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PubMed1992

Diagnosis of skeletal form on the lateral cephalogram with a finite element-based expert system.

Orthodontic diagnosis depends largely on the current methods of cephalometric analysis and categorization. It is therefore unfortunate that such analyses tend to use inappropriate metrical systems that lack a rigorous scientific basis. As a consequence, the resultant data have questionable validity, as well as being subject to observer bias. In this study, an alternative, more rigorous, approach is described. A random sample of 126 pretreatment lateral cephalograms were analyzed with the finite element method. These data were then classified to form a training set or reference data base for the subsequent objective diagnosis of new, previously unclassified cases. This new case-classification system was based on matching the new cases to similar cases within the existing training set. The degree of concordance between such computer-matched cases was then evaluated by their subsequent conventional cephalometric analyses.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

SI units and the clinical practice of infectious diseases: application to the usage of antimicrobial agents.

Over the next few years, le Système international d'Unités or SI units may replace the presently used metric system in reporting laboratory data. The change to SI units will likely result in some confusion among clinicians who are not well versed in the new system. Application of SI units to the clinical practice of infectious diseases is discussed, including changes in drug dosages, serum drug levels, and minimum inhibitory concentrations. A table is presented to facilitate conversion of metric units to SI units and vice versa.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1996

Reporting Results in Obesity Surgery: Evaluation of a Limited Survey.

BACKGROUND: Perhaps the most difficult problem in evaluating results of obesity surgery is the lack of standards for comparison, and the absence of consensus among professionals in definitions, classifications, and standard systems for reporting results, particularly in the analysis of successes and failures. METHODS: Evaluation of the answers to a questionnaire submitted to 22 surgeons actively involved in the treatment of morbid obesity, members of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery. A total of 18 (82%) returned the survey. RESULTS: There was consensus among the respondents for the need to use the metric system, Body Mass Index and measures for fat distribution. Patients should be divided subgroups, according to gender, type of obesity, previous obesity surgery, those requiring reoperations, and when the original technique underwent modifications. The number and percentage of reoperations should be clearly stated, as well as the patient's long-term follow-up was considered to be 5 years. When expressing weight loss, percentage of excess weight lost and BMI were found to be most widely accepted. Quality of life measures and improvement of medical conditions are important in evaluating the results, although further discussion is necessary for these issues. There was lack of consensus in the best classification of obesity and super obesity, as well as in the definition of success and failure. CONCLUSIONS: This limited survey demonstrated general agreement in several important aspects amongst surgeons when analyzing and reporting results. Further discussion is necessary in other significant issues, to reach uniformity in the assessment of outcomes in obesity surgery. </ Abstract> Obesity surgery, morbid obesity, outcomes, surgical results, survey

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Results of the total bi-metric cementless hip arthroplasty.

A 2.9-year follow up of 50 primary Bi-Metric System cementless, porous-coated hip arthroplasties (Biomet) is presented. Four patients were operated bilaterally. In two patients, revision arthroplasty was carried out, in one because of infection, in the other because of loosening of the stem. The average Harris hip score was 96 points. The pain level according to d'Aubigné was 5.87. All patients belonged to Jensen's social function group 1. According to Engh's x-ray score, the femoral component achieved an average total of 19 points. Twenty-three patients with heterotopic ossification were graded according to Brooker et al; 18 patients belonged to group I-II, and 5 patients to group III. Discrepancy of leg length was measured in 20 patients, and averaged 0.52 cm (range: 0 cm to 2.5 cm). Four patients complained of thigh pain, but they had no radiographic evidence of loosening of components. The mean age was 63.4 years for women and 58.1 for men. Acceptably high Harris Hip Scores were obtained for the Bi-Metric hip prosthesis at 2-year follow up.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Association between Rh and plasma iron binding (transferrin).

