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PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic demography of the Moscow population: migration, outbreeding and assortative mating.

Using marriage records, census data, and other statistical sources, some demographic parameters of Moscow population in 1955 and 1980 have been studied, such as age at marriage, birthplace, nationality and profession of permanent residents. Migration has been shown to be the main factor of Moscow population dynamics. Genetically significant, quantitative and geographic parameters of this process have been obtained (migration rates, migration and marital distances, proportion of interethnic marriages). During the past two centuries the mean distance travelled by migrants, arriving in Moscow, increased by several times, the genetic contribution from eastern and southern parts of the country being especially marked. In the period of maximum migration rates the percentage share of marriages between Moscow-born people was only 10%. The percentage share of interethnic marriages was 14.75% in 1955 and 16.53% in 1980. The degree of isolation by distance, predicted by Malécot's model, appeared to be quite low. Positive assortative mating for nationality, birthplace, age and profession was characterized as a factor, counteracting outbreeding. While the deleterious effects of isolation and inbreeding are well known, the genetic consequences of alternative state are still obscure.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Smoking and associated factors among adolescents in Tallinn, Helsinki and Moscow: a multilevel analysis.

AIMS: To investigate variations in smoking and associated factors on individual and aggregate level among adolescents in Tallinn (Estonia), Helsinki (Finland) and Moscow (the Russian Federation). METHODS: The data was collected in Tallinn (N=1268 in Estonian and N=901 in Russian schools), in Helsinki (N=1396) and in Moscow (N=618) from pupils aged 13-18 by self-administered questionnaire. Multilevel analysis was used to estimate the possible effects of background characteristics, of the proximity of other smokers and the school context on the tobacco use of pupils. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of smoking among girls in Russian schools in Tallinn (34.6%), among girls in Helsinki (39.5%), and in Moscow (32.1%) was higher than that among girls in Estonian schools in Tallinn (17.6%). Smoking was slightly less prevalent among boys in Helsinki (27.5%), compared to boys in Estonian (33.6%) and Russian (35.6%) schools in Tallinn, and to boys in Moscow (32.8%). Smoking increased with age. Multilevel analysis showed that smoking differed by school among pupils. Individual determinants of smoking as study site, grade, friends', siblings' and parental smoking behaved differently depending upon school. Friends and siblings' smoking showed interaction with study site to the smoking among girls. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies aimed at influencing smoking behaviour need to be directed not only towards the individual, but also towards the influences within the child's school environment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Environmental risk factors in MS: a case-control study in Moscow.

Environmental influences operating as possible risk factors in MS were studied in Moscow. The study included 155 MS patients from the Neurology Departments and the outpatient clinics of the First City Hospital of Moscow and 155 controls matched for sex, age in 5-year intervals, nationality, and origin (Moscow vs. non Moscow). 72.3% of controls were recruited among patients from the same hospital as the cases. The remaining controls were volunteers from the hospital staff or medical students. Exposures before age 15 were of special interest. MS patients reported a higher frequency of: 1) tonsillitis; 2) allergic reactions age 15; 3) head trauma below age 16; 4) a predominant meat vs. vegetable diet during childhood. Stratified analysis and logistic regression pointed to "meat predominance" as the most significant risk factor. Other associations were confounded by the respondents' occupations/education.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Epidemiology of liver and bile duct diseases in Moscow population].

There is analysis of liver and biliary tract diseases epidemiology in Moscow during 1993-1998 years. The data of Moscow Health Department's Medical Statistical Bureau were used. The diseases of digestive system (diseases are in percents) are 9.3% of common diseases among the adults persons (18 years old and more) in Moscow, and are 8.1% in teenagers. (15-17 years old). Increase of the diseases of digestive system prevalence was demonstrated in Moscow during this time from 10,692 to 13,929 for 100,000 persons among adults and from 9251 to 12,496 among teenagers. Morbidity of the diseases of digestive system was increased among adults from 1550 to 1953 and from 2512 to 3312 among teenagers at the same time. Prevalence of cholangitis among adults was increased on 40.8% at the same time. This index in teenagers is high as well, but it isn't even. The most high increase was demonstrated in 1997 year (821 cases for 100,000 teenagers). Increase of cholelithiasis, cholecystitis and cholangitis morbidity among the adults and teenagers was 66.2% and 73.1% accordingly in 1997 year. Prevalence of chronic liver diseases and liver cirrhosis was increased on 104.9% (in two times) during 6 years (1993-1998). Morbidity of these diseases was increased in 2 times as well at the same time.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hygienic characteristics of children's sports-and-playing grounds in Moscow].

