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PubMedDate not supplied

Multimedia in the radiology environment: current concept.

Multimedia has different meanings according to its context. Here, multimedia in the radiology environment is defined as the integration of multiple radiology and medical information systems to facilitate the practice of radiology. These information systems include the hospital information system, radiology information system, picture archiving and communication systems, voice reporting, library information systems, and electronic mail and file systems. The concept of multimedia within the context of integration of these database systems will be presented. An example is given on how to access these information systems by a radiologist's desktop personal computer.

Database Management Systems↗
PubMed1994

The efficacy of a multimedia educational campaign to increase the use of eye care services.

PURPOSE: Effective eye care, both preventive and problem-directed, requires that patients actually see trained eye care providers. The authors examined the impact of a multimedia campaign on patient behavior in using eye care. METHODS: The authors surveyed 2000 individuals 1 year after they mailed in a contrast sensitivity screening card during a focused multimedia educational campaign. The response rate was 39%, allowing precision of estimates to +/- 4%. FINDINGS: Those who failed the screening test were much more likely to have had an eye examination in the year after the campaign and were much more likely to have seen an ophthalmologist for their care. Other important factors significantly related to using eye care services were: having had prior examinations, having a non-ophthalmologist physician, and having a history of cancer or macular degeneration. Importantly, 22% of those who failed the screening test thought they had had normal results when asked 1 year later. CONCLUSIONS: A focused multimedia campaign combined with interactive patient involvement can directly increase the use of eye care services. In addition, such care is much more likely to be delivered by ophthalmologist as opposed to other providers.

Contrast Sensitivity↗
PubMed2003

Squire's Quest! Dietary outcome evaluation of a multimedia game.

BACKGROUND: Fruit, juice, and vegetable (FJV) consumption among children is low. Innovative programs are needed to enable children to increase FJV intake. Psychoeducational multimedia permits the delivery of interventions as designed and capitalizes on known behavior change principles. DESIGN: Elementary school was the unit of recruitment, assignment, and analysis. Twenty-six elementary schools were pair matched on size and percentage of free or reduced-price lunch, and randomly assigned to treatment or control groups. Data were collected just before and just after the program. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: All fourth-grade students in participating elementary schools were invited to participate. Data were collected on 1578 students. MAIN OUTCOME Servings of fruit, 100% juice, and vegetables consumed. INTERVENTION: Squire's Quest! is a ten-session, psychoeducational, multimedia game delivered over 5 weeks, with each session lasting about 25 minutes. Based on social cognitive theory, educational activities attempted to increase preferences for FJV through multiple exposures and associating fun with their consumption, increase asking behaviors for FJV at home and while eating out, and increase skills in FJV preparation through making virtual recipes. MEASURES: Four days of dietary intake were assessed before and after the intervention. Assessment was made by the Food Intake Recording Software System (FIRSSt), which conducts a multiple pass, 24-hour dietary intake interview directly with the children. RESULTS: Children participating in Squire's Quest! increased their FJV consumption by 1.0 servings more than the children not receiving the program. CONCLUSIONS: Psychoeducational multimedia games have the potential to substantially change dietary behavior. More research is warranted.

Beverages↗
PubMed2001

Intermittent rainfall in dynamic multimedia fate modeling.

It has been shown that steady-state multimedia models (level III fugacity models) lead to a substantial underestimate of air concentrations for chemicals with a low Henry's law constant (H < 0.01 Pa m-3 mol-1) because they assume a steady rain. This can lead to substantial errors, especially when multimedia models are used to estimate the spatial range or inhalation exposure. A dynamic model of pollutant fate is developed for conditions of intermittent rainfall to calculate the time profile of pollutant concentrations in different environmental compartments. The model utilizes a new, mathematically efficient approach to dynamic multimedia fate modeling that is based on the convolution of solutions to the initial conditions problem. For the first time, this approach is applied to intermittent conditions. The investigation indicates that the time-averaged pollutant concentrations under intermittent rainfall can be approximated by the appropriately weighted average of steady-state concentrations under conditions with and without rainfall.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed2002

Assessment of cognitive load in multimedia learning using dual-task methodology.

In two pilot experiments, a new approach for the direct assessment of cognitive load during multimedia learning was tested that uses dual-task methodology. Using this approach, we obtained the same pattern of cognitive load as predicted by cognitive load theory when applied to multimedia learning: The audiovisual presentation of text-based and picture-based learning materials induced less cognitive load than the visual-only presentation of the same material. The findings confirm the utility of dual-task methodology as a promising approach for the assessment of cognitive load induced by complex multimedia learning systems.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Security of medical multimedia.

