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Machine learning approaches for prediction of linear B-cell epitopes on proteins.

Identification and characterization of antigenic determinants on proteins has received considerable attention utilizing both, experimental as well as computational methods. For computational routines mostly structural as well as physicochemical parameters have been utilized for predicting the antigenic propensity of protein sites. However, the performance of computational routines has been low when compared to experimental alternatives. Here we describe the construction of machine learning based classifiers to enhance the prediction quality for identifying linear B-cell epitopes on proteins. Our approach combines several parameters previously associated with antigenicity, and includes novel parameters based on frequencies of amino acids and amino acid neighborhood propensities. We utilized machine learning algorithms for deriving antigenicity classification functions assigning antigenic propensities to each amino acid of a given protein sequence. We compared the prediction quality of the novel classifiers with respect to established routines for epitope scoring, and tested prediction accuracy on experimental data available for HIV proteins. The major finding is that machine learning classifiers clearly outperform the reference classification systems on the HIV epitope validation set.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Physicochemical descriptors to discriminate protein-protein interactions in permanent and transient complexes selected by means of machine learning algorithms.

Analyzing protein-protein interactions at the atomic level is critical for our understanding of the principles governing the interactions involved in protein-protein recognition. For this purpose, descriptors explaining the nature of different protein-protein complexes are desirable. In this work, the authors introduced Epic Protein Interface Classification as a framework handling the preparation, processing, and analysis of protein-protein complexes for classification with machine learning algorithms. We applied four different machine learning algorithms: Support Vector Machines, C4.5 Decision Trees, K Nearest Neighbors, and Naïve Bayes algorithm in combination with three feature selection methods, Filter (Relief F), Wrapper, and Genetic Algorithms, to extract discriminating features from the protein-protein complexes. To compare protein-protein complexes to each other, the authors represented the physicochemical characteristics of their interfaces in four different ways, using two different atomic contact vectors, DrugScore pair potential vectors and SFCscore descriptor vectors. We classified two different datasets: (A) 172 protein-protein complexes comprising 96 monomers, forming contacts enforced by the crystallographic packing environment (crystal contacts), and 76 biologically functional homodimer complexes; (B) 345 protein-protein complexes containing 147 permanent complexes and 198 transient complexes. We were able to classify up to 94.8% of the packing enforced/functional and up to 93.6% of the permanent/transient complexes correctly. Furthermore, we were able to extract relevant features from the different protein-protein complexes and introduce an approach for scoring the importance of the extracted features.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2026

Metab8D: a metabolic regulome network from multiomics and machine learning.

To explore multiomic regulation of the metabolome, we used machine learning to predict metabolomic variation across ~1000 different cancer cell lines with matched omics data from eight biomolecular classes: genomic copy number variation, mutations, DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), transcriptomics and RNA splice variants, non-coding transcriptomics (miRNA and lncRNA), proteomics, and phosphoproteomics. Overall, the metabolome is tightly associated with the transcriptome, with coding and non-coding RNAs emerging as top predictors. Peripheral metabolites are predictable via levels of corresponding enzymes, while those in central metabolism require combinatorial predictors in signaling and redox pathways, and may not reflect corresponding pathway expression. We reconstruct multiomic interaction subnetworks for highly predictable metabolites, and YAP1 signaling emerged as a top global predictor across four omic layers. We prioritize predictive multiomic features for single-cell and spatial metabolomics assays. Top predictors were enriched for synthetic-lethal interactions and synergistic combination therapies that target compensatory metabolic modulators.

Machine Learning↗
PubMed2026

usiGrabber: automating the curation of proteomics spectra data at scale, making large datasets ready for use in machine learning systems.

