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PubMed1987

Peridural anesthesia disturbs maternal behavior in primiparous and multiparous parturient ewes.

Several experiments were carried out to study the effects of peridural anesthesia (Sylvocaine, 6 ml between sacrum and 1st caudal vertebra) performed either at the first signs of birth (early peridural: EP), or little before expulsion (late peridural: LP). When performed late, peridural anesthesia altered maternal behavior only slightly when compared with controls. By contrast severe deficits were observed in the case of EP. Seven out of 8 primiparae failed to show interest for their lamb within 30 min of the birth of the young (vs. 1/9 in LP group, p less than 0.01). In multiparae these proportions were 8/27 and 0/22 respectively (p less than 0.01). Within the EP group the effects of the peridural were more marked in primiparous than in multiparous mothers (p less than 0.05). Even in EP multiparous ewes becoming maternal within 5 min after giving birth a reduction in duration of licking was noted, when compared with the LP group (p less than 0.05). On the other hand, these same ewes established normally a selective bond within 2 hours after giving birth, as did the LP or control ewes. These results confirm the importance of genital stimulation for the rapid onset of maternal behavior in parturient ewes. They failed however to clarify the role played by genital stimulation in the establishment of a selective maternal bond.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1995

Involvement of the main but not the accessory olfactory system in maternal behavior of primiparous and multiparous ewes.

The respective roles of the main and accessory olfactory systems in the development of maternal behavior and selective suckling were investigated in parturient primiparous and multiparous ewes. Vomeronasal nerve section before parturition did not disturb either maternal behavior or maternal selectivity at suckling. By contrast, anosmia induced by zinc sulphate infusion had significant effects on the onset of maternal behavior in primiparous ewes. The onset of licking and of suckling were delayed and licking times and maternal bleats were reduced. Such disturbances were not observed in multiparous anosmic ewes, indicating that experience can compensate for the loss of olfactory information. On the other hand, anosmia prevented selective care regardless of maternal experience. Our results underline the importance of the main olfactory system for the development of adequate maternal behavior in sheep.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Growth hormone does not enhance the anabolic effect of human parathyroid hormone (1-34) on bone in aging multiparous and virgin rats.

In humans, the progressive loss in skeletal bone mass with aging increases the risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures in the elderly. As parathyroid hormone (PTH) and growth hormone (GH) may both be anabolic in bone, we tested if the combination of these hormones would increase bone mass more than either agent alone in aging multiparous and virgin female rats. In four separate studies, female rats (15-18 months old) were treated for 12 or 15 days with synthetic human parathyroid hormone (hPTH 1-34) at 80 micrograms/kg per day given once daily, alone or combined with ovine GH at 1 mg/kg per day given twice daily. Bone of distal femurs, proximal tibias and lumbar vertebrae, dietary mineral (Ca, P, Mg) excretion and balance and serum chemistry were assessed. PTH alone stimulated bone formation and increased bone mass in three of four experiments and consistently increased serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) and mineral retention. GH alone did not change either bone formation or bone mass, but combined with PTH increased mineral retention and serum 1,25-(OH)2D3), more than either hormone alone. Despite this stimulatory effect on Ca retention, GH did not further enhance the anabolic effect of hPTH 1-34 on bone mass of aging multiparous and virgin female rats.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

Gonadal steroid hormone level in blood plasma and milk of primiparous and multiparous nonpregnant and pregnant buffaloes.

Changes in the concentration of progesterone and estradiol-17beta were measured by radioimmunoassay in 11 primiparous and 17 multiparous buffaloes at estrus and daily post insemination and in 6 nonbred buffaloes at 6 hour intervals from 4 days before expected estrus to one day after estrus. Plasma progesterone concentration at estrus was 0.1 ng/ml which rose to a peak level of 3.47 ng/ml on day 17. It fluctuated around this level in those animals which conceived, but followed a declining trend in those which failed to do so and attained lowest values on the day of next estrus. Temporal changes of the hormone revealed that the occurrence of major decline varied between 16 and 62 h before estrus. The average concentration in milk was about three to four times higher than in plasma. The concentration of estradiol-17beta about 23.50 pg/ml at estrus and fluctuated around 10 pg/ml in animals that returned to estrus with a peak around estrus. Temporal changes of hormone revealed that peak level occurred 8-17 h before estrus. The concentration of estradiol in pregnant animals fluctuated around 10 pg/ml. The concentration in milk was about 2-3 times higher than in plasma. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in the concentrations of progesterone and estradiol-17beta between primiparous and multiparous animals.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Postpartum reproductive performance in the multiparous mare fed to obesity.