The application of information technology to health care has generated growing concern about the privacy and security of medical information. Furthermore, data and communication security requirements in the field of multimedia are higher. In this paper we describe firstly the most important security requirements that must be fulfilled by multimedia medical data, and the security measures used to satisfy these requirements. These security measures are based mainly on modern cryptographic and watermarking mechanisms as well as on security infrastructures. The objective of our work is to complete this picture, exploiting the capabilities of multimedia medical data to define and implement an authorization model for regulating access to the data. In this paper we describe an extended role-based access control model by considering, within the specification of the role-permission relationship phase, the constraints that must be satisfied in order for the holders of the permission to use those permissions. The use of constraints allows role-based access control to be tailored to specifiy very fine-grained and flexible content-, context- and time-based access control policies. Other restrictions, such as role entry restriction also can be captured. Finally, the description of system architecture for a secure DBMS is presented.

Computer Security↗
PubMed2001

Quantitative goals for a 222Rn multimedia mitigation plan.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's revised proposed 222Rn in drinking water regulation gives states or individual community water systems the option of compliance with the maximum contaminant level or compliance with the higher, alternate maximum contaminant level accompanied by the implementation of a multimedia mitigation plan. If states or water suppliers choose to comply with the alternate maximum contaminant level, the health risk reduction achieved by multimedia mitigation programs must be equal to or greater than the health risk reduction that would be achieved by compliance with the maximum contaminant level rather than the alternate maximum contaminant level. We have developed a method to determine quantitative goals for mitigating existing homes and building new 222Rn-resistant homes to achieve a health risk reduction to the public equivalent to the health risk differential between alternate maximum contaminant level and maximum contaminant level compliance. This method can be applied to an entire state, a portion of a state, or to an individual water supplier. The method was applied to North Carolina, and it was concluded that, over time, the health risk reduction achievable from alternate maximum contaminant level compliance and the implementation of a multimedia mitigation program would be much greater than from compliance with the maximum contaminant level.

Radon↗
PubMed1998

A broadband multimedia collaborative system for advanced teleradiology and medical imaging diagnosis.

This paper presents a new telemedicine system currently in routine clinical usage, developed within the European Union (EU) ACTS BONAPARTE project (1). The telemedicine system is developed on an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) multimedia hardware/software platform comprising the following set of telemedicine services: synchronous cooperative work, high-quality video conference, multimedia mail, medical image digitizing, processing, storing and printing, and local and remote transparent database access. The medical information handled by the platform conforms to the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) 3.0 medical imaging standard. The telemedicine system has been installed for clinical routines in three Spanish hospitals since November 1997 and has been used in an average of one/two clinical sessions per week. At each clinical session, a usability and clinical evaluation of the system was carried out. Evaluation is carried out through direct observation of interactions and questionnaire-based subjective data. The usability evaluation methodology and the results of the system usability study are also presented in this article. The experience gained from the design, development, and evaluation of the telemedicine system is providing an indepth knowledge of the benefits and difficulties involved in the installation and clinical usage of this type of high-usability and advanced multimedia telemedicine system in the field of teleradiology and collaborative medical imaging diagnosis.

Diagnostic Imaging↗
PubMed1998

A comparison of multimedia and standard advanced cardiac life support learning.

OBJECTIVES: To compare student performance after Multimedia ACLS Learning System (MM) education compared with that after standard (ST) ACLS education. METHODS: Final-year medical students were divided into 2 groups based on convenience scheduling and given ACLS instruction either in a standard format or with the MM course. The sizes of the small groups and the times in small-group instruction were identical. All students were evaluated with the same 50-item multiple-choice written examination, a structured evaluation immediately after the management of a mock cardiac arrest, and a second structured evaluation of the same mock arrest (videotaped) by an instructor blinded to the education method. Students were assigned a mark from 1 to 5 in each of 4 domains: assessment, immediate priorities, continual assessment, and leadership. RESULTS: 75 students took the MM and 38 took the ST course. The mean +/- SD mark for the multiple-choice test was 89.3 +/- 4.9% (MM) vs 89.3 +/- 4.8% (ST); the on-site mock arrest evaluation mark (20 maximum) was 14.1 +/- 2.5 (MM) vs 14.1 +/- 2.0 (ST); and the blinded mock arrest evaluation was 13.1 +/- 2.9 (MM) vs 14.4 +/- 2.9 (ST) (p = 0.024). 1/75 (MM) vs 0/38 (ST) did not successfully complete the on-site mock arrest evaluation. More students in the MM group (46% vs 25%) required multiple attempts to successfully complete the mock arrest evaluation (p < 0.02). CONCLUSION: In medical students with no previous ACLS training, structured access to the multimedia ACLS Learning System provides immediate educational outcomes similar to those of a standard ACLS course. Multimedia computer-interactive learning should be enhanced with a short period of hands-on practice.

