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PubMed1992

Bean yellow mosaic, clover yellow vein, and pea mosaic are distinct potyviruses: evidence from coat protein gene sequences and molecular hybridization involving the 3' non-coding regions.

The sequences of the 3' 1019 nucleotides of the genome of an atypical strain of bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV-S) and of the 3' 1018 nucleotides of the clover yellow vein virus (CYVV-B) genome have been determined. These sequences contain the complete coding region of the viral coat protein followed by a 3' non-coding region of 173 and 178 nucleotides for BYMV-S and CYVV-B, respectively. When the deduced amino acid sequences of the coat protein coding regions were compared, a sequence identity of 77% was found between the two viruses, and optimal alignment of the 3' untranslated regions of BYMV-S and CYVV-B gave a 65% identity. However, the degree of homology of the amino acid sequences of coat proteins of BYMV-S with the published sequences for three other strains of BYMV ranged from 88% to 94%, while the sequence homology of the 3' untranslated regions between the four strains of BYMV ranged between 86% and 95%. Amplified DNA probes corresponding to the 3' non-coding regions of BYMV-S and CYVV-B showed strong hybridization only with the strains of their respective viruses and not with strains of other potyviruses, including pea mosaic virus (PMV). The relatively low sequence identities between the BYMV-S and CYVV-B coat proteins and their 3' non-coding regions, together with the hybridization results, indicate that BYMV, CYVV, and PMV are distinct potyviruses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1980

Relationship of wheat streak mosaic and barley stripe mosaic viruses to vector and nonvector eriophyid mites.

Large amounts of wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) accumulate in the midgut of its mite vector Eriophyes tulipae reared on virus infected plants. Masses of flexuous rod shaped virus particles persisted in the midgut, without degradation, for at least 5 of the 6--9 day adult life of mites. WSMV particles also were found distributed in the body cavity and in salivary glands of mites suggesting that the virus is "circulative" in E. tulipae. Abacarus hystrix, a nonvector of WSMV, when reared on virus infected plants, occasionally contained a small number of virus particles in its gut only. Extracts of such mites were not infective. Barley stripe mosaic (BSMV)--a rod-shaped virus, was not transmitted by E. tulipae, although a large concentration of virus particles was found in the midgut of mites reared on virus infected plants. Extracts of such mites were infective and the virus particles were retained for several days in the gut of such mites held on virus-free plants. BSMV particles were also found in the body cavity of mites. Possible reasons for E. tulipae being a nonvector of BSMV are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Molecular detection of bean common mosaic and bean common mosaic necrosis potyviruses and pathogroups.

Partial nucleotide sequences of selected isolates of bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) were determined. Based on these sequences and previously published sequence data, a reverse transcription, polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in combination with restriction endonuclease analyses, was developed for molecular detection of BCMV, BCMNV and some viral pathogroups (PG). Specific detection of the two viruses was accomplished by constructing two virus-specific primer pairs that amplified a PCR product specific for each virus. By application of RT-PCR, four BCMV-PG-V isolates were differentiated from isolates of BCMV pathogroups I, II, IV and VII. Distinction of two BCMNV pathogroups (PG-III and PG-VI) was achieved by restriction enzyme XbaI digestion of BCMNV PCR products. However, no combination of tested restriction enzymes distinguished all five recognized BCMV pathogroups. A primer pair Dts/Uny15 proved to be specific for BCMV pathogroup PG-V. Thus, by a combination of RT-PCR and restriction enzyme analyses, it was possible to differentiate both viruses, two pathogroups of BCMNV, and one pathogroup of BCMV from the others.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Gonadal mosaicism in a family with adrenoleukodystrophy: molecular diagnosis of carrier status among daughters of a gonadal mosaic when direct detection of the mutation is not possible.