In order to establish the mechanism involved in the maintenance of the Rh polymorphism and fetomaternal compatibility relationships, we examined a sample of children from the North Area of Santiago (Chile), with respect to their growth and development patterns since 1973. This sample had shown large sib-sib segregation distortions for the Rh system. Metric variables, such as plasma protein fractions and iron, academic performance at the end of the last secondary grade and adult stature, were studied in relation to genetic markers, viz., sex, ABO, Xg, MN, Rh, haptoglobins, phosphoglucomutase, and esterase D, by means of unbalanced one way analyses of variance. Highly significant results were found for Rh phenotypes and total iron binding capacity (TIBC, transferrin). However, plasma iron did not differ significantly among Ph phenotypes. Children with the C (Rh) specificity had higher values of TIBC than non-C or c individuals (P less than 0.00001). Evolutionary considerations regarding iron transport and erythroblastosis, relationships between Rh and the transferrin receptor at the plasma membrane, and the location of the Blym-I oncogene (that shares common sequences with transferrins) close to Rh in chromosome 1 are discussed. Less significant results were found between phosphoglucomutase and stature, gamma globulin level and sex, and academic performance (history) and sex.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Evaluating the Korean version of the Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Although the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire are useful tools for assessing and monitoring patients with rheumatic diseases, they have a "floor effect" and do not fully reflect the psychological status of patients. Recently, the Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ) was developed to overcome these shortcomings. We translated the MDHAQ into the Korean language and evaluated its reliability and validity for use with Korean-speaking patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The questionnaire was translated into the Korean language by three translators, who were aware of its objectives, and it was translated back into the English language by three different translators. One question was modified to reflect Korean culture, and imperial measures were changed to metric measures because most Koreans use the metric system. The Korean MDHAQ was administered to 136 patients with RA who were attending the outpatient rheumatology clinic at the Chonnam National University Hospital (Gwangju, South Korea). Test-retest reliability was assessed in 101 patients after 1 week. To assess criterion validity, we compared MDHAQ scores with HAQ scores and the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) functional class. To test construct validity, the MDHAQ was compared to ACR core criteria (tender and swollen joint count, pain, patient's global assessment, physician's global assessment, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The test-retest reliability was analyzed by computing kappa statistics, which ranged from 0.60 to 0.76. Cronbach's alpha coefficient ranged from 0.892 to 0.938. The MDHAQ was significantly correlated with the HAQ and ACR functional class (all p<0.001). The correlations between the MDHAQ scores and the ACR core set, BDI, and STAI were all high and statistically significant. The Korean version of the MDHAQ is a reliable, valid tool for assessing Korean patients with RA.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1988

[A rare trial eyeglass case with binocular trial lenses].

In this article the author describes a rare trial frame case in the medical history collection of the Ruhr University at Bochum. It has 24 binocular trial lenses which are similar to be early "Nuremberg wire spectacles." The lens power is expressed as the focal length, measured in Rhenish inches. Converted into diopters, the refractive power of the lenses ranges from +/- 1.0 to +/- 8.0 D.spherical. The case also contains six pairs of plane lenses tinted in various intensities of azure blue and four pairs of plane lenses tinted smoke-gray. It contains no astigmatic lenses. Since the metric system, with the diopter as a unit of refractive power, was introduced in the optical industry in 1875, it may be assumed that this case was in use before then. However, the design of the binocular trial frames suggests that they may be considerably older.

Eyeglasses↗
PubMed2006

History of the calorie in nutrition.

The calorie was not a unit of heat in the original metric system. Some histories state that a defined Calorie (modern kcal) originated with Favre and Silbermann in 1852 or Mayer in 1848. However, Nicholas Clément introduced Calories in lectures on heat engines that were given in Paris between 1819 and 1824. The Calorie was already defined in Bescherelle's 1845 Dictionnaire National. In 1863, the word entered the English language through translation of Ganot's popular French physics text, which defined a Calorie as the heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water from 0 to 1 degrees C. Berthelot distinguished between g- and kg-calories by 1879, and Raymond used the kcal in a discussion of human energy needs in an 1894 medical physiology text. The capitalized Calorie as used to indicate 1 kcal on U.S. food labels derives from Atwater's 1887 article on food energy in Century magazine and Farmers' Bulletin 23 in 1894. Formal recognition began in 1896 when the g-calorie was defined as a secondary unit of energy in the cm-g-s measurement system. The thermal calorie was not fully defined until the 20th century, by which time the nutritional Calorie was embedded in U.S. popular culture and nutritional policy.

Calorimetry↗
PubMed2005

The development of modern metrology and its role today.