The hygienic state of 280 children's sports-and-playing grounds was studied in 9 Moscow okrugs in accordance with the proportion of vandalism and the level of greening, noise, and environmental pollution caused by motor transport. Technogenic load on children on the children's grounds was shown to be higher in Moscow than that in its Region, the levels of dust, chlorine ions, lead, and potassium were 10, 3, 5, and 2 times higher in Moscow than in the region. By significantly decreasing the pollution, the minimum distance of children's grounds from a road or a car park should be 15 m. It was found that 33-50% of the children's grounds in Moscow did not meet this criterion. The level noise more than 40 dB caused by motor transport on the children's grounds was noted in 53% of cases. The level of poor greening was directly correlated with that of noise. The problem associated with the durability of constructions for children's grounds (the broken constructions were an average of about 12.5%) may be solved, by using fiberglass materials.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Health indices, which characterize the efficiency of the sociohygienic monitoring system, in the Moscow population].

The paper presents some indices that characterize morbidity in the Moscow population, which suggest positive trends in the health status in all population groups. These include stabilization of overall morbidity rates; a down-increase in the incidence of respiratory diseases and bronchial asthma; a reduction in overall morbidity in infants of the first year of life, including a reduction in the incidence of life-threatening diseases (perinatal pathology and congenital malformations; a decrease in the incidence of alimentary diseases associated with social factors. The found positive changes reflect the efficiency of introduction of the sociohygienic monitoring (AHM) system. One of the mechanisms of introduction of AHM results is to submit data to the Moscow Government in the annual reports "On the Moscow population's health status" which cover demography, morbidity, female health, and the regional features of the population's health in relation to environmental factors. Based on information, managerial decisions and measures to improve the sanitary-and-epidemiological situation in Moscow are taken and implemented.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Genetic relationships of Moscow and foreign strains of Haemophilus influenzae, serotype B].

46 Haemophilus influenzae strains of serotype b, isolated on the territory of Moscow and compared with foreign strains, were characterized by the method of multilocus sequencing-typing. Among the strains circulating in Moscow 10 variants of sequence-types were observed; of these, only one variant (CT-6) had been described earlier. The analysis of the data revealed that the strains under study were distributed in two clonal complexes; the overwhelming majority of the strains belonged to sequence-type 6. The distribution of Moscow strains in clonal complexes repeated the clonal organization detected in foreign strains. The conclusion was made that lower morbidity rate in Hib meningitis in Moscow (in comparison with that in the countries of Europe and America before the introduction of prophylactic vaccination) was not due to the peculiar genetic features of the circulating strains.

Americas↗
PubMed1989

Mortality and morbidity indicators of acute myocardial infarction in participants and non-participants in population studies conducted in Moscow and Kaunas.

The results of a prospective study of participants and non-participants in population surveys conducted in Moscow and Kaunas are presented. The average follow-up period was 5.5 years. There were 6656 male participants (P) and 5200 non-participants (NP) in Moscow and 5945 and 2528, respectively, in Kaunas. In Kaunas, indicators of both total mortality and mortality from cardiovascular diseases, injuries and accidents, malignant neoplasma and other diseases were higher in NP than in P. In Moscow the general tendency was the same but the difference between P and NP was significant only for mortality from injuries and accidents. As for the incidence of new cases of acute myocardial infarction, there was a tendency to higher figures in participants, especially in Moscow. The authors point to the danger of drawing incorrect conclusions on the mortality and morbidity in the population if they are based only on data gained from participants.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Comparative study of diffuse intimal thickening of the coronary arteries in infants in the 1st year of life in Moscow, Frunze and Yakutsk].

