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PubMed1978

Metrizamide washout as a measure of CSF bulk flow.

Metrizamide was injected into the ventricular system of three adults and five children with indwelling ventricular catheters and subcutaneous CSF reservoirs. A first-order rate constant, k, for metrizamide washout from one lateral ventricle was determined with reference to ventricular metrizamide concentration on serial (up to six) postinjection CT scans. Lateral ventricular volume, Vv, was estimated after metrizamide injection by a planimetric method and by partial volume analysis, an interactive computerized technique. The rate of lateral ventricular CSF formation, If, was calculated as k X Vv and ranged from 0.0622 to 0.103 ml/min. Precise measurements of lateral ventricular CSF bulk flow depend upon adequate mixing of the injected contrast material with ventricular CSF and accurate measurements of lateral ventricular volume.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Purification of rodent eosinophils on discontinuous metrizamide gradients.

Methods are described for the purification of rat and mouse eosinophils. Peritoneal exudate cells obtained from Schistosoma mansoni- or Trichinella spiralis-infected mice were plated on plastic dishes, and the nonadherent cells were centrifuged over discontinuous hypertonic metrizamide gradients. Approximately 41% of those eosinophils present in the original preparations were recovered from the interfaces between 20% and 22% metrizamide at an average of 88% purity. Peritoneal cells obtained from either uninfected or S. mansoni-infected rats were placed directly onto metrizamide gradients. After centrifugation, essentially all eosinophils present in the original preparations were recovered at the interface between 18.5% and 22.5% metrizamide, with an average of 80% purity. These methods for eosinophil purification have proven to be reproducible and to yield cells which are morphologically preserved and functional, as demonstrated by their ability to respond to a chemotactic stimulus.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Outpatient low-dose computed tomography metrizamide myelography and evaluation of lumbar disk disease.

Outpatient low-dose computed tomography metrizamide myelography (CTMM) for the evaluation of lumbar disk disease is described in 55 patients. Ten individuals (group 1) were studied using 3.5 ml of 150 mg I/ml (525 mg I total) of metrizamide. Forty-five additional patients (group 2) were examined with 5 ml of 110 mg I/ml (550 mg I total) concentration of metrizamide. Group 2 experienced less post-procedure headache (6.6%) and nausea (2.2%) than did group 1 (30% and 10%, respectively). Group 2 demonstrated a lowered rate of headache (p less than .01) and showed a trend to less nausea (p less than .09) than a recently published study describing full-dose lumbar myelography. In addition, CTMM in group 2 produced more uniform mixing of metrizamide than in group 1. Overall, low-dose CTMM increased accuracy and reduced morbidity, patient cost, and inconvenience as compared with routine full-dose lumbar myelography.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Metrizamide enhanced computed tomography: an adjunct to myelography in lumbar disc herniation.

In our opinion, computed tomography of the lumbar spine with intrathecal metrizamide is a highly effective diagnostic method for the demonstration of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc. However, the method is too expensive and too time-consuming to be employed routinely. We have used CT scanning immediately following a normal or equivocal metrizamide myelogram in patients with strong clinical suspicion of lumbar disc herniation. This approach combines the practicality of metrizamide myelography with the accuracy of metrizamide enhanced CT scanning, producing better diagnostic results.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Angiocardiography with metrizamide in the neonate and infant.

The non-ionic contrast medium metrizamide was compared with a routine ionic medium (sodium methyl-glucamine diatrizoate) in a series of 16 patients with congenital heart disease, all under 11 kg body weight, undergoing angiocardiography. Despite a higher viscosity, metrizamide yielded images of equal quality to those of the ionic medium, and was clinically better tolerated. Metrizamide produced a significantly lesser effect on plasma osmolality, a parameter closely related to contrast medium toxicity. Other biochemical parameters showed insignificant changes. Metrizamide is therefore a more suitable contrast medium for angiocardiography and despite its cost should be considered for patients with serious congenital heart disease who are in poor clinical condition.

Angiocardiography↗
PubMed1980

The use of metrizamide (amipaque) to visualise the gastrointestinal tract in children: a preliminary report.