Modern metrology is the result of more than 200 years of development that began with the creation of the decimal metric system at the time of the French Revolution and the beginning, at about the same time, of mass production using interchangeable parts. This article traces these developments and describes how world metrology is organized today and gives examples of applications of metrology showing how it concerns us all in many aspects of our daily life.

International System of Units↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Technology Transfer--Bridging Space and Society. The Students of the Technology Transfer Design Project Team (ISU Summer Session 1997).

Strategies, policies and methods by which technologies can he cross-fertilized between the space and non-space sectors were examined by students of the design project "Technology Transfer--Bridging Space and Society". This project was undertaken by students attending the 1997 10th Anniversary Summer Session Program of the International Space University. General issues relating to transfer of technology were discussed including definitions and mechanisms (push, pull, interactive and pro-active). As well as looking at case studies and the impact of national policies on space agencies, the design project also sought to look at technology transfer on a country-by-country basis, selecting various countries for scrutiny and reporting on their technology transfer status. The project report shows how transfer of technology varies between nations and when analyzed with the case studies identifies the general strategies, policies and methods in use and how they can he improved. Finally, the report seeks to recommend certain issues to governments, space agencies and industrial organizations to facilitate the transfer of technology. These include the development of a generic metrics system and the implementation of better appropriate procedures and mechanisms for a positive diffusion process between space and non-space sectors.

Europe↗
PubMed2004

[The human measure].

In 1800 the new French republic introduced the metric system to replace a multitude of different measures. Some old units for length, such as the foot, were based on the human body. In medicine, the severity of a disease can be measured at several different levels; (a) the biological process; (b) the function of body parts; (c) the individual's activities; and (d) social participation. In the current quest for objectivity, physicians sometimes prefer measurements that are closely related to physical science, whereas patients are more concerned about the restriction of their activities. There are different scales for measuring the range of human activities, for example, according to speciality or even disease. There is a need for a generic measure of health in relation to activities and this should preferably be calibrated on a linear scale.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1991

Cervical effacement: variation in belief among clinicians.

Cervical effacement may be described as a percentage or as residual cervical length in centimeters. For effective communication among clinicians, the percentage method requires agreement about the length of the uneffaced cervix. Variation in beliefs regarding cervical effacement and length was assessed among practicing obstetricians at a single medical center. The mean estimate for the length of the uneffaced cervix at term was 2.47 +/- 0.64 cm, with a range of 1-4 cm and a coefficient of variation of 26%. The mean estimate of physicians in private practice was significantly shorter (P less than .001) than that of faculty and house staff combined. There is the potential for miscommunication among physicians based on variation in beliefs about effacement. Adoption of the metric system for description of the cervix would eliminate hidden assumptions about cervical length and the concept of effacement.

Cervix Uteri↗
PubMed1987

Scientific medicine and Système International units.

The Système International, a modern version of the metric system, is being introduced into American medicine. The most compelling reason for this is that a worldwide standardization of weights and measures is taking place, and American medicine should take part in this process. A subsidiary advantage is that units of measurement used in clinical laboratories throughout the United States will be standardized as well. It is possible that expressing concentrations in moles per liter rather than as weight per volume will reveal clinically useful chemical relationships, but this remains unproved. Transition to Système International units will require use of different reference ranges, and there will be a potential for serious misinterpretation of laboratory data unless well-planned educational programs are instituted before the change.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗
PubMed2026

