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PubMed1994

Are extent and force independent movement parameters? Preparation- and movement-related neuronal activity in the monkey cortex.

Movement extent and movement force can be independently controlled in motor performance. Therefore, independent representations of extent and force should exist in the central nervous system (CNS). To test this hypothesis, microelectrode recordings were made in sensorimotor cortex of monkeys trained to perform visually cued wrist flexion movements of two extents, against two levels of frictional resistance. An initial preparatory signal (PS) provided complete, partial or no information about extent and/or force of the movement, which had to be performed in response to a second, response signal (RS). The activity of 511 neurons of the primary motor cortex (MI), the premotor cortex (PM), the postcentral cortex (PC), and the posterior parietal cortex (PA) was recorded in two monkeys. Both reaction time (RT) and neuronal data suggest that there exist independent neuronal mechanisms responsible for the programming of either parameter. On the one hand, partial information about either movement parameter shortened RT when compared with the condition of no prior information. On the other hand, there were, among others, two discrete populations of neurons, one related only to extent, the other only to force. Preparatory changes in activity related to either movement parameter were mainly located in the frontal cortex, especially in the PM. After occurrence of the RS, the percentage of selective changes in activity increased and tended to extend to the parietal cortex. In particular during the movement, force-related changes in activity have been encountered in PA. Furthermore, we conducted trial-by-trial correlation analyses between RT and preparatory neuronal activity for all conditions of prior information. The mean correlation coefficient was significantly higher in the condition of information about movement extent than of information about movement force and it was significantly higher in MI/PM than in PC/PA.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Cell-to-cell movement of plant viruses. Insights from amino acid sequence comparisons of movement proteins and from analogies with cellular transport systems.

Cell-to-cell movement is a crucial step in plant virus infection. In many viruses, the movement function is secured by specific virus-encoded proteins. Amino acid sequence comparisons of these proteins revealed a vast superfamily containing a conserved sequence motif that may comprise a hydrophobic interaction domain. This superfamily combines proteins of viruses belonging to all principal groups of positive-strand RNA viruses, as well as single-stranded DNA containing geminiviruses, double-stranded DNA-containing pararetroviruses (caulimoviruses and badnaviruses), and tospoviruses that have negative-strand RNA genomes with two ambisense segments. In several groups of positive-strand RNA viruses, the movement function is provided by the proteins encoded by the so-called triple gene block including two putative small membrane-associated proteins and a putative RNA helicase. A distinct type of movement proteins with very high content of proline is found in tymoviruses. It is concluded that classification of movement proteins based on comparison of their amino acid sequences does not correlate with the type of genome nucleic acid or with grouping of viruses based on phylogenetic analysis of replicative proteins or with the virus host range. Recombination between unrelated or distantly related viruses could have played a major role in the evolution of the movement function. Limited sequence similarities were observed between i) movement proteins of dianthoviruses and the MIP family of cellular integral membrane proteins, and ii) between movement proteins of bromoviruses and cucumoviruses and M1 protein of influenza viruses which is involved in nuclear export of viral ribonucleoproteins. It is hypothesized that all movement proteins of plant viruses may mediate hydrophobic interactions between viral and cellular macromolecules.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Identification of motor and sensory brain activities during unilateral finger movement: spatiotemporal source analysis of movement-associated magnetic fields.

We investigated the movement-related cortical fields (MRCFs) recorded by magnetoencephalography (MEG) to identify the motor and sensory brain activities at the instant of the unilateral finger movement using six normal subjects. We focused our investigation on the source analysis of the events tightly linked to movement onset, and we used brain electric source analysis (BESA) to model the sources generating MRCFs during the interval from 200 ms before to 150 ms after the movement onset. Four sources provided satisfactory solutions for MRCF activities in this interval. Sources 1 and 2, which were located in the pre-central regions in the hemisphere contralateral and ipsilateral to the moved finger, respectively, generated the readiness fields (RF), but source 1 was predominant just before movement onset. The motor field (MF), the peak of which was just after movement onset, was mainly generated by source 1. Sources 3 and 4 were located in the post-central regions in the hemisphere contralateral and ipsilateral to the moved finger, respectively. The first motor evoked field (MEF-I), the peak of which was about 80 ms after the movement, was mainly generated by source 3, but with the participation of sources 1, 2 and 4. The results indicated that the activities of both pre -and post-central regions in bilateral hemispheres were related to voluntary movements, although the predominant areas varied over time. This is the first noninvasive study to clarify the complex spatiotemporal activities relating movements in humans using a multi-channel MEG system.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Movement-related potentials accompanying unilateral and bilateral finger movements with different inertial loads.

