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PubMed1992

Estimation of adult mortality from paternal orphanhood: a reassessment and a new approach.

"This article proposes a new procedure for estimating men's mortality from paternal orphanhood which generally yields more accurate results than the existing approach. A procedure for estimating mortality from maternal orphanhood data based on consistent assumptions is also presented. The theory underlying these methods is outlined.... The article also points out an error made in the tabulation of the weighting factors used until now to estimate mortality from paternal orphanhood. Investigations using simulated data are presented which support the theoretical arguments that suggest that the paternal orphanhood method is more robust than has often been assumed and which confirm that the new approach usually produces more accurate estimates than the weighting factors."

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Some predictions of possible changes in the mortality of Bulgarian men by the year 2000].

"Dynamic sequences of general mortality rates of Bulgarian men for the period 1964-1991 are represented. Trends are evaluated by the statistical significance of linear regression coefficients of every sequence. Trends of mortality rates by [social] classes...are also represented. It is found...that the general mortality of Bulgarian men as well as their mortality from practically all leading causes had significantly increased during the period.... Based on these trends, the author foresees that today's regimen of male mortality in Bulgaria most probably will remain unchanged at least till the end of the current century...." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)

Bulgaria↗
PubMed1994

Alcohol, smoking and mortality in France since 1950: an evaluation of the number of deaths in 1986 due to alcohol and tobacco consumption.

"In the present study, we first attempt to evaluate how many deaths [in France] in a given year (1986) are brought on prematurely by drinking and smoking.... This first stage revealed a number of causes which are largely alcohol--or smoking--related. We next compare the time trends in mortality from these causes and in alcohol and tobacco consumption. Third, we consider these selected causes, along with traumas, another source of premature deaths, in relation to mortality from all causes, and follow the changes over time in levels and age structures. We thus measure the impact of these causes on the general death rates since 1950. Finally, we examine how these causes have contributed to the increase of excess male mortality during the last 40 years."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Mortality by sex, age, and cause of death, in European and highly developed extra-European countries in the years 1960-1984.

"A comparative analysis of mortality, in which standardized death rates...were used, was conducted for 24 European and 5...[other] developed countries. The analysis shows that in spite of medical progress in fighting high mortality stemming from primary sources (diseases of [the] circulatory system and malignant neoplasms), its very high level is still registered in many Middle and Eastern European countries (especially in Hungary, in former Czechoslovakia and Poland). A high increase of premature mortality of men aged 45-64 is also observed."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Sex differentials in Indian mortality: recent changes and implications for sex ratio.

"In this paper, the recent changes in sex differentials in India's mortality are studied first to ascertain the relative improvements and secondly to study the impact of these changes on [the] sex ratio of the population. The analysis...indicates that the reduction in mortality rates during 1971-1991 was higher for females, particularly...during 1981-91. The narrowing down of the gap between male and female mortality rates had started in the late 1970s and all the indicators considered here suggest that, at present, there is an excess of male mortality in India. The mortality change was favourable for improvement in sex ratio; the analysis shows that the changes in mortality differentials by sex alone would have led to an increase in sex ratio by more than 10 points during the last decade. Further analysis suggests that the sex ratio at birth in India changed considerably during the last decade and [that] most of the reduction in sex ratio [that] occurred during 1981-91 can be attributed to these changes."

Asia↗
PubMed1992

Epidemiological experience in the mission of the United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) in Namibia.

Epidemiological data have rarely been generated during United Nations (UN) missions to Third World countries, even in situations where there is hardly any combat involvement. Continuous surveillance was therefore carried out during the 12-month stay of UN personnel in Namibia in 1989-90. In this population of 7114 persons, mostly young men, the mortality rate was 255 per 100,000; death was mainly due to traffic accidents. Hospitalization was chiefly because of fever of unknown origin or trauma. Repatriation to the country of origin was necessary in 46 patients, frequently for psychiatric reasons including alcoholism. Over this one-year period there were, on average, 2.7 new consultations per person for treatment (mostly for dental problems), and 0.8 per person for prophylactic measures. The extremely high mortality due to traffic accidents indicates a need for prevention. In the selection process for future missions, more emphasis should be given to the psychological and dental health of volunteers. All military contingents and civilian groups should learn about effective preventive measures prior to their arrival, and adhere to them.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1991

Perinatal mortality rate in a south Indian population.

Perinatal mortality rate was assessed for 13964 consecutive births in SAT Hospital, Trivandrum, South India, during a period of one year. The overall perinatal mortality rate was 42.75, stillbirth rate 24.41 and early neonatal mortality rate 18.79. The perinatal mortality rate in multiple pregnancy was 156.65. Preventable causes of perinatal mortality still make a major contribution to perinatal deaths in developing countries.