Metrizamide (amipaque) has not been used previously as a diagnostic contrast agent in the gastrointestinal tract. Metrizamide is a water-soluble isotonic contrast material having many advantages over barium and existing hypertonic water-soluble agents. There are many clinical situations in children in which metrizamide should be the contrast agent of choice for investigating the gastrointestinal tract. Four neonates are presented in whom barium or gastrografin were absolutely contraindicated. In each case metrizamide gave excellent visualization of the gastrointestinal tract. It could be followed through be bowel giving excellent visualisation even up to 120 h after ingestion. No harmful effects were noted in the four cases studied.

Barium Sulfate↗
PubMed1987

The effect of intrathecal iohexol on visual evoked response latency: a comparison including incidence of headache with iopamidol and metrizamide in myeloradiculography.

Fifty consecutive unselected patients referred for myeloradiculography and examined by the same radiologist, when facilities for measuring the visual evoked response were available, are considered. The effect on the visual evoked response of the examination and the incidence of headache following the use of iohexol as the contrast medium are compared with those after the use of iopamidol and metrizamide reported in a previous study. A total of 400 cases examined with iopamidol and 200 cases examined with iohexol are reviewed with regard to the incidence of headache. Whereas iopamidol and, to a greater extent metrizamide, were found to cause significant lengthening of the visual evoked response latency 20 hours after the radiological examination, iohexol did not. Furthermore there was no significant difference in the 20 hour reading following the use of iohexol compared with the original control group of patients who underwent lumbar puncture alone. There was a lower incidence and severity of headache following the use of iohexol than with iopamidol and a markedly reduced incidence compared with metrizamide. Iohexol is considered less neurotoxic than iopamidol which had previously superceded metrizamide as the contrast medium used for myeloradiculography in the Royal Surrey County Hospital. Volumes of up to 14 ml of iohexol 300 mg I/ml have been used for lumbar radiculography and for total myelography and up to 10 ml for direct lateral cervical puncture. In 350 cases examined to date with iohexol the only serious sequel was a case of chemical meningitis following the lumbar injection of 10 ml of the 300 mg I/ml solution for a cervical examination. The patient made an uneventful recovery.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1979

[Conventional-radiographic and computer-assisted cisternography of the posterior fossa with metrizamide (author's transl)].

Conventional radiographic and computer-assisted (CT) cisternography of the posterior fossa using Metrizamide was carried out in 25 and 33 patients respectively. The contrast medium was injected by the lumbar or cervical route. During conventional cisternography, contrast medium distribution is most easily controlled by a lateral injection at the level of the first to second cervical vertebra. Because of its physical properties, Metrizamide results in good demonstration of detail. CT cisternography is usually able to demonstrate an extra-cerebral space-occupying lesion with a diameter greater than 1 cm. This procedure has fewer complications due to the contrast medium or the technique, since small amounts of Metrizamide achieve an adequate increase in the density of the CSF; it is therefore possible to inject this by a lumbar route and to carry out the entire examination with the patient supine. Both conventional and CT cisternography permit very accurate diagnosis in the region of the foramen magnum. Both procedures can be used on their own or as an addition to conventional Metrizamide myelography.

Cranial Fossa, Posterior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Urographic excretion studies with metrizamide and "Dimer": a high dose comparison in dogs.

Metrizamide, a new non-ionic, triodinated contrast agent has been considerable for intravenous urography. Theory predicts that lower osmotic diuresis with this agent should lead to higher urinary iodine concentrations than with ionic agents, at equivalent iodine doses. However, a distinct advantage with metrizamide has not been observed with doses of 175 mgI/kg or less. In this study metrizamide and sodium locarmate were given intravenously to dehydrated dogs at a dose level of 600 mgI/kg. During the studies the concentrations and outputs of major urinary solutes were compared. Comparisons of urinary iodine concentrations and outputs showed that at this dose the predicted advantage with metrizamide can be observed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Complications of myelography after partial metrizamide withdrawal.