The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of inertial loading on movement-related potentials (MRPs) recorded from the scalps of normal subjects while performing finger movements. Two experiments were performed. Experiment 1. MRPs preceding and accompanying the execution of voluntary, unilateral finger movements were investigated in 8 subjects under the 3 experimental conditions of: no inertial load, small inertial load (250 g), and large inertial load (400 g). A significant effect of the inertial load on Bereitschaftspotential (BP) amplitude was observed for the 100 msec period preceding movement onset (BP -100 to 0) at precentral electrode sites and following movement onset (N0 to 100) at both precentral and parietal electrode sites. Pairwise comparisons revealed that significant effects were due to differences between the loading and non-loading conditions and not for different amounts of loading. No significant differences were observed for BP onset or early BP amplitudes, indicating that scalp negativity immediately prior to, and during, movement onset is primarily influenced by conditions of inertial loading. Experiment 2. This experiment examined the effect of inertial loading on MRPs for bilateral, simultaneous voluntary finger movements in 10 subjects under conditions of: no inertial load, inertial load applied separately to the left and right fingers, and with identical inertial loads applied to both fingers. No significant effect of inertial load on MRP amplitude was observed. These results are contrasted with those of experiment 1 which show significant effects of inertial loading for unilateral movements and are interpreted in terms of the hypothesis that bilateral movement organization involves 'higher' aspects of motor control than those reflecting adjustment to conditions of inertial loading.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Movement-related potential measures of different modes of movement selection in Parkinson's disease.

Movement-related potentials were recorded preceding self-paced voluntary movements in patients with Parkinson's disease and in healthy subjects of the same age group. We compared the Readiness Potential preceding joystick movements in a fixed direction and preceding joystick movements in freely selected directions. In normal subjects the Readiness Potential amplitude was higher preceding freely selected movements than preceding movements in a fixed direction. The Readiness Potential in Parkinson patients failed to be modified by the different modes of movement selection. The modulation of the Readiness Potential by different ways of preparing for movement might be due to the supplementary motor area (SMA) being more strongly engaged by tasks requiring internal control of movements than by tasks that are externally structured. The results suggest that this task-dependent variation of SMA activity is reduced in Parkinson's disease. A failing capacity to adapt SMA activity to different task demands has previously been suggested by evidence from positron emission tomography studies using similar tasks.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Does the red nucleus provide the tonic support against which fractionated movements occur? A study on forepaw movements used in skilled reaching by the rat.

The red nucleus (RN) is a prominent structure in the motor system of mammals and is thought to play a role in the control of limb movement. In the rat, there are contradictory reports concerning its role in controlling movements of the paw and digits in grasping food in skilled reaching tasks. Some studies report severe impairments in the effectiveness of limb movement and impairments in grasping movements, whereas other studies report only mild impairments. This study is designed to resolve this issue by examining limb and paw movements in rats with RN lesions using a new high-speed video filming procedure. It was found that unilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the RN do not impair reaching or grasping success with the contralateral to the lesion. Reaching movements are changed, however. Control rats aim their paw by adducting the elbow, pronate their paw by abducting the elbow, and they place their digits over the food with a lateral to medial arpeggio pattern. In rats with RN lesions, aiming and pronating are reduced and the arpeggio movement does not occur. Rather, the food is grasped with a flexion of the digits as the limb is retracted. This change results in a very rapid grasp and an absence of a pause in limb transport during grasping. These impairments and the 'release' of the grasp response suggests that the RN may provide the tonus or supporting framework that momentarily immobilizes the limb so that arpeggio and grasping movements can occur. It is suggested that the function of the RN more generally may be to provide a tonic framework against which the motor cortex can produce more fractionated movements.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Cortical bone remodeling/tooth movement ratio during maxillary incisor retraction with tip versus torque movements.

