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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Are explicit memory disorders of progressive supranuclear palsy related to damage to striatofrontal circuits? Comparison with Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases.

To test the hypothesis that memory disorders of subcortico-frontal dementia result mainly from inefficiency of retrieval processes of stored information, we compared verbal learning in 15 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy, prototypical of "subcortical dementia," in free (California Verbal Learning Test) and controlled (Grober and Buschke's Test) encoding situations, with that of 19 controls, matched for age and level of education. The progressive supranuclear palsy patients showed memory deficits characterized by impaired immediate memory span, disturbed learning and consistency of recall, and abnormal number of false alarms at recognition, which were dramatically alleviated by controlled encoding associated with cued recall, using the same semantic cues. This memory profile was markedly different from that of patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (n = 15), characterized by more rapid forgetting and less improvement in the controlled situation. Instead, it was similar to the memory pattern of patients with Parkinson's (n = 15) and Huntington's (n = 15) diseases. These results show a similar profile of memory disturbance in disorders involving damage to the striatofrontal system and suggest that the cortical and hippocampal lesions of PSP patients are insufficiently severe to interfere with the specific memory profile characteristic of the disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

[Memory disorders in epileptic patients].

The author studied the mnemonic activity from epileptic patients with complex partial seizures (CPS), with the aims: 1) to identify memory disorders; and 2) to compare the patients' with the controls' results. Fifty adult patients and 20 subjects without neuropsychiatric disorders were studied. The methods consisted in: 1) investigation of the mnemonic activity through the Wechsler Memory Test (subtests: Storage and Recall, Recent Memory, and Immediate Memory); 2) comparison among the results of both groups; association from mnemonic activity with brain SPECT. In the three subtests, the patients showed cognitive performance significantly lower than the controls (p < 0.05). It was found association from reduced blood flow, mainly in left temporal region, with memory impairment of the three subtetsts. The conclusion was that the CPS are associated to memory impairment.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Memory disorders: from lesional deficit to functional disorders].

The purpose of this presentation of pathological data is to demonstrate how our ideas have developed from a chronological point of view to our present interest in elementary cognitive processes. The present relative rarity of significant data in brain imagery, compared with what is observed in other fields of neuro-psychology, is probably due to the complexity of this cognitive processes.

Amnesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Memory disorders in the epidemic neuropathy].

INTRODUCTION: The epidemic neuropathy that occurred in Cuba between 1992-1993 had three clinical forms: optic, peripheral and mixed. Epidemic neuropathy patients often complained of disorders in the recent memory. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 120 patients: 68 with peripheral form, 26 with the optic form and 26 of the mixed form and 70 healthy subjects as control group. The short term memory was evaluated with the paradigm of Brown and Petersen, task of free recall for verbal nonsense material, during several intervals of retention (0, 15, 30, 45 seconds). Also, we applied tests for general capacity, depression and a subjective questionnaire about neuropathic symptoms intensity. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed in the severity of the forgetfulness and depression level between the peripheral form patients and the others groups. The correlation between severity of visual symptoms and the forgetfulness were not significant (S = -0.05; t (176) = -0.7; NS), whereas there was a significant correlation between severity of neuropathic peripheral symptoms and the forgetfulness (S = 0.2; t (184) = 2.7; p < 0.008). This effect on the mediate memory was not observed in the group of visual neuropathy and only occurred, of attenuated form, in the mixed group. CONCLUSION: An explanation for this dissociation is suggested based on the physiopathogenic mechanisms invoked in the illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Effects of compound yi-zhi on learning and memory disorder and beta-amyloid protein induced neurotoxicity].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Compound Yi-Zhi (CYZ) on learning and memory disorder and beta-amyloid protein induced neurotoxicity. METHODS: Various doses of CYZ were administered to SD rats for 8 days, twice a day. Then scopolamine hydrobrominde intraperitoneal injection was performed on each rat, and the MORRIS water maze test and step-though test were carried out respectively to explore the changes of the rats' learning and memory capacities. Primary rat cortex neurons were cultured in vitro for 7 days, and then serum containing CYZ was added to neurons before or after the addition of beta Amyloid peptide25-35 (A beta 25-35) to observe CYZ's protectiveness on neurotoxicity. MTT assay and test of level of LDH in the culture media were performed to achieve this aim. RESULTS: Compared with control group, in MORRIS water maze test time of finding the platform under the water surface decreased, and in step-though test the latent period rose and the error number got smaller. Moreover, in cultured primary neurons, the dramatic drop of LDH level in culture media and the high OD scores in MTT test indicated that CYZ could effectively resist the neurotoxicity induced by A beta 25-35. CONCLUSION: CYZ presented promising effects on learning and memory dysfunction and A beta-induced neurotoxicity in vitro.