Twenty multiparous Quarter Horse mares were assigned to one of two treatment groups at 40 to 75 d of pregnancy. Group 1 was the control group and the mares were fed to maintain a moderate degree of body fat (condition score 5.5 to 7). Group 2 was the obese group and the mares were fed to achieve (prepartum) and then maintain (post partum) an extremely high degree of body fat (condition score 9). Estrous intensity was evaluated using subjective teasing scores ranging from 0 (rejection) to 4 (maximum receptivity). Mares were artificially inseminated beginning with the second postpartum ovulatory cycle; the study was terminated after 63 d of pregnancy. Duration of estrus, maximum teasing score and the number of mares exhibiting overt estrus (teasing score > 2) did not differ between treatment groups during the first and second postpartum ovulatory cycles. The intervals from foaling to first cycle ovulation, foaling to second cycle ovulation, and first to second cycle ovulation were also similar between treatment groups. All mares in both treatment groups conceived and maintained pregnancy. The first cycle conception rate and the number of cycles per conception did not differ between treatment groups. A high degree of body fat produced by overfeeding during gestation did not adversely affect postpartum reproductive performance in the multiparous mare.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Skeletal changes in multiparous mice fed a nutrient-sufficient diet containing cadmium.

Female mice were given nutrient-sufficient, purified diets containing either 0.25, 5, or 50 ppm Cd. One-half of the females were bred for 6 consecutive 42-day rounds of pregnancy/lactation (PL mice); remaining females were non-pregnant controls (NP mice). PL mice and NP controls were sacrificed after 1, 2, 4, or 6 consecutive rounds of pregnancy/lactation. No consistent, cadmium-dependent decreases in body weight, femur calcium content, or calcium/dry weight (Ca/DW) ratio occurred among the NP mice during the 252 days of cadmium exposure. In contrast, significant, cadmium-dependent decreases in body weight (3-11%), femur calcium content (15-27%), and Ca/DW ratio (5-7%) occurred in the multiparous mice exposed to 50 vs 0.25 ppm Cd. In addition, among the PL mice, the effect of cadmium was dose-dependent, with femur calcium contents decreasing significantly as the cadmium exposure level increased from 0.25 to 5 then 50 ppm Cd (P less than 0.05). Results demonstrate that dietary cadmium exposure had a greater effect on the skeletons of dams exposed to cadmium during the stresses of pregnancy and lactation than in non-pregnant controls. The results provide evidence that the combination of cadmium exposure and multiparity may have played a role in the etiology of Itai-Itai disease in Japan.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

The ingestion of calcium in multiparous and virgin female rats.

The present experiments demonstrate that multiparous females ingest more calcium that virgin females. In two experiments, we demonstrated that multiparous females ingested more calcium than virgin females, and both ingested larger amounts than males. The biological basis for this enhanced avidity for calcium lie in the greater needs for calcium during reproduction.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The relationship between multiparity and lipoprotein levels in older women.

The relation between multiparity and lipid and lipoprotein levels was examined in a sample of 1275 Rancho Bernardo women aged 50-89. Number of pregnancies ranged from 0 to 13 with a mean of 2.1. Pregnancy was unrelated to high density lipoprotein cholesterol level in women with 4 or fewer pregnancies, but women with 5 or more pregnancies had significantly lower levels both before and after adjustment for age, obesity, diabetes, alcohol and cigarette consumption, exercise and estrogen use. After multiple regression analysis, women with 5 or more pregnancies had high density lipoprotein levels that were 4.9 mg/dl lower than women with 4 or fewer pregnancies. No differences in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglyceride levels were observed by number of pregnancies. If confirmed by others, these results suggest that one factor mediating the previously reported relationship between multiparity and cardiovascular disease may be a decreased level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Long-term effects of repeated pregnancies (multiparity) on blood pressure regulation.