British Columbia↗
PubMed1996

Authenticity in learning: multimedia design projects in the social studies for students with disabilities.

Proponents of educational reform highlight the importance of creating instructional environments that encourage students' active involvement in the learning process. To be so involved, students with and without disabilities must construct knowledge, evaluate the products of their work, and engage in the design of solutions to authentic problems. We believe that these goals are especially important for students with disabilities, many of whom are passive learners who experience difficulty with the flexible use of knowledge and skills. Our analysis of the research evidence leads us to conclude that students' thinking skills and attitudes are enhanced when they collaborate in the solution of authentic problems. We view the social skills curriculum as a rich source of authentic problems that affords opportunities to promote thinking by enabling argument about controversial issues. Further, we contend that educational multimedia are potentially powerful tools for constructing knowledge, especially when used in collaborative project-based instructional environments, or multimedia design projects. We review evidence about the efficacy of multimedia design projects in promoting students' construction of knowledge, thinking, and problem solving, and discuss some potential challenges to the efficacy of this approach.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1996

Multimedia: enhancing instruction for students with learning disabilities.

This article includes an introduction to the terminology and different types of formats of current multimedia technologies. Integration opportunities and challenges for using multimedia for students with learning disabilities are discussed in the framework of learning environments. Multimedia used as a demonstration station, learning research station, and creation station offers teachers and students possibilities for enhancing the teaching-learning environment.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multimedia fate and transport models: an overview.

Several multimedia fate and transport models have been described. They basically fall into three classes: continuous (dynamic) site-specific models; generic (non-site-specific) screening models; and simple equilibrium partitioning screening models. The hydrologic components of site-specific models are all based on the Stanford Watershed Model. They all link existing single media models (e.g., air, land, water), but are not yet completely coupled. For each site-specific model, there are plans to eventually allow for feedback between media. The screening models take a variety of approaches, are much less data intensive than the site-specific models, and are mainly used to identify the media in which further efforts should be directed. As time goes on, many more multimedia methods will undoubtedly be developed and applied to problems of EPA concern. A major impediment to widespread use that needs to be overcome is a general lack of adequate data to test, calibrate, implement, and use the various models, particularly the more sophisticated ones. Many of the necessary monitoring data are lacking or inappropriate for modeling use, as are the needed chemical and environmental data. Therefore, modeling objectives will need to be considered in the planning of improved and expanded monitoring efforts. Better communication between users and modelers needs to be established (18). Bases of chemical and environmental data of known quality need to be developed, along with more structure-activity relationships for predicting chemical properties. In short, the widespread use of multimedia models will depend on the availability of data rather than on the availability of a model.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed1999

Saving the cost and energy by an interactive multimedia system with ISDN 128 Kbps for telemedicine.

The telemedicine systems offer many potential advantages for health care delivery. In 1997, we implemented Phoenix, the interactive multimedia system of the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) for clinical application involving teleconsultations over a wide area for delivery of special care in emergency medicine at Tokai University linking with eight hospitals via the Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) 128 Kbps. This study was designed to determine the potential saving of the cost and energy through the interactive multimedia network. By using the interactive multimedia system with some modifications, we achieved a satisfactory real-time contact regarding clinical matters. We believe that this network has allowed appropriate transfer of information between medical centers. This system has also significantly reduced the estimated cost for clinical meetings.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