Amyloid beta-Peptides↗
PubMed2006

Factors related to medication adherence in memory disorder clinic patients.

Medication adherence is a substantial problem in the elderly. It may be even more important among elderly persons with memory problems, since other factors that lead to non-adherence may be compounded with the memory problems themselves. The objective was to determine whether a model that integrates research on medication adherence from several research domains is useful in understanding adherence in elderly patients. The methodology involved a cross-sectional observational study using a convenience sample of 63 patients drawn from a university-affiliated outpatient memory disorders clinic. The primary measure of medication adherence was caregivers' reports of patients' medication adherence. Patients and their caregivers were asked questions assessing their beliefs about the seriousness of each condition for which a medication was prescribed and the likely outcome of that condition without treatment. Additional data collected included presence of side effects, total number of medications taken, and patients' mood and cognitive status. Multilevel path analysis confirmed several model-based predictions. Caregivers' reports of adherence were predicted by estimates of disease outcome, the presence of side effects, and patients' relying on themselves to remember to take medications. Results partially confirm the integrative model in understanding medication adherence in these patients. Patients' beliefs about the likely effect of medication treatment for their condition and the presence of side effects influence reported medication adherence. Results thus suggest that efforts to educate patients about the likely response of their medical condition to treatment and to assess and deal with medication side effects might improve patient adherence.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Remediation of memory disorders: experimental evaluation of the spaced-retrieval technique.

Research concerning remediation of memory disorders has frequently been concerned with mnemonic techniques that demand a great deal of elaborative and effortful processing. The present study examines a relatively simple technique, known as spaced retrieval, in which patients are taught to retrieve information at increasingly long temporal intervals after initial presentation. Results indicated that the spaced-retrieval technique aided patients' learning of new information. There was also evidence of learning to learn: Two of the four patients who were studied learned to use the technique in the absence of explicit cues from the experimenter. Issues pertaining to the possible usefulness of spaced retrieval in everyday life are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Low diagnostic yield in a memory disorders clinic.

A review of the first 144 patients to attend a Memory Disorders Clinic found not one case of treatable dementia. The use of a routine comprehensive battery of investigations was not supported: however, computerized tomographic brain scans and electroencephalograms were moderately useful in diagnosing dementia. Clinical features and historical data did not discriminate early- from late-onset Alzheimer's disease or Alzheimer's disease from multi-infarct dementia.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1996

Topographic amnesia: spatial memory disorder, perceptual dysfunction, or category specific semantic memory impairment?

A 60 year old patient, SE, who presented with a severe difficulty in finding his way around previously familiar environments and a mild prosopagnosia is described. SE had herpes simplex encephalitis resulting in selective right temporal lobe damage. He showed normal spatial learning, but was severely imparied in his ability to recognise pictures of buildings and landmarks. The disorder was not confined to the visual modality, but rather involved a loss of knowledge about famous buildings and landmarks when tested from their spoken name. SE was contrasted with a more severely prosopagnosic patient, PHD, who showed normal ability to recognise buildings and landmarks, indicating that recognition of people dissociates from recognition of buildings/landmarks. It is concluded that SE's failure of place knowledge represents a category specific supramodal semantic memory impairment.

Agnosia↗
PubMed1994

Memory disorders: novel treatments, clinical perspective.

The aging of the society is accompanied by a strong pressure to develop drugs to treat age-related memory disorders. This paper examines the discrepancy between the results of preclinical tests, which have identified a large number of putative cognition enhancers, and the limited clinical efficacy of most of them. The predictivity of the preclinical tests is discussed, and the criteria for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of the cognition enhancers are examined. An analysis is made of the novel treatments presently available or under investigation. In light of the results of the trials with tacrine a warning is given not to expect striking clinical improvements by only attempting to restore signal transmission, disrupted by aging and dementia, without modifying the underlying morphological alterations.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2006

Anatomical functional and cognitive determinants of semantic memory disorders.

Contemporary debates on the 'semantic memory' construct revolve around three main topics: (1) the functional and anatomical relationships between episodic and semantic memory; (2) the format of semantic representations and their relationships with the underlying sensory-motor processes; (3) the categorical organization of semantic memory. The aim of the present review is to demonstrate that there is a common thread linking these different aspects of semantic memory. This thread is represented by the interdependence of mechanisms involved in the construction of semantic memory and the content of semantic representations. In particular, I suggest there is a continuity between: (a) the mechanisms of acquisition of episodic and semantic memory; (b) semantic representations and sensory-motor processes preliminary to the acquisition of these representations. This continuity has important implications for the format of semantic representations and the brain structures subserving the organisation of various categories of knowledge.

Brain↗
PubMed2003

[Memory systems and memory disorders].