The validity of the postulate "bone traces tooth movement" was examined on 40 Angle Cl II cases. It was hypothesized that a 1:1 cortical bone remodeling/tooth movement ratio is preserved during maxillary incisor retraction. The sample was divided into retraction with tip (13 patients), retraction with torque (18 patients), and control (9 patients) groups. Two time point cephalograms were analyzed with two superimposition techniques, SN at S and a newly developed static tooth analysis, with the maxillary left central incisor serving as a reference object. In both retraction with tip and retraction with torque groups, the postulate bone traces tooth movement was not preserved and a bone remodeling/tooth movement ratio of 1:2 and 1:2.35 was obtained, respectively. In retraction with tip movement, the apical one third of the root tipped labially reducing the superior area of labial maxillaris by 19%. However, due to the compensating effect of the retraction movement, no apex approximation to the labial cortical plate occurred (eliminating the hazard of root resorption, dehiscence, or fenestration). In retraction with torque movement, the increase in both superior (28%) and inferior (65%) labial maxillaris areas was indicative for the hazard of root approximation to the palatal cortical bone. It is recommended to use the 1:2 bone remodeling/tooth movement ratio as a guideline to determine the biocompatible range of orthodontic tooth movements. Furthermore, a judicious interplay between the two modes of retraction can prevent major biologic impairments associated with the ratio and can extend the orthodontic range of treatment.

Bone Remodeling↗
PubMed2002

The effects of alteration of effector and side of movement on movement-related cortical potentials.

The amplitude of the movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) preceding self-paced voluntary movements is larger if subjects alter between flexions of two fingers compared with repetitive movements of the same finger. However, earlier studies were confined to alternating movements between limbs only and therefore could not differentiate effects of between-limbs from within-limb alteration. The present study was designed to examine effects of alteration of finger (from index to middle, and vice versa) and hand (from left to right, and vice versa) independently from each other. MRCPs were recorded in 20 right-handed healthy young subjects with electrodes placed at Fp1, Fp2, F7, F3, F4, F8, T7, C5, C3, C1, C2, C4, C6, T8, P7, P3, P4, P8, O1 and O2. Subjects made self-paced flexion movements with the index or middle finger of each hand by pressing one out of 4 response buttons. In the alternating conditions, subjects pressed two buttons in a strictly alternating fashion. Every finger was combined with every other finger, arriving at a total of 6 alternating conditions. In the 4 regular conditions, subjects pressed a particular button repetitively across trials. The results show the following: (1) MRCPs over contralateral sensorimotor areas are higher if subjects change the side of movement than if the movements are done with the same hand repeatedly. (2) MRCPs over lateral parietal areas are higher for ipsilateral than contralateral movements in the regular conditions but also increase contralaterally after a change of the side of movement. (3) Any change of side or finger is associated with a widespread increase of negativity over the left hemisphere.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

High resolution DC-EEG analysis of the Bereitschaftspotential and post movement onset potentials accompanying uni- or bilateral voluntary finger movements.

UNLABELLED: Movement-related potentials (MRPs, including Bereitschaftspotential, BP) were recorded using a 64 channel DC-EEG amplifier ("High Resolution DC-EEG", Nunez et al. 1994) in 18 subjects (Ss) to explore functions of the supplementary, the cingulate, and the primary motor area (SMA, CMA and MI). Spatial and temporal resolutions on single trials, single subject and grand average data were evaluated for preparation and execution of self-initiated index finger extensions (bilateral, right and left unilateral). Results showed that [1] MRPs consisted of six waves: Early component (BP1) of the MRPs, late component (BP2) of the MRPs, Motor potential (MP), Post movement positive potential (PMPP), Movement-evoked potential I (MEP I) and Movement-evoked potential II (MEP II). [2] Onset of BP1 was earliest in the mesial wall motor areas, SMA/CMA, then in the contralateral MI (conMI) and latest in the ipsilateral MI (ipsMI). [3] MRP amplitudes were maximum in the SMA/CMA in all three tasks. In the unilateral tasks, MRP amplitudes were higher in the conMI than they were in the ipsMI. [4] The early BP component (BP1) was always localized in the fronto-central midline (overlying the mesial wall motor areas SMA and CMA). BP2, MP, PMPP, MEP1 and MEP II showed clear lateralized distributions (contralaterally larger) for unilateral movement but not for bilateral movement. [5] BP2, MP, PMPP, MEPI and MEPII in bilateral movement are not just the mathematical sum of right and left unilateral movements on both hemispheres. [6] The three tasks influenced all six MRP components. [7] Current source density maps, which were relatively robust between different tasks, further demonstrated that BP1 stemmed from the fronto-central midline (mesial wall motor areas). [8] MANOVA showed that there were several statistically significant differences (p<0.001) across the multiple combinations between time points of the epoch (20), electrodes (56) and tasks (3). CONCLUSIONS: [1] SMA/CMA participates in preparation and initiation of volitional index finger extensions, while MI participates in their execution and performance. [2] BP1 stems primarily from the mesial wall motor areas, SMA and CMA. [3] SMA/CMA subserves the temporal organization of sequential movements and bimanual coordination.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Movement-related potentials recorded from supplementary motor area and primary motor area. Role of supplementary motor area in voluntary movements.