MOTIVATION: An unprecedented amount of mass spectrometry-based proteomics data is publicly available through repositories such as the PRoteomics IDEntifications Database (PRIDE), and the field is increasingly leveraging machine-learning approaches. However, the available data is not ready to be reused in a scalable way beyond the original acquisition purpose. Existing machine learning models commonly rely on a few manually curated datasets that require deep domain expertise and tedious technical work to construct. Importantly, these datasets have not been updated in recent years, so that newly published data remains inaccessible. We present usiGrabber, a scalable framework for assembling large proteomic datasets. usiGrabber is designed around portability and extensibility. It extracts spectra identification data from mzIdentML files, stores additional project-level metadata retrieved through the PRIDE API, indexes raw spectra using Universal Spectrum Identifiers (USIs), and offers download utilities to retrieve spectra data at scale. RESULTS: Within 49 h, we parsed over 800 million peptide spectrum matches and corresponding USIs from over 1200 projects. As a proof of concept, we used usiGrabber to construct a phosphorylation-specific training dataset of nearly 11 million spectra in under 2 days and used it to retrain a binary phosphorylation classifier based on the AHLF model architecture. With a balanced accuracy of 0.78, our model achieves comparable performance to the original model on an independent test set, showing that automated data extraction is an alternative to manual curation of static datasets. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: All code is available at https://github.com/usiGrabber/usiGrabber; the data are available at https://zenodo.org/records/18853258.

Machine Learning↗
PubMed2026

Agentomics: an agentic system that autonomously develops novel state-of-the-art solutions for biomedical machine learning tasks.

MOTIVATION: Extracting knowledge from biomedical data is crucial for advancing our understanding of biological systems and developing novel therapeutics. The quantity, quality, and resolution of biomedical data constantly evolves, requiring the automation of biomedical machine learning (ML). Existing Automated ML tools lack flexibility, while large language models (LLMs) struggle to consistently deliver reproducible machine learning codebases, and existing LLM Agent-powered solutions lag behind human-engineered ML models. RESULTS: Here, we introduce Agentomics, an autonomous LLM-powered agentic system for end-to-end ML experimentation. Given a biomedical dataset, Agentomics implements various ML modeling strategies, and produces a ready-to-use ML model. Agentomics introduces strict validation checkpoints for standard ML development steps, allowing gradual development on top of working code with defined interfaces and validated artifacts. Further, it offers native support for biomedical foundation models that can be leveraged during experimentation. The generic nature of Agentomics allows the user to create ML solutions for a large variety of datasets and use various LLMs. We evaluate Agentomics across 20 datasets from the domains of Protein Engineering, Drug Discovery, and Regulatory Genomics. When benchmarked against other agentic systems, Agentomics outperformed them in all tested domains. When benchmarked against human expert solutions, Agentomics generated novel state-of-the-art models for 11/20 established benchmark datasets. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Agentomics is implemented in Python. Source code and documentation are freely available at: https://github.com/BioGeMT/Agentomics-ML.

Machine Learning↗
PubMed2026

Machine learning prognostic model and drug survival analysis for lung adenocarcinoma in the context of radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) receiving radiotherapy represent an important but underexplored clinical subgroup. These patients often undergo concomitant pharmacologic treatments, yet the prognostic impact and underlying determinants of such combined regimens remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: This retrospective observational study aimed to develop and validate a radiotherapy-specific machine learning prognostic model for LUAD and to compare survival across concomitant pharmacologic regimens. METHODS: In this retrospective observational study, using genomic and clinical data from TCGA, a radiotherapy-specific prognostic model for LUAD was developed and validated through ten machine learning algorithms. Survival analyses were conducted across distinct concomitant pharmacologic strategies, followed by functional enrichment to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying differential outcomes. RESULTS: Demonstrating robust prognostic abilities, the model efficiently sorted patients into high- and low-risk categories. Both treatment type and risk score independently predicted overall survival, with significant interaction effects. Low-risk patients receiving targeted or combination therapy-mainly erlotinib, gefitinib, or bevacizumab-exhibited substantially improved survival compared with those receiving conventional chemotherapy. Enrichment of "Exogenous peptide presentation," "MHC class II assembly," "Peptide-MHC II assembly," and "Symbiotic interaction" pathways indicated immune modulation and host-tumor crosstalk as key mediators of treatment efficacy. CONCLUSION: This study establishes a radiotherapy-specific prognostic model for lung adenocarcinoma, demonstrating distinct molecular and therapeutic heterogeneity and highlighting the superior survival benefit of targeted combination therapy in low-risk patients.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Improving insurance deduction identification: a hybrid artificial intelligence model using machine learning and expert systems.

