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PubMedDate not supplied

Mediators and moderators of magazine advertisement effects on adolescent cigarette smoking.

The purpose of the present study is to examine the relation between magazine advertising for cigarettes and adolescent cigarette smoking. Participants (242 adolescents) reported their frequency of reading 46 magazines and their attention to cigarette ads. Recognition of cigarette ads, passive peer pressure (i.e., normative beliefs), and the smoker image also were assessed. Results indicate that exposure to cigarette advertising and recognition of ads augment the effect of passive peer pressure on smoking. In addition, a positive smoker image was associated with attention to advertising and mediated the relation between attention and smoking. It is suggested that the effect of magazine ads on adolescents should be considered in policymaking on cigarette advertising.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The portrayal of HIV/AIDS in two popular African American magazines.

Mainstream magazines and other media have been found to both reflect and influence existing values and beliefs regarding health and medicine. Little is known about how media directed toward specific cultural or other market groups may differ. The present study examined how HIV and AIDS are portrayed within a specific ethnocultural medium, the two highest circulating magazines directed toward African American and African Canadian readers. The portrayal of HIV/AIDS from January 1997 to October 2001 in Ebony and Essence magazines was examined through manifest and latent content analysis. African American people were described paradoxically both as powerless victims in the face of the disease and as members of a strong and identifiable community of "sisters" and "brothers" available to respond to prevent and cope with the disease. Polarization between Blacks and Whites was accomplished by frequent emphasis on the higher rates of HIV/AIDS amongst Black Americans. Both the church and spirituality were highlighted as means of prevention education and coping.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2004

Gender bias against male obstetrician-gynecologists in women's magazines.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether gender bias against male obstetricians and other male physicians is found in popular women's magazines. METHODS: Issues of Cosmopolitan, Fitness, Glamour, Good Housekeeping, Ladies Home Journal, and Redbook were searched for medically related articles from July 2001 to December 2002. The articles were analyzed for the number and gender of physicians quoted, the number of gender-specific pronouns and negative gender-specific pronouns, and the number of pictured physicians by gender. RESULTS: Female obstetrician-gynecologists were interviewed as health care resources 47-80% of the time, which is higher than expected when compared with the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists membership numbers (P < .01). A similar phenomenon was found when discussing physicians in general (P < .001). Female physicians were more than 20 times more likely to have an identifying photograph. Pronouns used to identify negative physician traits accounted for 17% of the total pronouns when identifying female obstetrician-gynecologists and other specialties but accounted for 92% of the total pronouns when identifying male obstetrician-gynecologists and 77% of the pronouns when identifying other male physicians (P < .001). In 5 magazines, physicians had their quoted gender pronouns changed from gender neutral to reflect female-specific pronouns. CONCLUSION: In women's interest magazines, there is a gender bias against male obstetrician-gynecologists as well as male physicians in general. This may serve to undermine the physician-patient relationship and be detrimental to women's health care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Gynecology↗
PubMed2001

Productive readings: the portrayal of health "experts" in women's magazines.

This article illustrates how health practitioners are portrayed through advice columns, articles, personal accounts, and advertisements in women's magazines. Magazines provide a valuable source of information about health services and also influence lay knowledge about health and illness. A wide variety of health practitioners provide information and advice in women's magazines, ranging from orthodox medical practitioners to alternative practitioners. However, there is a blurring of boundaries between these, with orthodox practitioners sometimes including alternative therapies in their practice and alternative therapists sometimes encompassing a number of orthodox therapies within their practice. The way health practitioners are represented in the media has implications for how their expertise in health issues is evaluated and used by consumers of health care services.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2007

Incomplete syllogisms as techniques of medicalization: The case of direct-to-consumer advertising in popular magazines, 1997 to 2003.

The researchers collected a data set of consumer-directed print advertisements for antidepressant medications from three female-directed magazines, three male-directed magazines, and four common readership magazines published between 1997 and 2003. They evaluated these data for advertising techniques that enable drug advertisements to function as agents of medicalization. The investigators discuss the use of incomplete syllogisms in drug advertisements and identify strategies that might lead readers to frame personal physical and/or emotional conditions medically. Key features in advertisements function as the particular and general premises of a syllogism, and the concluding premise--that the reader has a mood disorder--is unarticulated but implied. The researchers examine the implications of incomplete syllogisms in advertisements and suggest that their use might lead readers to redefine their physical and/or emotional problems to fit medical models of mental distress.