Female↗
PubMed1991

Mortality trends among Jewish and non-Jewish men in Israel, 1960-82.

Until 1975 in Israel the mortality rates in men greater than or equal to 25 years old were higher in Jews than non-Jews. Since then the relationship has been reversed with higher rates in the non-Jewish group. The three main causes of death in the two groups were heart disease, cancer and cerebrovascular disease (CVA). Death rates from total heart diseases rose in the non-Jewish population during 1970-82, whereas in the Jewish men there were only slight changes. With regard to cancer, death rates were higher in the Jewish group, but from 1970 to 1978 it increased in both groups, the change being relatively higher in non-Jews. Mortality from CVA was higher among Jews at the beginning of the study period, but since 1978 the rates remained higher in the non-Jewish population. Death from heart disease, cancer and CVA can partially explain the reversal in total mortality rates in 1975. A comparison of the data of Israeli men with those of Israeli women shows that the mortality rates of the non-Jewish population of both sexes have changed dramatically over the last decade. These findings have important implications for the planning of further research and for priority determination in health care planning.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Undiminished social class mortality differences in New Zealand men.

Social class mortality differences in New Zealand men aged 15-64 years have previously been examined for the period 1975-7. It was found that the lower social classes had mortality rates higher than the upper social classes with the mortality rate of the lowest class being approximately twice that of the highest class on a six category scale. The greatest relative social class differences were in men aged less than 35 years. The analysis has now been repeated for the period 1985-7. Mortality declined by 15% between 1975-7 and 1985-7, but the social class mortality differences were undiminished, and the mortality slope was actually slightly greater in the more recent time period. The primary significance of social class analyses is that they identify groups in the community which have an excess mortality that is potentially preventable. The findings of this study indicate that this potential has not been fully realised in New Zealand, since social class differences are undiminished despite the continuing decline in overall mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Social inequality and mortality in Spain].

The routine information sources published by the National Statistics Institute have been used to show the mortality rate with regard to the socioeconomic situation. Occupation has been used as an indicator for the socioeconomic position. The deaths of males between the ages of 16 and 65 years have been considered. The population chosen was that which figured in the 1981 Census. The measurements which have been studied are the Standardized Mortality Rate, the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) and Potential Life Years Lost (PLYL). Differences in mortality according to occupational group have been found; group VII always displayed the worst results. The Mortality Rate of this group is 1.65 times higher than that group I, the SMR is 149 (100 in group I) and the PLYL rate is 43.59 per 1000 (per 28.48 in group I). The best results in group V have been attributed to the lack of homogeneity among its components, thus limiting its use in this type of study.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of individual follow-up and computerized record linkage using the Canadian Mortality Data Base.

We compared two methods of ascertaining mortality in a historical prospective mortality study. Computerized Record Linkage (CRL) with the centralized historical Canadian Mortality Data Base (CMDB) was carried out on 2469 men and an attempt was also made to trace the subjects by individual follow-up (IFU). All but 88 were traced and 60 were reported to be dead. CRL was able to locate the deaths of three men who had been untraced by IFU. Contradictory information on vital status was obtained on 5 subjects--in 4 of them, the discrepancy was resolved in favour of CRL. Overall, CRL using the CMDB performed very well. We also consider factors that affect the relative costs of the two methods, which should be balanced against the accuracy of information obtained.

Canada↗
PubMed1988

Changing mortality patterns in men.

Important changes in age-adjusted mortality (35-74 y) have occurred in the last 35 years in men. This is apparent from the study of the mortality patterns from 7 countries which were chosen as representative of populations with varying lifestyles. Mortality from all causes has shown the greatest decrease in Japan and the greatest increase in Hungary. From 1970 on cardiovascular mortality demonstrates a downward trend in all countries, except in Sweden where it remains virtually unchanged and Hungary where it rises markedly. Cancer mortality shows an upward trend which levels off during the last 15 years with the exception of Hungary. Changes in dietary and smoking habits and mass treatment for hypertension offer the most plausible explanation for the observed changes.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1982

Rising lung cancer death rates among black men: the importance of occupation and social class.

From 1950 to 1977 the age-adjusted cancer death rates for nonwhite men in the United States rose an astonishing 63.2 percent, while rates for white men increased 22.2 percent and fell slightly for women of both races. The bulk of this increase can be accounted for by cancer of the lung. As a serious health problem that is increasing in severity, cancer in black men deserves close attention and definitive action. This discussion focuses on basic epidemiological relationships in the origins of this epidemic, particularly in regard to the relative importance of occupation, cigarette smoking, and social class.

Black or African American↗