PURPOSE: Financial challenges in healthcare systems worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries like Iran, have increased hospitals' reliance on insurance reimbursements. Unrecognized insurance deductions often cause severe financial shortages, making efficient deduction management crucial. This study aimed to design a hybrid intelligent system for identifying and predicting insurance deductions by combining machine learning and expert system frameworks. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A mixed-methods design was applied in four stages. First, a scoping review identified the causes and patterns of insurance deductions. Second, interviews with 15 insurance experts produced a validated checklist and a dataset from inpatient billing records. Third, using the CRISP-DM methodology, machine learning algorithms were developed and tested in SPSS Modeler alongside a fuzzy expert system developed in MATLAB. Finally, the model was validated using the holdout method. FINDINGS: Four categories of deduction drivers were identified: service provision, registration errors, document submission issues, and revenue conversion processes. The CHAID decision tree outperformed other algorithms with a 99% precision rate and the lowest Mean Absolute Error (9.43). A brief assessment of potential overfitting was conducted to ensure that the CHAID model's high accuracy was interpreted cautiously and supported by the validation results. The fuzzy expert system with validated rules was adaptable for deduction classification, especially for cases unsuitable for quantitative modeling. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The hybrid model improves detection and prevention of deductions, offering actionable insights for hospital administrators, insurers, and policymakers. Its implementation can enhance hospital information systems, streamline claims processing, and optimize revenue management amid financial constraints.

Machine Learning↗
PubMed1988

Automatic classification of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis pictures by heuristic clustering analysis: a step toward machine learning.

The interpretation of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) profiles can be facilitated by artificial intelligence and machine learning programs. We have incorporated into our 2-DGE computer analysis system (termed MELANIE-Medical Electrophoresis Analysis Interactive Expert system) a program which automatically classifies 2-DGE patterns using heuristic clustering analysis. This program is a step toward machine learning. In this publication, we describe the classification method and the preliminary results obtained with liver biopsy electrophoretograms. Heuristic clustering is also compared to other classification techniques.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2026

Clinical Variable-Based Machine Learning for Predicting Early mCRPC Using Exclusively Clinical Variables: Development and Multicenter External Validation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) exhibits heterogeneous progression patterns, with early progression to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) within 12 months indicating aggressive tumor biology and poor prognosis. Current risk stratification tools (CHAARTED, LATITUDE) offer limited individualized prediction. Machine learning approaches are increasingly applied to predict prostate cancer progression, but most models show modest performance (AUC 0.68-0.72), limited external validation, or require genomic variables unavailable in routine practice. This study aimed to develop and externally validate a novel RINH algorithm for predicting early mCRPC progression (≤ 12 months) using exclusively clinical variables, positioning it as a superior alternative to conventional ML classifiers. METHODS: This multicenter study enrolled 412 patients with de novo mHSPC from seven Spanish academic centers using mixed retrospective-prospective data collection. Twenty clinical variables were recorded, including demographics, PSA, ISUP grade, metastatic localization, CHAARTED/LATITUDE classifications, and treatment modalities. Following RINH-based outlier exclusion (55 patients), 357 patients (29 with early progression, 8.1%) were used to train six ML algorithms: RINH, Logistic Regression, Linear Discriminant, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and Subspace Discriminant. A two-tiered validation strategy integrated stratified fivefold cross-validation across all centers and formal external validation using center 1 (n = 121, 19 events) for training and centers 2-7 (n = 207, 10 events) for independent testing. Performance metrics included AUC, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1-score. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS: Artificial intelligence and machine learning (ML) are transforming oncology, promising personalized risk stratification beyond traditional clinical criteria. In metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC), early progression to castration resistance (mCRPC) within 12 months signals aggressive biology and poor prognosis, yet current tools (CHAARTED, LATITUDE) offer limited individualized prediction. Multiple ML models have been proposed with variable success: most achieve modest performance (AUC 0.68-0.72), lack robust external validation, or rely on genomic variables inaccessible in routine practice. We propose a novel approach using the Rivality Index Neighborhood (RINH) algorithm, demonstrating superior predictive capacity in an initial multicenter validation with exclusively clinical variables. This study provides rigorous multicenter external validation, advancing toward implementable precision oncology tools. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The RINH algorithm achieves superior predictive performance for early mCRPC progression using exclusively clinical variables, representing a significant advance toward implementable risk stratification. However, low reliability scores in external validation underscore that excellent performance metrics alone do not guarantee stability. Before clinical deployment, validation in substantially larger cohorts with higher progression events is essential. If validated, this model could enable personalized, risk-adapted therapeutic strategies, refining patient selection for treatment intensification or de-escalation.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Machine learning approaches for estimation of prediction interval for the model output.