The frequency and degree of the intima diffuse thickening (IDT) of heart coronary arteries from 186 autopsy cases--newborns and children of the first year of life of both sexes in the cities of Moscow, Frunze and Yakutsk, were studied. The higher incidence and higher degree of intensity is noted in Moscow as compared to Frunze and Yakutsk. Statistically significant differences are found between male infants in Moscow as compared to indigenous (p less than 0.001) and non-indigenous male infants in Frunze and Yakutsk; in female infants such differences (p less than 0.002) are found between those in Moscow on the one hand and indigenous female infants in Frunze and Yakutsk. In Frunze and Yakutsk the incidence and degree of intensity of IDT was somewhat higher in non-indigenous population of both sexes. The highest incidence and degree of intensity of IDT of coronary arteries were in children of both sexes whose mothers suffered from arterial hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Friedrich Joseph Haass, a German physician in Moscow].

The physician and philanthropist Friedrich Joseph Haass (1780--1853) is known as the 'holy doctor of Moscow'. There is only one biography about him, which is based on archive documents. This biography, however, needs to be corrected and completed. F.J. Haass was born in Münstereifel, he studied medicine in Cologne and Göttingen, and in 1806 went to Moscow where he practised as a family doctor. There he quickly gained appreciation and prosperity as physician. From 1807--1812 he was medical superintendent of the Paul-Hospital. His scientific work consisted of a study of the Croup and the mineral springs of the Caucasus. From 1825--26 he was 'town physician' (Stadtphysicus) of Moscow. In 1829 a committee aimed at the protection of prisoners was founded in Moscow, and Haass was called into this committee. Up to his death he saw as his main task charitable work for imprisoned and deported persons. He became medical superintendent of the hospitals for prisoners, and later (1844) of a hospital founded by himself for the homeless sick as well. Haass fought with all his power and all his property for the sick "wretched" people, for bondmen and debitors. He achieved several mitigations of the hard conditions of confinement and of the march to Siberia. The essential part of his struggles was confined to the human aid he could give in his direct surroundings. They did not, however, exert any influence on the despotic principles of jurisdiction and of the execution of punishment in Russia.

Germany↗
PubMed1984

Results of a two-year study of humoral immunity to influenza A and B viruses in children under the age of 14 years in Moscow and its suburbs.

A serological survey of antibodies to influenza A(H1N1), A(H2N2), A(H3N2) and B viruses was done with sera collected in Moscow in October 1980 and November 1981 from 542 children under 14 years of age. The results of the study showed convincingly that influenza A(H2N2) viruses were not circulating in Moscow in 1980-81. Low titres found in the sera from four young children were due to cross-reactions which were eliminated from the sera by absorption with A/USSR/174/79(H3N2) virus. Low-level HI titres with A(H0N1) virus in 11 sera were not confirmed by single radial haemolysis (SRH).Serological data showed that A(H3N2) viruses were the main cause of acute respiratory disease in children in July-September 1980 and July-September 1981. These illnesses occurred at the end of the influenza A(H3N2) epidemic of 1979-80 in the third quarter of 1980. The influenza A(H3N2) virus circulated in Moscow during December 1981 and January 1982, but influenza did not reach epidemic levels. A low proportion (10%) of children with antibodies to influenza B virus at titres of 1:40 or higher in 1980 indicated the possibility of an epidemic due to this virus in Moscow in 1980-81. Such an epidemic did occur in December 1980 and January 1981.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1982

The incidence of arterial hypertension in the male population aged 40-59 years in Moscow and Kaunas.