Direct and spillover hospitalisation patterns during climate hazards across regions of different health-system resilience levels in China: a nationwide retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Health-system resilience serves as a key contributor in mitigating adverse health impacts during climate hazards. However, quantitative insights into resilience-associated health-care utilisation patterns and targeted adaptation policies remain scarce. We aimed to capture the spatiotemporal health impacts in disaster-exposed counties and their neighbouring counties in China during storms, floods, tropical cyclones, and blizzards or winter storms; understand the association between health-system resilience metrics and hazard-attributable hospitalisations; and develop evidence-based adaptation policies towards climate extremes. METHODS: In this retrospective, observational analysis of county-level aggregated hospitalisation data, we used a propensity score matching-difference-in-differences framework to assess the spatiotemporal changes of nine types of disease-specific hospitalisations in both disaster-exposed and neighbouring regions during storms, floods, tropical cyclones, and blizzards in China. We quantified the relative importance and health gains of health-system metrics during such hazards through random forest approach with interpretable partial dependence plots to derive evidence-based adaptation recommendations. FINDINGS: We included hospitalisation data from Jan 1, 2016 to Dec 31, 2023. In this period, 3241 county-hazard event combinations and 41&#x2009;747&#x2009;482 hospitalisations were recorded across 955 Chinese counties. The disaster-exposed regions experienced an initial decline in hospitalisation rates, followed by admission surges after disasters. For example, infectious disease admissions decreased by 11&#xb7;92% (95% CI -10&#xb7;53 to -13&#xb7;31) during the flood-active period but increased by 7&#xb7;68% (6&#xb7;46-8&#xb7;91) after 1-2 weeks of floods. Neighbouring zones were also affected through spillover effects, with infectious disease admissions increasing by 3&#xb7;18% (1&#xb7;76-4&#xb7;61) after 1-2 weeks of the floods. Cardiovascular disease, injuries, infectious, respiratory, and mental disorders were more sensitive across all regions. Particularly for disaster-exposed counties, cardiovascular hospitalisations increased by 14&#xb7;31% (7&#xb7;34-21&#xb7;29) during the tropical cyclone-active period. Notably, compared with low-resilience counties, high-resilience counties were associated with 19&#xb7;48-30&#xb7;03% smaller hazard-related relative changes in hospitalisation rates during the hazard-active period and 27&#xb7;07-31&#xb7;08% smaller hazard-related relative changes in hospitalisation rates in post-hazard periods. For instance, during the storm-active period, the increase in respiratory hospitalisations was 7&#xb7;21% (0&#xb7;67-13&#xb7;75) in high-resilience counties versus 12&#xb7;13% (5&#xb7;20-19&#xb7;05) in low-resilience counties. Health workforce (relative importance 14&#xb7;58% during the hazard-active period and 13&#xb7;80% during the post-hazard period) and service delivery (14&#xb7;10% during the hazard-active period and 14&#xb7;17% during the post-hazard period) were identified as key contributors of health-system resilience. Empirical synergistic effects were observed when combining interventions during the post-hazard period, with the combined effect of service delivery (individual contribution 8%) and workforce (individual contribution 4%) exceeding the sum of their individual contributions (16% reduction in cumulative excess admissions) by 33%. INTERPRETATION: Climate hazards are associated with substantial changes in hospitalisation rates in both disaster-exposed and neighbouring regions. Health-system resilience is essential in addressing disaster-health challenges. Targeted adaptation interventions should be context-appropriate and threshold-aware, thereby maximising the public health benefits relative to resilience-oriented investments in health systems. FUNDING: Gates Foundation and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of soft copy distribution of diagnostic studies before soft copy interpretation.

To meet the imaging needs of an expanding clinical campus and clinical volume, a web-based image distribution system (Stentor, San Francisco, CA) was implemented before the implementation of soft copy interpretation. This study sought to assess system utilization as a metric of system's capability to meet demand for enterprise image review. Study period included all examinations stored on the system and subsequently viewed from June 1, 2001 to August 8, 2001. Server log files were analyzed for study storage and subsequent study retrieval. A total of 24,887 studies were stored on the server and available for immediate retrieval, and, of these, 12,458 studies (50%) subsequently were reviewed. Modality-specific study review included 65% for computed radiography, 46% for digital radiography, 56% magnetic resonance, 54% for computed tomography, and 18% for ultrasound scan. Enterprise image distribution before the implementation of picture archiving communication system is a viable operational decision and can be implemented successfully before implementation of soft copy interpretation. System utilization indicates a great value in the electronic availability of image studies.

Radiology Information Systems↗
PubMed1983

A new system for ATP-metric immunoanalysis.

Treatment of amino-group-containing antigens with adenosine-5'-trimetaphosphate results in their chemical modification by -pppA residues. An immunoanalytical system is proposed based upon competition of these ATP-labelled antigens with those of the sample for immobilized antibodies. Mild acidic treatment of complexes of ATP-labelled antigens with immobilized antibodies results in quantitative liberation of intact ATP. The latter may be determined by the ultrosenstive bioluminescent techniques based upon emission of light with firefly luciferase. The validity of the system has been studied with two clinically important antigens, thyroxine and myoglobin.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