Advertising↗
PubMed2006

'Hardcore drinking': portrayals of alcohol consumption in young women's and men's magazines.

Young adults and young women in particular are drinking more alcohol than ever before, with implications for risky behaviours and long-term health. This study explored the ways in which alcohol and drinking were represented in six monthly UK magazines (three targeted at young men, three at young women) across a three-month period (18 magazines). We identified three main discourses across the texts, namely the drug alcohol; masculinity and machismo; and drinking as normality. These discourses constructed women's and men's drinks and drinking behaviours in sharp contrast. Drinking was aligned with traditional masculine images, although new kinds of drinks were aligned with traditional feminine images--and derided in men's magazines. Findings highlight how gender, constructed in relation to the other, is an important aspect of representations of drinking patterns in young adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Framing women's health with a sense-making approach: magazine coverage of breast cancer and implants.

This study examined how women's magazines framed breast cancer and silicone implants to determine whether they used a sense-making framework. Sense-making calls for existing gaps to be closed between what one group views as real and what another group experiences (Parrott, 1996). Analysis included 86 articles on cancer and implants published in four women's magazines from 1990 to 1997. Overall findings suggest that women's magazines used a sense-making approach to cancer coverage, framing the disease in terms of coping with its effects, personal experiences, and risk factors. Themes in implant articles pertained to economic concerns of the medical industry and media.

Bias↗
PubMed2002

Crooked men and straightened women: images of homosexuality across race in two women's magazines, 1986-1995.

Images of traditional sexuality, across race, prevail in mass media, especially in women's magazines. While omitting less traditional sexual practices for the most part, New Woman and Essence magazines construct the image of a bisexual male who threatens the heterosexual woman and the legitimate heterosexual couple. These women's magazines also redefine homosexual activity, suggesting women who experience homosexual inclinations are really engaging in normal heterosexual behavior.

Attitude↗
PubMed2006

Sexy media matter: exposure to sexual content in music, movies, television, and magazines predicts black and white adolescents' sexual behavior.

OBJECTIVE: To assess over time whether exposure to sexual content in 4 mass media (television, movies, music, and magazines) used by early adolescents predicts sexual behavior in middle adolescence. METHODS: An in-home longitudinal survey of 1017 black and white adolescents from 14 middle schools in central North Carolina was conducted. Each teen was interviewed at baseline when he or she was 12 to 14 years old and again 2 years later using a computer-assisted self interview (audio computer-assisted self-interview) to ensure confidentiality. A new measure of each teen's sexual media diet (SMD) was constructed by weighting the frequency of use of 4 media by the frequency of sexual content in each television show, movie, music album, and magazine the teen used regularly. RESULTS: White adolescents in the top quintile of sexual media diet when 12 to 14 years old were 2.2 times more likely to have had sexual intercourse when 14 to 16 years old than those who were in the lowest SMD quintile, even after a number of other relevant factors, including baseline sexual behavior, were introduced. The relationship was not statistically significant for black adolescents after controlling for other factors that were more predictive, including parental disapproval of teen sex and perceived permissive peer sexual norms. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to sexual content in music, movies, television, and magazines accelerates white adolescents' sexual activity and increases their risk of engaging in early sexual intercourse. Black teens appear more influenced by perceptions of their parents' expectations and their friends' sexual behavior than by what they see and hear in the media.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Body satisfaction in college women after brief exposure to magazine images.