The authors examined 1480 Moscow and 1568 Kaunas male residents aged between 40 and 59 years. The incidence of arterial hypertension (AH) in Moscow and Kaunas amounted to 27.9 and 21.8% respectively. Of the total number of subjects examined in the two cities 24.5% (Moscow) and 59.4% (Kaunas) were unaware of their condition. Only 12.8% of the Moscow residents and 3.2% of the Kaunas residents were treated. The results are analyzed with respect to earlier therapy, its efficacy and standardization of measurement of arterial pressure in the course of cooperative studies. The high incidence of AH, ignorance of the patients of their condition, the low percentage of patients with an established diagnosis of AH emphasize the need for devising a system of identifying hypertensive patients and for treating them appropriately.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The ecological prerequisites for a worsening of the cercariasis situation in the cities of Russia (exemplified by the Moscow region)].

Conditions favouring the sharp increase of risk to be infected with cercariasis (caused by trematode cercariae Trichobilharzia ocellata Brumpt, 1931, Schistosomatidae) were examined in Moscow region (Russian Federation). Main factors of worsening the cercariasis situation are as follows. a) The increase of environment pollution by everyday wastages and the overgrowing with macrophytes in internal water basins of Moscow, that makes favourable conditions for the development of molluscs, which are intermediate hosts (mainly Lymnaea ovata and L. auricularia). b) The sharp increase of number of ducks (mainly mallard Anas platyrhyncos), which are final hosts, that is a result of bird escaping from farms (approximately in 60-70-th) and of high adaptation of these birds to city water basins. The detailed estimation of the cercariasis situation in 89 water basins of different types in Moscow and recreation zone was carried out. Examples of charting the zones with different risk degree of cercariasis infection are given. It is stated that at current time the cercariasis became a significant and widely distributed medical problem, which is most important in cities (including such large one as Moscow). Prophylaxis recommendations are proposed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Molecular genetic analysis of TUB18 and TUB20 intragenic polymorphism and various mutations of the CFTR gene in the Moscow region].

Allelic frequencies of two intron polymorphisms in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene, TUB18 and TUB20, were estimated on chromosomes of 67 cystic fibrosis patients and on that of 37 healthy donors from Moscow and the Moscow oblast. Allele 2 of the TUB 18, and allele 1 of the TUB20 were 2.1 and 1.5 times more frequent on the non-delta F508 chromosomes of the cystic fibrosis patients than on chromosomes of healthy donors, i.e. these alleles were in linkage disequilibrium with the CFTR gene. Allele 1 of the TUB18 marker and allele 2 of the TUB20 marker demonstrated absolute linkage disequilibrium with the delta F508 mutation of the CFTR gene. The degree of association between the TUB18 and TUB20 intron polymorphisms and the GATT and T854T intragenic polymorphisms was analyzed. Of all 62 delta F508 chromosomes tested, 98.3% shared the 2-1-1-2 GATT- T854T-TUB18-TUB20 haplotype. Eight major (more frequent) GATT-T854T-TUB18-TUB20 haplotypes were found in 89.5% of normal, and in 97.9% of non-delta F508 chromosomes of cystic fibrosis patients from the Moscow region. Three of these major haplotypes, 2-1-1-2, 1-2-2-1, and 2-2-1-2, were respectively 2.5, 2, and 1.5 times more frequent on non-delta F508 cystic fibrosis chromosomes than on normal chromosomes. Data on screening for the G542X, N1303K, and 394delTT mutations of the CFTR gene, carried out on 134 chromosomes of cystic fibrosis patients from the Moscow region are presented. The frequencies of the G542X and 394delTT mutations were estimated as 1.5%, while the frequency of the N1303K mutation was 2.2%.

Alleles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Activity of the pharmacology department of the I.M. Sechenov Moscow medical academy over the last 40 years (on the 70th birthday of academician of the Russian academy of medical sciences Dmitriĭ Aleksandrovich Kharkevich].

