Photographic illustration for medical writing. I. Introduction.
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This article proposes a model for linguistic analysis of scientific thought-styles, combining quantitative and qualitative analyses in the variationist frame and focusing on writings of the scholastic period. The first part of the article considers factors that led to the vernacularisation of scientific writings in fifteenth-century England and the sources, underlying traditions and audiences of these writings. The empirical part focuses on two features typical of scholasticism: references to authorities and the use of prescriptive phrases. The results show statistical differences between varieties of writing. A close semantic analysis reveals a pattern which is related to the underlying layers of tradition and to the sociohistorical background of the texts. The material comes from a computer-readable Corpus of Early English Medical Writing 1375-1750, which the authors are compiling at the University of Helsinki.
This study investigated the texts attributed to Manase Gensaku (1549-1631, the second Mamase Dosan), successor to the first Manase Dosan (1507-1594). The investigation yielded the following results:(1) "Saiminki," "Sankyoshiyo Bassui" and "Iden Fukyuroku," said to have been authored by Manase Gensaku, constitute the first Manase Dosan's works. Manase Gensaku is thought to have revised "Saiminki," recompiled "Sankyoshiyo Bassui," and published "Iden Fukyuroku."(2) Manase Gensaku's medical writings, "Denshin Hoho," "Keitokuho" and "Jozanho," have the same contents.(3) Late in his life, Manase Gensaku wrote the pharmaceutical volumes, "Kyushin Zappo," "Iho Joboku" and "Iho Kenko." These books described pharmaceuticals that were described by Manase Dosan, as well as pharmaceuticals that were being developed at that time.(4) "Iho Meikan," the most important work of Manase Gensaku, contains descriptions of almost all of the pharmaceuticals described by the first Manase Dosan.(5) The principal aim of Manase Gensaku was the production of straightforward, compact and convenient medical texts that could be used by clinicians. This was because most of Manase Dosan's medical texts were too extensive to be useful for practicing clinicians of the time.(6) In addition to working on aspects of internal medicine investigated by Manase Dosan, Manase Gensaku made radical improvements in disciplines such as materia medica, regimens, acupuncture and moxibustion.
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The author presents practical guidelines for writing a variety of medical articles. Newer forms of exposition, for example, poster presentations, are also explored. Guidelines and checklists for common grammatical problems are included.
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