A novel method for estimating prediction uncertainty using machine learning techniques is presented. Uncertainty is expressed in the form of the two quantiles (constituting the prediction interval) of the underlying distribution of prediction errors. The idea is to partition the input space into different zones or clusters having similar model errors using fuzzy c-means clustering. The prediction interval is constructed for each cluster on the basis of empirical distributions of the errors associated with all instances belonging to the cluster under consideration and propagated from each cluster to the examples according to their membership grades in each cluster. Then a regression model is built for in-sample data using computed prediction limits as targets, and finally, this model is applied to estimate the prediction intervals (limits) for out-of-sample data. The method was tested on artificial and real hydrologic data sets using various machine learning techniques. Preliminary results show that the method is superior to other methods estimating the prediction interval. A new method for evaluating performance for estimating prediction interval is proposed as well.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2025

Machine learning detection of heteroresistance in Escherichia coli.

BACKGROUND: Heteroresistance (HR) is a significant type of antibiotic resistance observed for several bacterial species and antibiotic classes where a susceptible main population contains small subpopulations of resistant cells. Mathematical models, animal experiments and clinical studies associate HR with treatment failure. Currently used susceptibility tests do not detect heteroresistance reliably, which can result in misclassification of heteroresistant isolates as susceptible which might lead to treatment failure. Here we examined if whole genome sequence (WGS) data and machine learning (ML) can be used to detect bacterial HR. METHODS: We classified 467 Escherichia coli clinical isolates as HR or non-HR to the often used β-lactam/inhibitor combination piperacillin-tazobactam using pre-screening and Population Analysis Profiling tests. We sequenced the isolates, assembled the whole genomes and created a set of predictors based on current knowledge of HR mechanisms. Then we trained several machine learning models on 80% of this data set aiming to detect HR isolates. We compared performance of the best ML models on the remaining 20% of the data set with a baseline model based solely on the presence of β-lactamase genes. Furthermore, we sequenced the resistant sub-populations in order to analyse the genetic mechanisms underlying HR. FINDINGS: The best ML model achieved 100% sensitivity and 84.6% specificity, outperforming the baseline model. The strongest predictors of HR were the total number of β-lactamase genes, β-lactamase gene variants and presence of IS elements flanking them. Genetic analysis of HR strains confirmed that HR is caused by an increased copy number of resistance genes via gene amplification or plasmid copy number increase. This aligns with the ML model's findings, reinforcing the hypothesis that this mechanism underlies HR in Gram-negative bacteria. INTERPRETATION: We demonstrate that a combination of WGS and ML can identify HR in bacteria with perfect sensitivity and high specificity. This improved detection would allow for better-informed treatment decisions and potentially reduce the occurrence of treatment failures associated with HR. FUNDING: Funding provided to DIA from the Swedish Research Council (2021-02091) and NIH (1U19AI158080-01).