Recent cognitive models suggest that memory has a complex structure, composed of several independent systems (working memory, and four long-term memory systems: episodic memory, semantic memory, perceptual representation system, and procedural memory). Furthermore, neuropsychological studies show that a brain lesion can selectively impair some systems or some particular process in a system, while others are spared. In this theoretical context, the objective of assessment is to detect the impaired memory systems and processes as well as those, which remain intact. To do this, the clinician has to use various-tests specifically designed to assess the integrity of each memory system and process.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

[Effects of ear point needle embedding therapy on memory disorder and expression of beta-amyloid protein in the rat of vascular dementia].

OBJECTIVE: To study the mechanism of auricular acupuncture for improvement of learning and memory disorders in the rat of vascular dementia (VD). METHODS: The vascular dementia rat model was made by 4-vessel occlusion method. Four groups, a sham operation group, a normal control group, a model group and an auricular acupuncture group were set up. After acupuncture was given at auricular points, Brain and Kidney. Immunohistochemical analysis, behavioural observation and computer image analysis were made. RESULTS: Auricular acupuncture could decrease significantly the beta-amyloid protein (A beta) immunoreactivive neurons and increase its average optical density in the parietal cortex of the VD rats (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Auricular acupuncture can reduce or inhibit the over-production of Abeta in the brain, so as to improve the learning and memory capacity of the VD model rat.

Acupuncture Points↗
PubMed1997

The Clock Drawing Test for dementia of the Alzheimer's type: A comparison of three scoring methods in a memory disorders clinic.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the reliability and validity of the Clock Drawing Test when used as a cognitive screening instrument for mild to moderate dementia, and to compare different scoring mechanisms. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of clock drawing performance using three published scoring methods (Shulman, Sunderland and Wolf-Klein). SETTING: Hospital-based memory disorders clinic. PARTICIPANTS: A sample of 28 consecutive patients attending the memory clinic for assessment who were given a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (mild or moderate) and 28 age- and sex-matched control subjects comprising 17 memory clinic attenders found to be normal and 11 community volunteers. MEASUREMENTS: Sensitivity and specificity of the three clock rating scales against memory clinic diagnoses of dementia using DSM-III-R; their respective interrater reliabilities; and comparisons of each with measures of cognitive impairment (the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Blessed Orientation-Information-Memory-Concentration Test), daily performance of basic and instrumental activities (the Blessed Dementia Scale) and depression (the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression). RESULTS: All methods of scoring the Clock Drawing Test correlated well with measures of cognitive impairment (r = 0.57-0.73) and daily performance (r = 0.38-0.48), were independent of mild depression and demonstrated high sensitivity, specificity and interrater reliability. While all clock scales identified mild to moderate dementia reasonably well, the Shulman method performed best. In screening for dementia, clock drawing proved superior to the MMSE: 24/28 vs 20/28 cases identified. When compared with the MMSE, clock drawing provided additional diagnostic discrimination, identifying 7/8 AD patients with MMSE scores = 24. CONCLUSIONS: In a clinic population, clock drawing, especially if scored according to the Shulman scale and combined with the MMSE, is an extremely efficient test screening measure for mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type with low false negative and false positive rates. This may have implications for screening elderly populations.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Vascular cognitive disorders: memory, mental speed and cognitive flexibility after stroke.

This study investigated the occurrence of cognitive disorders 1 and 6 months after stroke in a cohort of patients with a first-ever stroke. In addition, it was investigated whether age, sex and level of education are risk factors for vascular cognitive disorders. Memory, simple speed, cognitive flexibility and overall cognitive functioning were examined in 139 patients at 1 and 6 months post-stroke. Inclusion criteria on admission were first cerebral stroke, age>/=40, no other neurological or psychiatric disorders and ability to communicate. Mean age was 69.3 years (S.D.=12.3). Patients were compared with a healthy control group matched for age, sex and level of education. A large group of patients who, at 1 month after stroke, scored below the cutoff on cognitive domains, scored above the cutoff on most of these cognitive domains at 6 months. For overall cognitive functioning, 16 out of 39, for memory, 13 out of 26 and for cognitive flexibility, 15 out of 49 patients, who at 1 month scored below the cutoff, scored above the cutoff at 6 months. Simple speed did not change; 12 patients scored above the cutoff and 7 patients scored below the cutoff at 6 months after stroke. Speaking in terms of improvement or deterioration, most people remained stable on the four cognitive domains (ranging from 37.6% to 83.5%), and a substantial group improved (ranging from 12.9% to 52.1%). Older and female patients had more cognitive disturbances. Overall, the conclusion is that the prognosis of cognitive functioning after stroke is general favourable, especially in younger patients.

Aged↗