Female undergraduates were divided into groups based on their rated body dissatisfaction (n = 45 operationally defined as Satisfied, n = 45 as Dissatisfied). These groups were then randomly assigned to one of three magazine categories: fashion, fitness-and-health, and news. Measures of Body Satisfaction, Depression, Anxiety, Self-esteem, Fear of Fat. Eating Attitudes, and Control of Weight were taken. Significant group main effects were found on Depression, Trait Anxiety, Eating Attitudes, Fear of Fat, and Self-esteem. A significant main effect for media was found for scores on Body Satisfaction, with the fitness-and-health Dissatisfied group reporting decreased body satisfaction following magazine exposure. No interactions were found. It appears women who are dissatisfied with their bodies may be at risk for a further decrease in body satisfaction after even a 15-min. exposure to fitness and health magazines but further follow-up measures were not made.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Information on drugs and environmental influences in pregnancy in popular magazines: a critical review.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of information in popular magazines in Australia about drugs and environmental influences in pregnancy. METHODS: All issues of the 14 highest-circulation popular magazines likely to contain relevant articles were prospectively surveyed between November 1991 and October 1992. The accuracy of information about drugs and environmental influences in pregnancy was assessed after reference to evidence-based scientific publications such as the Cochrane Database of Perinatal Trials. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety-nine statements in 162 articles were rated as accurate (77.6%), misleading (16.7%), giving a false sense of security (3%) or anxiety-provoking or inaccurate (2.7%). CONCLUSION: An accuracy rate of 77.6% may appear acceptable. However, the media, and popular magazines in particular, are an important source of health and lifestyle information. Misinformation may induce anxiety and lead to unnecessary or inappropriate changes to medication, diet and lifestyle. Any inaccuracy should be considered unacceptable.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2002

[Medical communication about the management of depression, anxiety and sleeplessness in the Dutch women's magazine 'Margriet' between 1950 and 1960].

The reporting of health and medicine in the media played an important role in the way people perceived, defined and coped with everyday health problems in the second half of the twentieth century. It was and still is predominantly a supply-market which is dominated by the medical approach; creating a medical aura of progress and the self-evidence of a cure. Although the medical approach figured also prominently in women's magazines, the reporting of illness and health is far more a product of supply and demand with a lively interaction between readers and the editorial office by the means of topic-related letter columns. As such women's magazines not only offer a gender-specific but also a more balanced source for acquiring a better understanding of how public definitions and perceptions of illness and health changed over time. In this article we will focus on the communication about the management of health problems related to depression, anxiety and sleeplessness in the prototypical Dutch women's magazine 'Margriet' between 1950 and 1960. Our guiding research question has been: how do notions about depression, anxiety and and about responsive health behaviour, of which psychotropic drug use is a part, change over time in the reporting of health problems in Margriet? This question is of particular interest to learn more about the historical dynamics of the culture- and gender-specific public interplay between patients and doctors in terms of conceptualising the aforementioned health problems and defining medical coping strategies. Among other things we show that although there was hardly any mention of any 'functional division of labour' between mind and body in 1950, the mind-body dichotomy started to play an important role in the way health problems were perceived in 1960.

Anxiety↗
PubMed2005

Swabbing of waiting room magazines reveals only low levels of bacterial contamination.

Previous studies have shown that toys in waiting rooms of general practice surgeries can be contaminated with potentially pathogenic bacteria. The question was raised as to whether magazines might also be sources of contamination. Swabbing of the front page of 15 magazines from 11 general practice surgeries, followed by analysis for total and specific bacteria, revealed low levels of contamination. Among targeted groups of pathogens only two colonies of Staphylococcus aureus were detected. Magazines do not seem to be potentially important vectors of bacterial transfer in the setting examined.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1989

The cigarette advertising broadcast ban and magazine coverage of smoking and health.

At the time of the cigarette broadcast advertising ban, which took effect in 1971, cigarette manufacturers rapidly shifted advertising expenditures from the broadcast media to the print media. In the last year of broadcast advertising and the first year of the ban, cigarette ad expenditures in a sample of major national magazines increased by 49 and then 131 percent in constant dollars. From an 11-year period preceding the ban to an 11-year period following it, these magazines decreased their coverage of smoking and health by 65 percent, an amount that is statistically significantly greater than decreases found in magazines that did not carry cigarette ads and in two major newspapers. This finding adds to evidence that media dependent on cigarette advertising have restricted their coverage of smoking and health. This may have significant implications for public health, as well as raising obvious concerns about the integrity of the profession of journalism.

Advertising↗
PubMed1995

What did popular women's magazines from 1929 to 1949 say about breast cancer?