OBJECTIVE: Pregnancy is associated with profound alterations in the cardiovascular system, the long-term effects of which are unknown. Human epidemiological studies suggest that multiparity (multiple pregnancies) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms underlying these findings remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to determine the long-term effects of parity on cardiovascular regulation. METHODS: Pressor responses to phenylephrine (PE) and acute stress were compared in conscious age-matched repeatedly breed (RB) and virgin rats. Vascular compliance and reactivity of isolated resistance-sized mesenteric arteries were studies using pressure and wire myograph. RESULTS: We found that both exogenous PE and acute stress elicited greater pressor responses in RB than in aged-matched virgins. Pressure and wire myography also revealed that small mesenteric arteries from RB rats were less compliant than those from virgins (RB: 0.24+/-0.04 microm mm Hg(-1), n=6 vs. virgins: 0.63+/-0.06 microm mm Hg(-1), n=6; p< or =0.05) and were more sensitive to PE (EC(50) RB: 1.58+/-0.08 x 10(-6) M, n=10 vs. virgins: 2.05+/-0.09 x 10(-6) M, n=14; p< or =0.05). Removal of the endothelium abolished the difference in sensitivity. More specifically, the augmented vascular response of RB was both nitric oxide (NO) and cyclooxygenase dependent. By contrast, there was no difference in methacholine-induced vasodilation of phenylephrine-preconstricted vessels. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that repeated pregnancies induce long-term alterations in cardiovascular regulation due to changes in vascular compliance and endothelium-dependent vasoconstriction. We propose that such changes might influence the risk for cardiovascular disease in multiparous women.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1994

Natural interpregnancy intervals of fertile couples: a longitudinal survey of grand grand multiparous women.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the natural fecundity of grand grand multiparous women (> or = 10 deliveries) in relation to age, number of pregnancies, body mass index, and chronic diseases. DESIGN: A retrospective longitudinal analysis of interpregnancy intervals of married couples who had never used any kind of contraception. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS: The interpregnancy intervals (months from delivery or spontaneous abortion to the next conception) of 96 grand grand multiparous women with a total of 1,327 pregnancies were evaluated from the first to the latest pregnancy (14 +/- 1.7; mean +/- SD). Because of the lack of reliable data on conception times, 109 pregnancies had to be excluded. The number of interpregnancy intervals remaining for evaluation was thus 1,218. RESULTS: The mean interpregnancy intervals in the material of 1,218 pregnancies was 8.5 +/- 4.9 months, being significantly shorter after an abortion (5.3 +/- 4.8 months) or stillbirth (6.0 +/- 4.7 months) than after a delivery (8.9 +/- 5.6 months). The interpregnancy interval was significantly longer in women over 30 years of age than in the younger women, approximately 7 months in the latter and exceeding 10 months around the age of 40 years. Body mass index and chronic medical illness did not influence the interpregnancy intervals. The incidence of spontaneous abortions increased after the age of 30 years. It was 6% until 30 years, 10% between 31 and 35 years, and 25% after 40 years. CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective longitudinal review, the reproductive capacity of fertile couples remains rather sound until premenopausal age. The data suggest that a woman's delivery capacity could be 25 births between 16 and 45 years of age.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1997

Great grand multiparity: is it a risk?

OBJECTIVE: To compare antenatal and intrapartum complications incidence among women delivering for the 10th time or more and to compare this with those of low parity (para 2-5). METHODS: The records of (154) women of great grand multipara (para > 10) were reviewed and compared with (308) women (para 2-5) delivered during the same period. Antepartum as well as intrapartum complications were compared, all occurring between 16 April 1994 and 15 January 1995. RESULTS: Great grand multiparous women are older. The incidence of diabetes mellitus, chronic hypertension and preterm labor are similar to those with low parity, while they have higher incidences of pre-eclampsia (7.1% vs. 2.69%) and intrauterine fetal death (5.2 vs. 1.3%) P < 0.025. There were no differences in the incidences of placental abruption, placenta previa, malpresentation, postpartum hemorrhage and operative delivery between the two groups. Great grand multipara also have a higher incidence of macrosomia (12% vs. 12%) P < 0.0001. CONCLUSION: Great grand multiparous woman are at increased risk of having pre-eclampsia, intrauterine fetal death and macrosomia.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Grand grand multiparity and birth weight.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between birth weight and birth order in grand grand multiparous women (i.e., those who have had at least ten deliveries). METHODS: The longitudinal population consisted of 96 grand grand multiparous women with 1098 singleton deliveries. Two birth cohorts formed the cross-sectional reference populations: one from 1966 with 7564 deliveries and one from 1985-1986 with 5691 deliveries. In each population, birth weight was compared in four birth-order groups: first, second to fifth, sixth to ninth, and tenth to 12th born. RESULTS: The birth weight increased with birth order in each population, especially in the longitudinal one. The association remained even after adjusting for gestational age, sex of the newborn, maternal diabetes mellitus, and body mass index. Children born tenth to 12th were 83 g (95% confidence interval [CI] 29, 137) heavier than those born sixth to ninth; these in turn were 29 g (95% CI -27, 85) heavier than children born second to fifth, and those born second to fifth were 169 g (95% CI 54, 283) heavier than first born infants. Further indirect adjustment for the secular trend decreased these contrasts somewhat. CONCLUSION: Birth order is an independent determinant of birth weight even until the tenth delivery.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Reproductive endocrinology and postweaning performance in the multiparous sow. Part 2. Influence of nursing behavior.

