten and Zak type of KA.

Adult↗