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PubMedDate not supplied

Media violence and the American public. Scientific facts versus media misinformation.

Fifty years of news coverage on the link between media violence and aggression have left the U.S. public confused. Typical news articles pit researchers and child advocates against entertainment industry representatives, frequently giving equal weight to the arguments of both sides. A comparison of news reports and scientific knowledge about media effects reveals a disturbing discontinuity: Over the past 50 years, the average news report has changed from claims of a weak link to a moderate link and then back to a weak link between media violence and aggression. However, since 1975, the scientific confidence and statistical magnitude of this link have been clearly positive and have consistently increased over time. Reasons for this discontinuity between news reports and the actual state of scientific knowledge include the vested interests of the news, a misapplied fairness doctrine in news reporting, and the failure of the research community to effectively argue the scientific case.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Misinformation.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1996

The treatment of decubitus ulcers: a century of misinformation in the textbooks.

Decubitus ulcers are slow healing; in many cases they stagnate and fail to heal. Examination of the literature concerning decubitus ulcers reveals that there is a large body of treatments which have been suggested to stimulate the healing wound. This study examines the clinical effectiveness of the various treatments, and the scientific basis behind them. The treatments currently available are compared with those discussed in the literature over the last century, and common threads emerge which have a bearing on how literally one should accept the advice offered in current textbooks.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1996

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation on television. Miracles and misinformation.

BACKGROUND: Responsible, shared decision making on the part of physicians and patients about the potential use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) requires patients who are educated about the procedure's risks and benefits. Television is an important source of information about CPR for patients. We analyzed how three popular television programs depict CPR. METHODS: We watched all the episodes of the television programs ER and Chicago Hope during the 1994-1995 viewing season and 50 consecutive episodes of Rescue 911 broadcast over a three-month period in 1995. We identified all occurrences of CPR in each episode and recorded the causes of cardiac arrest, the identifiable demographic characteristics of the patients, the underlying illnesses, and the outcomes. RESULTS: There were 60 occurrences of CPR in the 97 television episodes--31 on ER, 11 on Chicago Hope, and 18 on Rescue 911. In the majority of cases, cardiac arrest was caused by trauma; only 28 percent were due to primary cardiac causes. Sixty-five percent of the cardiac arrests occurred in children, teenagers, or young adults. Seventy-five percent of the patients survived the immediate arrest, and 67 percent appeared to have survived to hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS: The survival rates in our study are significantly higher than the most optimistic survival rates in the medical literature, and the portrayal of CPR on television may lead the viewing public to have an unrealistic impression of CPR and its chances for success. Physicians discussing the use of CPR with patients and families should be aware of the images of CPR depicted on television and the misperceptions these images may foster.

Bias↗
PubMed1999

Misinformative characters and phylogeny shape.

The discrepancy between theoretical and observed distributions of tree shapes in recent surveys of phylogeny estimates has lead to investigations of possible biological and methodological causes. I investigated whether the phylogenetic quality of characters is related to the tree shape on which they evolve. Simulated evolution revealed shape-related tendencies for characters to indicate correct cladistic relationships; these differences were measured by examining the characters directly, without deriving any phylogeny estimates. Tree stemminess indices correlated strongly with character quality when characters evolved either speciationally or phyletically. Tree balance was a significant correlate of character quality under speciational evolution but not under phyletic evolution. These results help explain the findings of other simulation studies. With additional study of the behavior of evolving characters and their interaction with phylogenetic methods, we might be able to increase the accuracy of tree estimation and compensate for potential biases related to shape. These results give further reason for caution in trusting phylogeny estimates.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2003

Absolut memory distortions: alcohol placebos influence the misinformation effect.

Can the simple suggestion that you have consumed alcohol affect your memory for an event? Alcohol placebos affect social behaviors but not nonsocial ones, and have not previously been shown to affect memory. We investigated the effect of alcohol placebos using materials that revealed both the social and the nonsocial influences of memory Subjects drank plain tonic water, but half were told it was a vodka and tonic; then all subjects took part in an eyewitness memory experiment. Subjects who were told they drank alcohol were more swayed by misleading postevent information than were those who were told they drank tonic water, and were also more confident about the accuracy of their responses. Our results show that the mere suggestion of alcohol consumption may make subjects more susceptible to misleading information and inappropriately confident. These results also provide additional confirmation that eyewitness memory is influenced by both nonsocial and social factors.

Carbonated Beverages↗
PubMed1986

Sex misinformation and misconceptions among Chinese medical students in Hong Kong.

Sex knowledge and attitudes of 97 Chinese undergraduate medical students were assessed by ratings on a set of belief statements. The results of their responses indicated two salient dimensions of health concern and sex as unclean, reflecting areas of gaps in sex knowledge as well as misconceptions traceable to traditional Chinese beliefs on the association between health and semen. Respondents also reported relying more on the public media than health professionals as a source of sex information. Implications for sex education in general and for medical students in particular are discussed.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