Movement-related potentials (MRPs) were recorded from subdural electrodes chronically implanted in the interhemispheric fissure in two patients being evaluated for epilepsy surgery. Different types of movements (finger, foot, tongue and vocalization) were executed. Foot movements elicited a clearly defined, well-localized slow negativity or positivity (Bereitschaftspotential, BP) preceding electromyogram (EMG) onset. These BPs were seen from the contralateral primary motor foot area and also from bilateral supplementary motor areas (SMAs) with equivalent amplitudes and temporal evolutions. A steeper potential [negative slope (NS')] occurred about 300 ms before EMG onset and the motor potential (MP) started 100 ms before EMG onset. Negative slopes and MPs also arose from the contralateral primary motor area as well as from the bilateral SMAs. Finger movements elicited well-localized BPs and NS' which were generated from the bilateral SMAs, but were of higher amplitude on the contralateral SMA. Motor potentials started 50 ms prior to EMG onset and arose exclusively from the contralateral SMA. Tongue protrusions and vocalizations also elicited BP, NS' and MP which were seen in the bilateral SMAs. Movement-related potentials for different types of movements had a somatotopic distribution in the SMA, which was consistent with the SMA somatotopic organization defined by electrical simulation. Movement-related potentials for tongue movements and vocalization had a similar distribution and waveform. It was concluded that bilateral SMAs generate well-defined MRPs consistent with the assumption that the SMA plays a significant role in the organization of voluntary movements. However, the MRPs from the bilateral SMAs do not have characteristics which are different from those of the primary motor area. This suggests the hypothesis of 'supplementary' function for SMA, and does not support the hypothesis of 'supramotor' function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Cucumber mosaic virus-plant interactions: identification of 3a protein sequences affecting infectivity, cell-to-cell movement, and long-distance movement.

Mutants of the Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) movement protein (MP) were generated and analyzed for their effects on virus movement and pathogenicity in vivo. Similar to the wild-type MP, mutants M1, M2, and M3, promoted virus movement in eight plant species. Mutant M3 showed some differences in pathogenicity in one host species. Mutant M8 showed some host-specific alterations in movement in two hypersensitive hosts of CMV. Mutant M9 showed altered pathogenicity on three hosts and was temperature sensitive for long-distance movement, demonstrating that cell-to-cell and long-distance movement are distinct movement functions for CMV. Four mutants (M4, M5, M6, and M7) were debilitated from movement in all hosts tested. Mutants M4, M5, and M6 could be complemented in trans by the wild-type MP expressed transgenically, although not by each other or by mutant M9 (at the restrictive temperature). Mutant M7 showed an inability to be complemented in trans. From these mutants, different aspects of the CMV movement process could be defined and specific roles for particular sequence domains assigned. The broader implications of these functions are discussed.

Alanine↗
PubMed1986

Comparison of mandibular movement trajectories and associated patterns of oral muscle electromyographic activity during spontaneous and apomorphine-induced rhythmic jaw movements in the guinea pig.