Machine Learning↗
PubMed2026

Identifying JAK2 and ANXA5 as Key Genes Linking Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Oxidative Stress via Machine Learning and Multilayer Transcriptomic Integration With Functional Validation.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common and severe sleep disorder closely associated with oxidative stress (OS). This study aims to identify and validate potential OS-related genes associated with OSA through bioinformatics methods. We successfully identified OS-related differentially expressed genes (OS-DEGs) by combining the limma test, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), and OS-related genes from the GeneCards database. Key genes and potential biological roles were further identified using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, Lasso regression analysis, random forest algorithm, and support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) method. Evaluate and validate the accuracy of key genes through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The human single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset is used for cell classification annotation, analysis of key gene single-cell expression profiles, and virtual gene knockout experiments based on the scTenifoldKnk algorithm. Integrating scRNA-seq sequencing, pseudotime trajectory inference, cell-cell communication analysis, and bulk immune infiltration deconvolution reveals monocyte subtype remodeling in OSA. Finally, the expression levels of key genes in clinical samples were validated using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting. A total of 57 common DEGs, indicating significant enrichment in OS, inflammation, and tumor pathways, particularly prominent in the immunometabolism pathway. By integrating DEGs, WGCNA, PPI results, and machine learning methods, key genes Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and ANXA5 were screened out. JAK2 was significantly upregulated under disease conditions, while ANXA5 was significantly downregulated. ROC curve exhibited high accuracy (area under the curve [AUC] > 0.85). Human scRNA-seq analysis revealed that key genes were predominantly highly expressed in monocytes. Virtual knockout experiments demonstrated that these key genes play a crucial role in regulating immune responses and inflammatory reactions. PPI networks and enrichment analysis verified that downstream genes S100P, ALOX5AP, PROK2, and PADI4 may collaboratively participate in immune response and inflammation regulation. Finally, clinical sample experiment further validated the results of bioinformatics analysis. This study provides new research insights for the diagnosis, mechanism research, and treatment development of OSA in the future by integrating multilayer transcriptomic and machine learning techniques.

Humans↗
PubMed2025

Opportunities for machine learning to predict cross-neutralization in FMDV serotype O.

Accurately estimating cross-neutralization between serotype O foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDVs) is critical for guiding vaccine selection and disease management. In this study, we developed a machine learning approach to estimate r1 values-an established measure of antigenic similarity-using VP1 sequence data and published virus neutralization titer (VNT) results. Our dataset comprised 108 serum-virus pairs representing 73 distinct FMDV strains. We applied Boruta feature selection and random forest classifiers, optimizing model performance through tenfold cross-validation and sub-sampling to address class imbalance. Predictors included pairwise amino acid distances, site-specific polymorphisms, and differences in potential N-glycosylation sites. Using a 0.3 r1 threshold to define cross-neutralization, the final model achieved high accuracy (0.96), sensitivity (0.93), and specificity (0.96) in training, and performed robustly on independent test sets - accuracy was 0.75 (95% CI 0.60 and 0.90), F1 score 0.86% and PPV 0.77. Importantly, key VP1 residues-positions 48, 100, 135, 150, and 151-emerged as strong predictors of antigenic relationships. Our results demonstrate the utility of integrating routinely generated genomic data with machine learning to inform vaccine candidate selection and anticipate immune interactions among circulating FMDV strains. This approach offers a practical tool for accelerating vaccine decision-making and can be adapted to other FMDV serotypes. The latest version of the r1 predictive model is available for access via a Shiny dashboard (https://dmakau.shinyapps.io/PredImmune-FMD/).

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus↗
PubMed1992

Drug design by machine learning: the use of inductive logic programming to model the structure-activity relationships of trimethoprim analogues binding to dihydrofolate reductase.

The machine learning program GOLEM from the field of inductive logic programming was applied to the drug design problem of modeling structure-activity relationships. The training data for the program were 44 trimethoprim analogues and their observed inhibition of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase. A further 11 compounds were used as unseen test data. GOLEM obtained rules that were statistically more accurate on the training data and also better on the test data than a Hansch linear regression model. Importantly machine learning yields understandable rules that characterized the chemistry of favored inhibitors in terms of polarity, flexibility, and hydrogen-bonding character. These rules agree with the stereochemistry of the interaction observed crystallographically.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2025

Leveraging structure-informed machine learning for fast steric zipper propensity prediction across whole proteomes.