The reason for variation in postweaning reproductive performance among multiparous sows is to a large extent unknown. In the present study, the influence of nursing behavior was explored. Blood samples were collected during lactation and after weaning from 18 multiparous sows for cortisol, LH, estradiol-17beta (E2), and progesterone analysis. Sow and piglet behavior was videotaped. The sows were fed according to litter size and slaughtered after the second postweaning estrus. The sows were divided into two groups based on average values for the different behavioral parameters. Sows with a long average nursing duration (long group) had lower average and basal LH levels on Day 14 and 21 of lactation as compared to the sows having a short average nursing duration (short group). In the long group, concentrations of E2 were lower the day after weaning, but on Day 15 and 21 of lactation no differences were noted between the two groups. Postweaning performance seemed impaired in the long group, though, differences were not significant. The sows in the long group were heavier and tended to lose less weight during lactation. To conclude, nursing duration seems to influence the extent to which reproductive functions are inhibited during lactation.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Randomized trial in multiparous patients: investigating a single vs. two-dose regimen of intravaginal misoprostol for induction of labor.

BACKGROUND: Multiparous patients have a higher risk of hyperstimulation and uterine rupture than nulliparous patients. The minimum possible dose of uterotonic drug should be used in induction of labor for multiparous patients to avoid excessive uterine activity, which could increase both maternal and fetal risks. METHODS: One hundred and four women were randomized to either a single dose of 50 micro g of intravaginal misoprostol in 24 h, or two consecutive doses of intravaginal 50 micro g misoprostol 6 h apart. RESULTS: The mean induction to delivery interval (789 min [95% CI: 637-941] vs. 576 min [95% CI: 484-667], p = 0.018) and delivery rate within 12 h (63% vs. 83%, p = 0.035) were higher in the two-dose group. The oxytocin augmentation rate (14% vs. 2%, p = 0.03) was higher in the single-dose group. There was a higher rate of clinician input related to suspicious cardiotocographic readings in the single-dose arm (p = 0.04). There was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) between the one- and two-dose regimens with respect to the rates of tachysystole (21% vs. 15%), hyperstimulation (3.9% vs. 0%), and meconium staining at delivery (9.8% vs. 13.2%). CONCLUSIONS: The two-dose regimen was most efficient, but both regimens were well tolerated by the fetuses.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed2004

A population-based study on the risk of cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among grand multiparous women in Finland.

Previous studies suggest that high parity increases the risk of cervical cancer. We studied the risk of cervical cancer (CC) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN3) in a Finnish cohort of grand multiparous (GM) women (at least five children) with low prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI). The Finnish Cancer Registry data revealed 220 CC and 178 CIN3 cases among 86 978 GM women. Standardised incidence ratios (SIR) were calculated from the numbers of observed and expected cases. Interval analyses by parity, age at first birth and average birth interval were done using multivariate Poisson regression. Seroprevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and Chlamydia trachomatis was tested among 561 GM women and 5703 women with 2-4 pregnancies. The incidence among GM women was slightly above the national average for squamous cell carcinoma of cervix uteri (SIR 1.21, 95% CI 1.05-1.40) and CIN3 (1.37, 95% CI 1.17-1.58), but lower for adenocarcinoma (SIR 0.77, 95% CI 0.52-1.10). The seroprevalence of HPV16 and Chlamydia trachomatis among GM women was lower than in the reference population, except among those women who had their child under age 19. Age under 20 years at first birth increased the risk of CC and CIN3 especially in premenopausal GM women, while increasing parity had no effect. The small relative risks of CC and CIN3 among GM women in our study as compared to studies from other countries can be explained by the exceptionally low prevalence of STIs in Finnish GM women. The observed SIRs between 1.2 and 1.4 should be interpreted to represent increased risk attributable to grand multiparity. The increased incidence of CC and CIN3 among young GM women suggests causal association to HPV 16 and Chlamydia trachomatis infections.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1991