Lumbar metrizamide myelography (LMM) has been associated with a high incidence of side effects. A total of 94 patients underwent LMM for suspected disc disease or spinal stenosis. In Group 1 a 22-gauge spinal needle was used. Containing the same amount and concentration of metrizamide, an 18-gauge spinal needle was used in Group 2 after which there was partial withdrawal of the metrizamide (average withdrawal: 73%). In Group 1 a total of 38% of patients experienced one side effect whereas 8.5% had two side effects. In Group 2 a total of 8.5% of patients experienced one side effect and 4.25% had two side effects. This study demonstrates a statistically (P less than 0.003) lower incidence of side effects with metrizamide withdrawal after myelography.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The epileptogenicity of neurolept anaesthesia in patients during and after neuroradiological examinations with metrizamide.

Previous experimental studies caution against the use of neurolept anaesthesia during subarachnoid injection of metrizamide for neuroradiodiagnostic procedures because of severe epileptogenic complications. To examine whether these recommendations are relevant in the clinical situation or not, 104 patients were studied. They underwent neuroradiological investigations with metrizamide subarachnoidally and were anaesthetized with neurolept anaesthesia either during the investigation (59 patients, Group I) or within 48 h afterwards (45 patients, Group II) when a neurosurgical operation was performed. In 10 patients of Group I, EEG was recorded during the investigation. All patients were observed for occurrence of clinical epileptic manifestations during and after the anaesthesia. Apart from one patient who had a short episode of suspected epileptogenic EEG-activity shortly after the injection of metrizamide, none of the other patients showed EEG-abnormalities of epileptogenic type and none of them had any clinical signs of epileptic manifestations. On the basis of the results of this clinical study it is concluded that neurolept anaesthesia does not increase the risk of epileptic complications during neuroradiological investigations with metrizamide.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

The use of metrizamide as a density-gradient medium in studies of rat-liver polysomes.

The behaviour of rat liver cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins in metrizamide has been studied to determine whether the iodinated compound would offer any advantage over other centrifugation media for studies of polysome structure and function. 1. Polysomes had a density of 1.295--1.300 g/cm3 in metrizamide gradients which was also the density of glycogen. However, the polysaccharide reached its equilibrium more rapidly than the polysomes. Thus a short centrifugation of a polysome suspension from non-starved rats over a 40% metrizamide cushion was sufficient to eliminate more than 85% of the glycogen with a polysome yield of about 75%. 2. Ribosomal subunits had neighbouring densities (1.23 and 1.20 g/cm3 for large and small EDTA-derived subunits; 1.23 and 1.21 g/cm3 for large and small KCl/puromycin-derived subunits, respectively). Polysomal messenger ribonucleoproteins were heterogeneously distributed (phi = 1.12 to 1.23 g/cm3) and overlapped with subunits in a similar manner as in sucrose gradients. 3. Analysis of a post-mitochondrial supernatant in metrizamide showed a clear separation of free polysomes, rough membranes and the soluble phase.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

EEG changes 24 hours after myelography with metrizamide.

A prospective study of EEG changes following metrizamide myelography was made on 34 patients aged 17-79 years. EEGs were recorded just before and 22-26 hours after myelography. Usually 8-10 ml of metrizamide was injected by either lumbar or lateral cervical puncture. The concentration of metrizamide was relatively high. EEGs were abnormal in 15 out of the 20 patients whose baseline EEGs were normal. EEGs deteriorated in 10 of the 14 patients whose control tracings were abnormal. High voltage delta activity and/or a great deal of theta activity were common abnormalities. Three patients showed triphasic waves. No relationships were found between the EEG changes and clinical variables. But central nervous system involvements by metrizamide tended to be accompanied by a severe EEG slowing.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A prospective clinical trial comparing metrizamide and iohexol for equine myelography.

A prospective clinical trial comparing adverse postmyelographic effects and myelographic quality of metrizamide and iohexol was conducted. Using a predetermined, randomized assignment, 24 horses exhibiting neurologic signs were administered either metrizamide (180 mgl/ml) or iohexol (180 mgl/ml) via cerebellomedullary puncture. Each horse was evaluated postmyelographically for adverse effects. Myelographic quality was assessed by a numerical scoring method. Adverse effects were observed more frequently with metrizamide (21) compared with iohexol (6) myelography (p < 0.05). Seizures, intensification of preexisting neurologic signs and prolonged anesthetic recovery were the most common complications after myelography. There was no difference in myelographic quality (p > 0.05). We conclude that iohexol is safer than metrizamide for equine myelography and that quality myelograms can be obtained with either contrast medium.