Adrenoleukodystrophy is a severe, X-linked neurological disease that has been shown to be linked to DNA markers from Xq28. We tested several families with these markers and, in one family, found two apparent recombination events between DXS52 and the disease. Expansion of the study to include other tests and several others markers from Xq28 led us to conclude that recombination probably had not occurred and that, instead, the mutation in this family had a mitotic origin and that the grandmother was a gonadal mosaic. For genes that have been cloned, it is often possible to demonstrate the presence or absence of a specific mutation in such families and to determine carrier status on that basis. This is not possible when the gene has not been cloned. We therefore describe a method that can be employed by a molecular diagnostic laboratory to discriminate between people who inherit the same RFLP haplotype, with or without the mutation, from a parent with gonadal mosaicism in diseases where direct gene analysis is not yet possible.

Adrenoleukodystrophy↗
PubMed1997

Detection of mosaic and non-mosaic chromosome abnormalities in 6- to 8-day old human blastocysts.

A reliable technique has been developed for the production of good quality G-banded chromosome preparations from 6- to 8-day-old human blastocysts (20-800 cell stage) from an in vitro fertilization programme. The technique involves a thymidine cell division synchronization step to reduce the exposure time to colcemid, in conjunction with a simple 70% acetic acid disaggregation procedure to produce discrete metaphases for analysis. Of 105 blastocysts processed by this technique, 9 were lost during handling and 10 showed no dividing cells. The remaining 86 produced useful separate metaphases with a mean mitotic activity of 6.5%. A full G-banded karyotype was obtained from 1-6 cells in 55 blastocysts (64%), incomplete G-banded analysis but with full information of ploidy was obtained from 18 blastocysts (21%), with 13 (15%) producing no useful cytogenetic results. Abnormalities observed included polyploidy, diploid/polyploid mosaicism, non-mosaic trisomy 16 (2 cases), 46,Xdel(X)-(q21)/46,XX (1 case) and several single cells with trisomies or structural anomalies in otherwise normal blastocysts. Variable levels of structural chromosome damage, with apparent interchanges, chromosome branching and anomalous chromatid pairing were also seen.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed2003

Sida micrantha mosaic is associated with a complex infection of begomoviruses different from Abutilon mosaic virus.

We report on the nucleotide sequences of geminiviruses of the genus Bemogovirus infecting Sida micrantha Schr., a common weed in Brazil. For decades, the mosaic frequently associated with Sida plants was considered to be caused by a Brazilian strain of Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV). By infection studies and sequence comparisons, we demonstrate that it is associated with a complex of at least two begomoviruses as different from AbMV as most South American geminiviruses. Two molecules of DNA A (A1, A2) and three of DNA B (B1, B2, B3) were cloned and sequenced. According to the high homology in their common regions, DNA A1 and DNA B3, as well as DNA A2 and DNA B2, are cognate components of two begomoviruses, which were infectious in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. No trans-replication was found for any other A/B combination. The intergenic region of DNA B2 appears to be the product of the recombination between DNA B1 and DNA A2. These results show that a coinfection of begomoviruses can persist over decades, producing a reservoir of partially recombined but distinct geminiviruses.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Soil-borne rye mosaic and European wheat mosaic virus: two names for a furovirus with variable genome properties which is widely distributed in several cereal crops in Europe.

PCR and nucleotide sequence analyses have revealed that Soil-borne rye mosaic furovirus (SBRMV) which we have recently described is widely distributed in Europe. In Northern Germany, Poland and Denmark the virus affects mainly rye and triticale, but in France and Italy it is wheat which becomes infected. The partial RNA 1 and RNA 2 sequences which were determined for the various SBRMV sources form several clusters, but so far no correlation between molecular differences and the type of host which becomes infected under natural conditions was detected. European wheat mosaic furovirus which was recently described by Diao et al. (1999) [Virology 261: 331-339] is closely related to a French source of SBRMV.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Cross-reactive and major virus-specific epitopes are located at the N-terminal halves of the cylindrical inclusion proteins of turnip mosaic and zucchini yellow mosaic potyviruses.