The effectiveness of a self-care management interactive multimedia module.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To develop and test an interactive multimedia module prototype designed to accommodate adults with limited literacy and without computer skills. DESIGN: Experimental, randomized, controlled, pretest, post-test. SETTING: Cancer treatment centers in California, Louisiana (pilot). New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and Texas. SAMPLE: Outpatients who were at least 18 years old with a minimum fifth-grade reading level; 86 experimental treatment, 88 control. METHODS: Experimental treatment involved use of the interactive multimedia module; the control group received customary Instruction. FINDINGS: As compared to the control group, subjects in the experimental group had significant improvement (p = 0.0001; 257% gain) in self-care ability regardless of age, sex race, education, geographic location, reading ability, computer experience, or preferred learning style; a 6.515% increase in fatigue content covered and 16.775% Increase in instructional duration; and significantly greater benefit from sleep-related activities and a consistent, positive pattern of self-care behavior. CONCLUSIONS: The program is instructionally effective, appropriate for a wide and geographically diverse audience, and feasible for use in the ambulatory setting. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: The interactive multimedia module is an effective, self-directed resource for individualized patient fatigue education.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Instructional multimedia computing in the health sciences.

This article focuses on the development and utilization of interactive videodisc (IVD) and multimedia instruction in the health sciences. The characteristics of IVD and multimedia are outlined and the four levels of IVD systems that can be used in health science education are described. The advantages of utilization of videodisc or multimedia materials are presented, as well as instructional approaches. Potential applications such as simulations, tutorials, role-modeling, and drill-and-practice are described. Research findings, levels of curricular integration, instructional delivery, and courseware networking are also described. The article concludes with suggestions for institutional development of IVD materials or the incorporation of off-the-shelf programs into health science curricula.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1992

Computer-based multimedia in plastic surgery education.

Rapid developments in communications networks (cellular telephone, direct-link satellite, and international high-speed computer nets) and the continued success of affordable powerful personal computers (desktop, laptop and soon "palmtop" devices) have set the stage for educational materials accessible by electronic means. Computer-based multimedia are sophisticated audiovisual teaching materials built from digitized illustrations, photographs, audio and video recordings viewed by display on a computer screen. The computer interface allows interactive access to information, and connectivity to other sources of information. Computer programmability allows presentation of a single collection of information at different levels of sophistication (the "patient", "medical student" or "surgeon trainee" level, for example), to appeal to different viewer needs. The information may be electronically updated or changed whenever appropriate. This desktop exhibit demonstrates multimedia plastic surgery teaching materials with full-fidelity digital sound, three-dimensional computer graphics, and "picture-in-picture" video capabilities that we have developed since 1989. We have used these materials at St. Louis University for patient informed consent, and the education of medical students and surgical trainees. We are excited that similar multimedia teaching materials are now becoming commercially available in other fields of medical education, attesting to broadening interest among educators and publishers.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multimedia training in nursing education.

The new developments in computer technology are changing the way training professionals look at computer-assisted instruction (CAI). Nursing educators and practitioners can plan on CAI capabilities that will be both possible and economical as well as within the reach of most organizations. Health care delivery may not be in a position to forego multimedia training as part of its repertoire. In this article, we review interactive video instruction as a multimedia tool in nursing education with an emphasis on the new developments in hardware and software technology. In particular, we examine the changing role of CD-ROM technology and how it has become a tool to change the face of CAI. We define the current status and future trends in CAI and interactive video instruction for nursing education. Several key definitions are introduced to reflect the new direction of multimedia in nursing education.

CD-ROM↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Integrated imaging of the breast. Use of a hypermedia program and multimedia archives for teaching purposes].

This paper deals with the results obtained with a computerized senology system developed at the Institute of Radiology of "La Sapienza" University in Rome. The system combines a hypermedia program with a multimedia didactic archive integrated with the radiologic information system. These programs have been developed on Macintosh computers: the hypermedia one on a Macintosh IIfx with 160-Mb hard disk and 8-Mb RAM and a Supercard software, the multimedia archive on Macintosh IIvx, IIvi and Quadra 650 units, connected with an Ethernet network to a server Quadra 950 (RAM: 20 Megabytes; optical disk: 1 Giga) and using the 4th Dimension as software. The basics of breast anatomy, radiologic semiology and breast diseases are illustrated with the hypermedia program: such a system has many advantages to teach the basics requiring just a process of learning by heart. The multimedia archive allows to classify a large number of difficult and uncommon clinical cases, according to the ACR code. Thus, it is useful also to teachers to study particular subjects, including anatomical variants and uncommon conditions. In conclusion, we believe these systems to be valuable tools in the formation and update of the physicians devoted to the study of breast diseases.

Breast↗