Anesthesia Recovery Period↗
PubMed1984

Pediatric urography: comparison of metrizamide and methylglucamine diatrizoate.

A non-ionic contrast medium (metrizamide) was compared to an ionic agent (methylglucamine diatrizoate) for pediatric urography. Fifty children were divided into two age groups: under 5, and 5 to 10. In younger children, metrizamide gave more excellent images (19% vs. 0%) and fewer inadequate images (0% vs. 18%) than methylglucamine diatrizoate (p = 0.06). In older children, metrizamide likewise gave more excellent images (44% vs. 14%) and fewer inadequate images (0% vs. 7%). The same pattern was seen when the two groups were combined (excellent, 28% vs. 8%; inadequate, 0% vs. 12%) (p = 0.05). Differences with respect to changes in hematocrit, serum osmolality, serum sodium, and SGOT were statistically significant, but not adverse reactions. In terms of both efficacy and safety, the authors conclude that metrizamide is preferred for pediatric urography.

Child↗
PubMed1976

Coronary angiography with diatrizoate and metrizamide. Comparison of ionic and non-ionic contrast medium effect on coronary blood flow in dogs.

The non-ionic contrast medium metrizamide produced a smaller coronary flow increase than the ionic medium diatrizoate after injection into the main left coronary artery in dogs and had also a shorter transit time through the coronary vessels. The coronary veins were better filled with metrizamide. The reduced coronary flow effects of metrizamide compared to ionic contrast medium and the improved venous filling makes metrizamide a favorable contrast material for use in coronary angiography.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Evaluation of the vascular clinical trial program of metrizamide and iohexol.

The vascular clinical trial programs of the contrast media metrizamide (Amipaque) and iohexol ( Omnipaque ), organized by Nyegaard & Co. AS in Northern Europe were assessed and compared. The comparison comprised some selected characteristics of the programs, self-assessment by the investigators involved in both programs (questionnaire) and assessment of the standard of the trial reports (2 evaluators). It was found that Nyegaard clinical research staff spent in average 4 1/2 month for one iohexol trial compared with one month for one of metrizamide. The reason for this found to be a higher priority, increased regulatory requirements and a uniform data pool established for the iohexol program. In general, a quality improvement was revealed for the iohexol program over the metrizamide program. The 2 evaluators as well as the questioned investigators found the reporting standard of the iohexol trials significantly higher (p less than or equal to p less than or equal to 0.05) than that of the metrizamide trials.

Angiography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Demonstration of the renal venous system at routine nephroangiography. A comparison between metrizoate, metrizamide and ioxaglate.

The demonstration of renal veins during routine nephroangiography was retrospectively investigated and blindly scored in 60 patients. Three different types of contrast media were used: one high-osmolar ionic monomeric (metrizoate) and two low-osmolar, the non-ionic monomeric (metrizamide) and the ionic monoacidic dimeric (ioxalate). The renal veins and the inferior vena cava were significantly better and more often demonstrated when ioxaglate was used compared with metrizoate and metrizmide. There was no significant difference between metrizoate and metrizamide. Following semiselective renal artery injection, the main renal veins were demonstrated with a diagnostically acceptable quality with ioxaglate in 76 per cent, with metrizamide in 40 per cent and with metrizoate in 29 per cent. On selective renal artery injection the demonstration of renal veins increased to 85 per cent with ioxaglate and remained unchanged with metrizmide (38%) and metrizoate (26%). Semiselective or selective nephroangiography with ioxaglate at an ordinary dose was in most patients sufficient to allow evaluation of renal vein involvement in disease, rendering high dose selective nephroangiography or selective nephrophlebography unnecessary. A slower diffusion rate of ioxaglate compared with metrizoate and metrizamide is considered to be the major explanation for the better demonstration of the renal veins.

Adult↗