Despite the increasing risk of breast cancer with age, older women are less likely to engage in breast cancer screening behaviors than are younger women. In order to examine articles written on the topic of breast cancer and cancer, a historical survey was conducted of women's magazines popular between 1929 and 1949. This survey was an attempt to identify the messages of that period and compare them with the beliefs and knowledge prevalent among women who are today 75 to 84 years of age. There were striking similarities found between the messages in the early magazines and in older women's beliefs today. This literature was also compared with the medical literature of the same time to identify the role of the nurse and common themes. This article outlines specific mass-media strategies that nurses can use to design appropriate messages for women of different ages as well as for policy makers and the public at large through popular media such as magazines.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1995

Health-related messages in consumer magazine advertising.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the patterns of health-related messages in consumer advertising from U.S. magazines. DESIGN: Observational survey of advertisements occupying a third of a page or more from the January 1994 issues of the 11 most popular consumer magazines. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Health messages were present in 22.8% (85/372) of all the advertisements reviewed. Of the advertisement categories (prescription medication, over-the-counter medication, exercise-related product, health service, health device, diet/health-related food, and other), over-the-counter medications were the most common among the advertisements that had health messages (32.9%, 28/85) (7.5% of the total advertisements, 28/372). The five advertisements for prescription medications were duplications of two different advertisements, one for a hair promotion product and one for hormone replacement therapy. Products related to diet and exercise together represented 29.4% (25/85) of all advertisements with health messages. Three advertisements (3.5%) were for health devices, and five (5.9%) were for health services. CONCLUSIONS: Health-related messages are frequent in consumer advertising. The effects of health marketing on consumer protection, health care costs, and the physician-patient relationship are discussed.

Advertising↗
PubMed2004

Changes in the African American female profile as depicted in fashion magazines during the 20th century.

This study evaluated changes in the profiles of African American women presented in fashion magazines during the 20th century. Twenty-six variables were measured on a total of 119 profile photographs collected from various fashion magazines published in the 1940s through the 1990s. The photographs were divided into 6 groups corresponding to the decade in which they were published. A 1-way analysis of variance was performed, and between-group differences were examined with a Tukey multiple comparison procedure. Significant between-group differences (P <.01) were found for anteroposterior lip position, nasolabial angle, and interlabial angle, with increased fullness and more anteriorly positioned lips in the more recent decades. No significant differences were found for the frontonasal angle, the nasal tip angle, and the relationship of the chin to the upper face (total facial angle). Esthetic standards for the African-American female profile changed during the 20th century and, similar to the standards for the white profile, show a trend toward fuller and more anteriorly positioned lips.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Reaching homosexual men for HIV surveillance through a gay magazine.

HIV surveillance in homosexual men is poor in most countries, as this risk group is difficult to sample. The aim of this study is to test the feasibility of reaching homosexual men for national HIV surveillance using gay community media. In 1989, a questionnaire on general gay issues, with a section on AIDS, was included in a widely sold gay magazine in the Netherlands. Among 17,700 sold copies, 1134 responses were obtained from males (6%). Of these, 669 men (59%) gave their address, of which in turn 84% responded to a questionnaire on risk behaviour in 1990. In 1991/1992, the 669 men were asked to participate in an HIV serosurvey, in which eventually 308 participated with a blood test (46%) and 147 without (total 68%). Participation in the serosurvey with blood test was associated with reporting multiple partners in 1989. Twenty participants were infected (6.5%). In logistic regression analysis, risk factors for infection were recent unprotected receptive anal intercourse with multiple partners (odds ratio (OR): 10.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): (2.18-52.2); one partner 1.17 (0.31-4.48); none 1) and living in Amsterdam (OR: 3.92; 95% CI: (0.99-15.5); urbanised western Netherlands 2.15 (0.57-8.03); elsewhere 1), while a high educational level was protective (OR: 0.29 (0.08-0.96); middle 0.41 (0.11-1.54); low 1). Among those who participated in 1991/1992, risk behaviour increased between 1989 and 1991/1992 (reporting multiple casual partners rose from 55% to 64%; reporting inconsistent condom use with receptive anal sex from 58% to 71%). Using a predictive model which included self-reported serostatus in 1989, the HIV prevalence rate in 1991/1992 among all male responders to the 1989 questionnaire was estimated to be 5.3% (95% CI: 3.1 7.7%). In conclusion, unless initial response is improved, recruitment through a gay magazine may not allow reliable estimates of HIV prevalence in homosexual men. However, it can be useful at the national level for monitoring changes in prevalence and risk behaviour over time, geographical differences and risk factors for infection.

Adolescent↗