Lymphocytotoxins in sera from highly sensitized multiparous dialysis patients: antibody class, relationship with the HLA and with paternal antigens.

1. Sera from 11 highly sensitized multiparous dialysis patients were studied in order to define the target antigens, antibody class and relationship with paternal HLA class I antigens of the underlying lymphocytotoxic antibodies. All sera contained lymphocytotoxic antibodies to over 70% of a panel of lymphocytes from 24 donors (panel reactivity greater than 70%). 2. Inhibition of cytotoxic activity against paternal lymphocytes by monoclonal antibodies to HLA framework determinants indicated that all 11 sera contained lymphocytotoxic antibodies to paternal class I antigens. In addition, five sera contained lymphocytotoxic antibodies to paternal class II antigens. 3. In order to determine the extent to which lymphocytotoxic antibodies were directed to paternal antigens, the panel reactivity of sera was compared before and after absorption with paternal peripheral blood lymphocytes. Over 50% of panel reactivity was absorbed from eight out of 11 sera, and in three of these 11 over 80% was absorbed. In the majority of patients this change in panel reactivity could be ascribed to binding of lymphocytotoxic antibodies to specific paternal class I antigens. 4. Digestion of sera with dithiothreitol had no significant effect on panel reactivity, indicating that the lymphocytotoxic antibodies were of immunoglobulin G class. 5. No sera reacted with either autologous lymphocytes or K562 cells, indicating an absence of autoantibodies. 6. These studies imply that panel-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies in the sera of highly sensitized multiparous patients are those which mediate hyperacute renal allograft rejection. Their development may be related to secondary humoral responses to antigens in blood transfusions from donors who share paternal class I specificities.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Great grand multiparity: is it a risk?

We wished to compare antenatal and intrapartum complications among women delivering for the 10th or subsequent time and to compare them with women of lower parity (para 2-5). The records of 154 women of great grand parity (para >/= 10) were reviewed and compared with 308 women (para 2-5) delivered during the same period. Antepartum as well as intrapartum complications were compared. All the women delivered between 16 April 1994 and 15 January 1995. Great grand multiparous women were, not surprisingly, older. The incidence of diabetes millitus, chronic hypertension, preterm labour are similar to those with low parity while they have higher incidence of pre-eclampsia (7.1% vs. 2.6%) and intrauterine fetal death (5.2 vs. 1.3%) P < 0.04. There were no differences in the incidence of placental abruption, placenta previa, malpresentation and postpartum haemorrhage between the two groups. Great grand multipara had a higher incidence of macrosomia (7% vs. 2%) and operative delivery (20.6% vs. 11.4%) P < 0.02. Great grand multiparous woman are at some increased risk of having severe pre-eclampsia, intrauterine fetal death macrosomia and subsequently operative delivery with its associated risk of maternal mortality and morbidity.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

A shift from a male to a female majority in newborns with the increasing age of grand grand multiparous women.

In this longitudinal study, we investigated the relationship of birth order and the age of mother and father to the gender of 1795 newborns (mean +/- SD 12.5 +/- 1.6 per mother) of 143 grand grand multiparous (i.e women who have had >10 deliveries). The frequency of boys was 52.2% in the group of 1st to 9th paras and 46.2% in the group of 10th to 20th paras (P = 0.022). Mothers aged > or =35 years had 7.0% more female than male newborns (P = 0.024). The respective figure for fathers was 5.6% (P = 0.023). The interpregnancy interval evaluated for 96 mothers with 1091 deliveries had no correlation with the gender of the infants. In the stepwise logistic regression analysis, the age of the mothers remained the only significant independent factor for the shift from a male to a female majority in the newborns (P = 0.0389). The present data thus indicate that the age of the mother is the factor which explains why grand grand multiparous women deliver more girls than boys.

Adolescent↗