Vertical and horizontal movements of the lower jaw (mandible) of ketamine-anesthetized guinea pigs were recorded in association with electromyographic (EMG) activity in the anterior digastric, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid, and deep masseter muscles during spontaneously occurring rhythmic jaw movements (SRJMs) and during rhythmical jaw movements induced by the intravenous administration of apomorphine (ARJMs). Both ARJMs and SRJMs were near periodic and occurred at frequencies in the 2- to 5-Hz range. However, the profiles of the mandibular movements and associated patterns of jaw muscle EMG activity differed dramatically for SRJMs versus ARJMs. SRJMs were characterized by prominent lateral excursions of the mandible that occurred in association with both the jaw opening and closing movements. The lateral excursions were directed to the left side on some SRJM cycles and to the right side on others. The direction of the lateral component alternated irregularly, but no more than three consecutive cycles with horizontal movements to the same side were observed at any time. Each SRJM cycle was generated by the occurrence of one of two coordinated sequences of EMG activity. One sequence produced right-sided cycles, the other produced left-sided cycles. Each sequence was initiated by an EMG burst in the digastric muscle ipsilateral to the direction of the horizontal excursion of the mandible, followed by EMG bursts in the contralateral digastric, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid muscles. The EMG bursts in the digastrics and contralateral lateral pterygoid muscles were associated with jaw opening and the initial stage of lateral movement. EMG activity in the contralateral medial pterygoid muscle was associated with the onset of closing and a second stage of lateral movement. Masseter muscle activity was also observed during SRJMs, but only in a subset of the animals tested (3 of 12). When present, the masseter activity began well after the onset of jaw closing. No significant horizontal mandibular movements were observed during ARJMs. The mandibular trajectories during opening and closing always remained close to the midline. The opening phase of ARJM cycles was associated with bilaterally synchronized activity in the digastric and lateral pterygoid muscles. The closing phase was associated with bilaterally symmetric activity in the masseter muscles. The medial pterygoid muscles displayed little or no EMG activity during ARJMs. The durations of the EMG bursts recorded in the masseter muscle were correlated with cycle time during SRJMs, as were the burst durations of the digastric and lateral pterygoid muscles during ARJMs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Basal ganglia motor control. II. Late pallidal timing relative to movement onset and inconsistent pallidal coding of movement parameters.

1. We have tested the hypothesis that the basal ganglia initiate some one or several modes of movement by recording the change in discharge frequency of pallidal neurons during visually triggered step and visually paced ramp moves in relation to the visual stimulus onset, the change in the electromyograph (EMG), and the movement onset of trained rhesus monkeys. 2. The modal times of change for globus pallidus pars interna (GPi) were significantly later than those for forearm agonist muscle EMG. By contrast, the modal time of change for the cerebellar dentate nucleus preceded that for wrist agonist EMG. 3. The direction of change in discharge frequency of the GPi cells was for 71% an increase and for 29% a decrease. 4. Because of the relatively late change of activity of GPi neurons, we propose that GPi neurons cannot initiate these movements, as others have also suggested. The commands for the initiation of these movements may instead be generated by structures that include the lateral cerebellum and the anterior cerebral cortex. 5. We have also tested the hypothesis that the pallidum of the basal ganglia or the dentate of the lateral cerebellum may control the direction and other parameters of the trajectory by recording from both structures to see whether cell discharge correlated with the parameter and whether the correlation was consistent across tasks. Two rhesus monkeys were trained to perform hold-ramp-hold and hold-step-hold visually guided movements in opposite directions by flexing and extending the wrist with and against uniform oppositely directed torque loads (0.2 Nm). Wrist position, velocity, force, and EMG were recorded simultaneously. Movement amplitudes and directional intent were computed and inferred, respectively. 6. Task related neurons were classified as follows: 1) directional, if the discharge rate was reciprocal for opposite movements or if it increased or decreased during movement in one direction only; 2) bidirectional, if the discharge rate increased or decreased during movement in both directions; and 3) "other," if it was directional under one load and bidirectional under the other. During step tracking, 34 GPi, 47 globus pallidus pars externa (GPe), and 44 cerebellar dentate nuclear neurons were related to the task. Of the GPi cells, 14 (41%) were directional, 6 (18%) bidirectional, and 14 (41%) other. Of the GPe neurons, 13 (28%) were directional, 19 (40%) bidirectional, and 15 (32%) other. Of the dentate cerebellar nuclear cells, 5 (11%) were bidirectional, 31 (70%) bidirectional, and 8 (18%) other.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1994

Subcortical contributions to head movements in macaques. II. Connections of a medial pontomedullary head-movement region.