Predicting the amyloid fold and the propensity of peptide segments to adopt amyloid-like structures remain a challenge. However, recent progress has facilitated structure-based prediction of steric zipper propensity and the use of machine learning to accelerate the calculation of predictive models across many scientific areas. Leveraging these advances, we have developed a new approach for rapid proteome-wide assessment of zipper profiles that is informed by four million steric zipper predictions collected over ten years. This collection is used to build a machine learning model capable of rapidly predicting steric zipper propensity, and allowing for the assessment of zippers at both the protein and proteome level. Our predictions show enrichment for zipper forming segments in proteins involved in cell wall reorganization in yeast, highlighting a potential category of interest for experimental characterization. Overall, our predictive model allows for the exploration of amyloid formation across the tree of life and provides a tool for assessment of both novel and designed sequences for zipper density.

Machine Learning↗
PubMed2026

Genomic signatures associated with epidemiologically defined high-risk pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates identified by interpretable machine learning.

Pathogenic Escherichia coli is a major cause of foodborne illness worldwide and includes strains capable of causing severe disease. To establish a genome-informed framework for foodborne outbreak surveillance, we analyzed 1,029 E. coli isolates from clinical, food, livestock, and environmental sources using whole-genome sequencing. Pathogenic isolates obtained from human clinical cases or linked to documented outbreaks were classified as epidemiologically defined high-risk (EpiHR), whereas the remaining pathogenic isolates were classified as non-EpiHR. Virulence-associated genomic features were extracted using a bioinformatics pipeline, and four machine learning (ML) algorithms, including gradient boosting machine, random forest (RF), and support vector machines with linear and radial basis function kernels, were evaluated. Among them, the RF model showed the best performance, achieving an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.98 and accuracy of 0.93 in 10-fold cross-validation. Additional leave-one-group-out validation showed retained discrimination across held-out sequence types and serotypes, although performance was reduced when isolates were grouped by isolation source. Evaluation using an independent test dataset of 1,908 publicly available pathogenic E. coli genomes showed an AUC of 0.97 and a sensitivity of 0.98. Feature importance analysis using Shapley additive explanations identified influential predictive features, including traT, etpB, and enterotoxin-associated genes. A reduced 10-feature model achieved an AUC of 0.79 in the independent test dataset, supporting its exploratory use for future simplified screening approaches. These results indicate that genome-based ML provides a sensitive framework for surveillance-oriented prioritization of EpiHR pathogenic E. coli isolates, with model predictions interpreted together with epidemiological information.

Escherichia coli↗
PubMed2006

Analog neural network for support vector machine learning.

An analog neural network for support vector machine learning is proposed, based on a partially dual formulation of the quadratic programming problem. It results in a simpler circuit implementation with respect to existing neural solutions for the same application. The effectiveness of the proposed network is shown through some computer simulations concerning benchmark problems.

Computers, Analog↗
PubMed1994

Distributed machine learning: scaling up with coarse-grained parallelism.

Machine learning methods are becoming accepted as additions to the biologists data-analysis tool kit. However, scaling these techniques up to large data sets, such as those in biological and medical domains, is problematic in terms of both the required computational search effort and required memory (and the detrimental effects of excessive swapping). Our approach to tackling the problem of scaling up to large datasets is to take advantage of the ubiquitous workstation networks that are generally available in scientific and engineering environments. This paper introduces the notion of the invariant-partitioning property--that for certain evaluation criteria it is possible to partition a data set across multiple processors such that any rule that is satisfactory over the entire data set will also be satisfactory on at least one subset. In addition, by taking advantage of cooperation through interprocess communication, it is possible to build distributed learning algorithms such that only rules that are satisfactory over the entire data set will be learned. We describe a distributed learning system, CorPRL, that takes advantage of the invariant-partitioning property to learn from very large data sets, and present results demonstrating CorPRL's effectiveness in analyzing data from two databases.

Database Management Systems↗