The Department of Pharmacology of the Moscow Medical Academy has a renowned history of long standing. The course of pharmacology was read for the first time at the Medical Faculty of the Moscow University in 1764. The Department of Pharmacology was organized in 1804 and was headed during its existence by many eminent scientists (see the Table) who richly contributed to the development of Russian Pharmacology. The history of the Department of Pharmacology of the Moscow Medical Academy from the time of its foundation till 1957 has been set forth briefly by collaborators of the Department in a series of publications (V. G. Dagurov and A. A. Myazdrikova, 1981;. V. G. Dagurov, 1983, 1987; D. N. Samoilov, 1991). This article is dedicated to 70th birthday of professor D. A. Kharkevich and 40 years (1957-1997) of this activity in the department of pharmacology of the Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy. In 1957 D. A. Kharkevich was appointed as a docent, in 1963--professor and since 1964--he was been the chairman of this department.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1998

[Genetic-demographic processes in the Moscow population in the mid 1990's. Analysis of ethnogeographic migration parameters (isolation by distance)].

Geographic parameters of migration were analyzed on the basis of data on birthplaces of individuals who contracted marriages in Moscow 1955, 1980, and 1994 to 1995. It was shown that the relationship between the migration rate and distance significantly changed in the 1990s. Investigation of ethnic composition of migrants demonstrated that an increase of migration activity of residents of Transcaucasia and North Caucasus recorded in 1990s was associated with an increase in migration to Moscow of representatives of indigenous populations of these regions rather than with repatriation of Russians. Analysis of migration with the use of the Malecot's model of isolation by distance showed that genetically effective migration accounted for 1/7, 1/3, and 1/4 of the total marital migration rate in 1995, 1980, and 1990, respectively. An increase in mean migration distance in 1995 to 1980 is explained mainly by a decrease in the proportion of short-range migration. The level of isolation by distance was extremely low and showed a trend to further decrease during the 40-year time interval. Parameters of the model indicated that at present the population of the central part of the Moscow oblast in the 80-km zone from the city center should be assigned to the Moscow population.

Demography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The gamasid mites (Parasitiformes: Mesostigmata) of small mammals from undeveloped land in Moscow].

On 11 species of small mammals collected in the parks and ruderal areas of Moscow in 1964-1991, 35 species of mites were revealed. Among them 23 species were parasitic. Laelaps hilaris, Haemogamasus nidi, and Androlaelaps glasgowi were predominant. The mite species diversity on small mammals in Moscow is similar to that in natural environments. The epidemiological and epizootiological significance of revealed species of mites is discussed. The rat mite Ornithonyssus bacoti has the major medical importance as the pathogen of the rat mite dermatitis in Moscow and as a vector of transmissive diseases. According to literature and the data obtained the favorable conditions for maintenance of transmissive diseases reservoirs exist permanently in Moscow.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils of the Moscow Region--concentrations, temporal trends, and small-scale distribution.

The knowledge of the environmental fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is restricted to few climatic regions of the world almost excluding the Taiga. Our objectives were to (i) separate anthropogenic from background contributions to PAH concentrations and (ii) determine temporal trends in PAH concentrations during the last century including the change in distribution of PAHs in interior and exterior portions of aggregates in soils of the Moscow region. Along a southeast-bound transect from Moscow (windward in winter) and at a background location northeast of Moscow (leeward in winter), seven topsoil samples were collected in 1910-1954 and 35 in 1998-2003. We fractionated the soils in interior and exterior portions of aggregates > 10 mm and remaining soil without aggregates. The sum of 21 PAHs (sigma21PAHs) concentrations in recent bulk soil ranged from 59 to 1350 ng g(-1). The concentrations of all PAHs were lower outside than in Moscow. The range of the concentrations of the sigma21PAHs in archived soil samples (159-1280 ng g(-1)) was similar as in recent soils. In most recent and archived samples, naphthalene and phenanthrene, were most abundant. The concentrations of low-molecular-weight PAHs decreased during the last century at most sites; those of high-molecular-weight compounds increased. The sigma21PAHs concentrations were accumulated in the exterior of aggregates (109%) and depleted in the interior (95%) relative to the concentration in bulk soil (defined as 100%), which was similar to that in the soil without aggregates (99%). The differences between aggregate interior and exterior did not change during the last century. The dominance of naphthalene and phenanthrene is typical of remote regions. The urban influence on PAH concentrations in the last century was small.

Chromatography, Gas↗