1. In the companion article, a variety of head movements were elicited by stimulation in, and adjacent to, the gigantocellular reticular nucleus (Cowie and Robinson 1994). We refer to this area, caudal to the abducens nucleus, as the gigantocellular head movement region. In the present paper, the anatomical connections of this region, as determined by injections of wheat-germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP), are reported. The majority of efferent and afferent connections were with areas related to head movements. 2. Efferent fibers from the region projected via two paths to the caudal medulla and upper cervical spinal cord. Labeled fibers descended in the anterolateral funiculus of the ipsilateral spinal cord to terminate in lateral parts of the ventral horn. A second pathway descended bilaterally in the medial longitudinal fasciculus to the anterior funiculi and medial portions of the ventral gray. These efferents paralleled the head-movement topography demonstrated physiologically. Other projections included efferents to the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, caudal field H of Forel, paramedian pontine reticular formation, and caudal vestibular nuclei. Other efferent fibers projected to the trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal nuclei, as well as to the parvocellular reticular field, which contains interneurons for these motor groups. However, no efferent or afferent labeling involved the ocular motor nuclei. 3. Afferents to the gigantocellular head movement region arose mainly from head-movement areas. In all animals, labeled cells were found in the intermediate and deep layers of the caudal superior colliculus. Labeled neurons also were found in the caudal field H of Forel, interstitial nucleus of Cajal, pontine medial tegmentum including the pontine paramedian reticular formation, nucleus subcoeruleus, and vestibular nuclear complex. Caudally, filled cells were located in the parvocellular, magnocellular, dorsal, and ventral reticular nuclei, the supraspinal nucleus, and the upper cervical ventral horn. 4. In one animal, the ipsilateral frontal cortex contained retrogradely labeled neurons. These cells were found in layer V of cortical areas 4 and 6. Other afferent cells were found consistently in the periventricular and periaqueductal gray matter. 5. A control injection into the caudal vestibular nuclear complex showed projections to the gigantocellular reticular formation and labeled cells in the vestibular and parvocellular reticular nuclei. These observations show that the connections of the gigantocellular region are not typical of all head movement sites. 6. These data indicate that the gigantocellular head-movement region has the requisite efferent and afferent connections to function in the subcortical control of head, but not eye, movements.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of cell movements in zebrafish embryos: morphometrics and measuring movement of labeled cell populations in vivo.

Cell movements occur in all phases of animal life from embryogenesis, to maintaining adult organs, to comprising a critical component of pathology. During gastrulation, cells demonstrate a repertoire of morphogenetic movements coordinated with fate inductions to sculpt the embryonic body. The morphogenetic behaviors, underlying mechanisms, and their control, are the subject of much current study. External development of the transparent zebrafish embryo, the abundance of mutations influencing cell movements, as well as a range of observation and manipulation methods, make the zebrafish valuable for cell movement studies. This chapter offers a conceptual background for analysis of gastrulation cell movements by reviewing how region specific cell movements shape the wild-type zebrafish embryo, and how defective morphogenetic movements alone or in combination with altered cell fate specification distort the body plans of known zebrafish mutants. We furnish methods for the morphometric analysis of embryonic shape and organ rudiments in live and fixed embryos, and present data collected from live wild-type, dorsoventral patterning (somitabun and chordino) and convergence and extension (knypek and trilobite) classes of mutants. We provide a method for quantitative assessment of the movements of cell populations in vivo, and a method for determining whether cell fate and/or movement are disturbed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Difference in the path between the incisal point and the tracer of simple mandibular movement recording apparatuses during the mandibular movement in the sagittal plane].

In order to study the difference in the path between the incisal point and its tracers, which were LED or a magnet, for two types of mechanism used in ready-made simple mandibular movement recording apparatuses, we calculated their locations during the rotally opening or protrusion of the mandible in the sagittal plane. The movement of the LED tracer was larger than that of the incisal point during the rotally opening movement, and its magnification ratio increased with increased opening. During the protrusion, the difference in their movements was affected by the balance of the inclination of the condyle path and the incisal path, and the movement of the tracer expanded vertically but contracted horizontally as the inclination of the incisal path was increased. The movement of magnet tracer was larger than that of the incisal point during the opening movement, but its magnification ratio decreased as the degree of opening increased. During the protrusion, the horizontal movement of the tracer was smaller than that of the incisal point, and its magnification ratio decreased as the inclination of incisal path became smaller. Its vertical movement was similar to that of the incisal point.

Dental Occlusion↗