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PubMed1977

[Artificial rearing of double purpose calves of the beef-dairy type. 1. Effects of the length of the milk-rearing period and of the amount of milk substitutes needed for the rearing of the calf].

Reducing the period of Milk rearing of calves from 90 days (time of weaning) as practised today to 50 days or 70 days (and thus reducing the amount of regenerated milk which is needed to rear the calf from 400 litres to 200 litres or 300 litres) would limit the rate of weight gains of the calves in the first 3 months of age. This delay is, within certain limits, compensated for by the calf in the growth period up to 6 months of age. Therefore, the authors believe that with cattle of the Hungarian breed "Ungarische Fleckviehrasse" weaning after 50 days and rearing the calves with 200 litres of milk seems to be possible. The method of early weaning and then feeding stock mixtures of concentrates seems to be also applicable provided that the conditions of veterinary hygiene would allow this. This, in turn, would require supplementation of the food with minerals and vitamins. Due to the results obtained supplementation of concentrate mixtures with urea for calf rearing is also possible, even under practical conditions. Aromatization of the concentrate mixtures, as practised in the present series of trials, did not substantiate the favourable results obtained by the authors in previous trials with respect to the effect of aromatics on food consumption and the development of weight gains.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Human milk substitutes. An American perspective.

Formula is a substitute for the preferred nutritional fluid for infants, human milk. Considering that human milk is uniquely suited for human infants, formula feeds have done remarkably well in promoting growth and development of bottle-fed and partially breast-fed infants. Early in the last century, the horrendously high infant mortality rate spurred the development of infant formula. A clean source of milk was thought to be necessary to overcome the mainly diarrheal deaths due to unhygienic conditions. Initially, the success of a formula was measured merely by the survival of the infant. As formulas more closely mimicked the performance of human milk, feedings were compared by the ability to support growth. Now, the additions and alterations to formulas have become more sophisticated and the outcome measures may be protection from infections, visual acuity and mental development. Studies to test these outcomes are difficult and often long term. Additionally, mere growth is recognized as an insufficient measure, rather quality of growth needs to be considered. Formula, like no other food, is potentially the sole source of an individual's nutrition for 4 to 6 months of life. In recognition of its importance, formula is the only food that is regulated by its own law in the United States, the Infant Formula Act of 1986. For the future, breast feeding will remain preferable for almost all infants and breastfeeding should be encouraged. Formulas will continue to be used and will continue to be needed. Improving and assuring the adequacy and safety of infant formulas is an increasingly difficult challenge.

Dietary Carbohydrates↗
PubMed1975

[Physiological model of water and chlorine shifts in the lamb stomach following intake of sheep milk or milk substitutes].

It has been found that the average concentration of hydrogen ions in the milk chyme formed in the abomasum of suckling lambs within a period of 1-3 hours after feeding is above a pH of 3.0, similar to that of calves (JANCARIK, 1961). Hence, the digestion of milk proteins in lambs must be expected to proceed mostly at a pH higher than that of pepsin digestion, that is to say, in most cases it will range between 3.0 and 5.0. pH titration curves were made of fresh untreated ewe's milk obtained from ewes of different breeds (Merino, Finnsheep, Romanowsheep) to calculate the amounts of water and chlorine which have to be secreted with the gastric acid to attain the pH level that is required for the digestion of proteins contained in 100 ml of ewe's milk. Similarly, calculations were made with regression equations (table 2) showing that the gastric secretion of water and chlorine as expressed by the percentage proportion of H2O and Cl in the blood was considerably higher in the young and especially the very young animals (figure 1). The susceptibility of young lambs is due to this fact. Moreover, attention is drawn to the interrelationship between the gastric digestion of proteins and general possibility of dehydration and loss of chlorine in cases of disturbed gastric secretion (e.g. gastric achlorhydria, absence of gastric enzymes, gastrogenic dysentery). The buffer capacity of fresh ewe's milk cannot be directly estimated from the concentration of hydrogen ions in it. It has been established that in some sheep the pH of milk may, under physiological conditions, exceed the value of 7.0; a condition that has an adverse effect on the nutrition of weak lambs. Figure 2 shows the differences between different breeds concerning gastric Cl secretion. The situation is similar with regard to H2O.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1990

[Testing of a liquid, ready-to-use, breast milk substitute in the county of Funen].

A newly developed liquid ready-to-use cow's milk based formula (BD) was used as the sole nutrient in 314 healthy term infants below the age of 28 weeks--except for supplementary feeding introduced at an average age of 142 days. The incidence of dyspeptic problems (constipation, diarrhea, vomiting), the parents' and visiting nurses' comments on the product, and the causes of "BD failure" (termination of BD feeding because of suspected cow's milk allergy, dyspepsia, etc.) were recorded as were rates of weight gain and linear growth. It is concluded that BD is a valuable alternative to existing powdered milk formulas and that the growth of the infants compared satisfactorily with published reference values.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Human milk substitutes in Mexican social security services during 1990].

An analysis of the amount, type, trade mark, cost and distribution procedures of milk formulas in the IMSS (Mexican Social Security Institute) and ISSSTE (Social Security Institute for Government Employees) during 1990 is presented. During this year, IMSS purchased 19 million cans of powdered milk (454 g each) with a total expenditure of 20 million U.S. dollars. Mothers have the right to receive 36 cans during the first six months of their baby's life. The type of milk formula distributed included whole milk (53.3%), modified milk (43.2%), and soy derived milk (3.5%). As the number of births during the same period was 706,077, the average of cans per child was 27.1. ISSSTE purchased 3.7 million cans of milk with an expenditure of 6 million U.S. dollars; 42.4 per cent as whole milk, 55 per cent modified milk, and 2.6 per cent soy derived milk. Although this institution should provide 27 cans per child, the average was 46.5. The early age at which powdered milk is introduced to babies and the high cost (in economic and health terms) of this practice indicate the need to review newborn feeding policies within the two major social security agencies in the country.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