To investigate the antigenic nature of cylindrical inclusion proteins (CIPs) of the potyviruses Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the two CIPs were produced and epitopes on the CIPs were localized using Escherichia coli-expressed CIP fragments in Western blot analysis. All 23 MAbs against ZYMV CIP reacted only with ZYMV CIP. In contrast out of the 18 MAbs produced against TuMV CIP, 14 MAbs were TuMV CIP-specific while the remaining four MAbs cross-reacted with both CIPs. The four cross-reactive MAbs recognized two distinct epitopes in the N-terminal half of TuMV CIP corresponding to amino acid residues 103-119 and 224-237. Thirteen out of 14 TuMV CIP-specific MAbs recognized two distinct epitopes within residues 1-102 and 120-214, while the other one recognized an epitope within residues 301-644. On the other hand, 21 out of 23 ZYMV CIP-specific MAbs recognized epitopes within residues 1-118, while the remaining two recognized epitopes within residues 301-522. These results suggest that cross-reactive and major virus-specific epitopes are located at the N-terminal half of the respective CIPs.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Comparative spatial spread overtime of Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV) and Watermelon Mosaic Virus (WMV) in fields of transgenic squash expressing the coat protein genes of ZYMV and WMV, and in fields of nontransgenic squash.

The spatial and temporal patterns of aphid-vectored spread of Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV) and Watermelon Mosaic Virus (WMV) were monitored over two consecutive years in plantings of nontransgenic and transgenic squash ZW-20H (commercial cv. Freedom II) and ZW-20B, both expressing the coat protein genes of ZYMV and WMV. All test plants were surrounded by nontransgenic plants that were mechanically inoculated with ZYMV or WMV, and served as primary virus source. Across all trials, none of the transgenic plants exhibited systemic symptoms upon infection by ZYMV and WMV but a few of them developed localized chlorotic dots and/or blotches, and had low mixed infection rates [4% (6 of 139) of ZW-20H and 9% (13 of 139) of ZW-20B], as shown by ELISA. Geostatistical analysis of ELISA positive transgenic plants indicated, (i) a lack of spatial relationship on spread of ZYMV and WMV for ZW-20H with flat omnidirectional experimental semivariograms that fitted poorly theoretical models, and (ii) some extent of spatial dependence on ZYMV spread for ZW-20B with a well structured experimental semivariogram that fitted poorly theoretical models during the first but not the second growing season. In contrast, a strong spatial dependence on spread of ZYMV and WMV was found for nontransgenic plants, which developed severe systemic symptoms, had prevalent mixed infection rates (62%, 86 of 139), and well-defined omnidirectional experimental semivariograms that fitted a spherical model. Geostatistical data were sustained by virus transmission experiments with Myzus persicae in screenhouses, showing that commercial transgenic squash ZW-20H alter the dynamics of ZYMV and WMV epidemics by preventing secondary plant-to-plant spread.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Inhibition of African cassava mosaic virus systemic infection by a movement protein from the related geminivirus tomato golden mosaic virus.

Plant viruses encode proteins that mediate their movement through the host plant leading to the establishment of a systemic infection. We have analyzed the effect of tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) genes BL1 and BR1, which are thought to be involved in the process of virus movement, on the infectivity of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) in Nicotiana benthamiana. Recombinant genomes were constructed by replacing the ACMV coat protein coding sequence with those of either BL1 or BR1. Replication of recombinants containing BL1 and BR1 coding sequences in the sense orientation with respect to the coat protein promoter was detected in the inoculated leaves only when the constructs were co-inoculated, suggesting that both genes are being expressed and act in a cooperative manner. Co-inoculated recombinants induced localized symptoms on inoculated leaves but did not spread systematically, either because of a defect in BL1 and/or BR1 expression or due to the inability of the TGMV gene products to functionally complement their ACMV counterparts. Systemic spread of ACMV was inhibited when the recombinant containing the BL1 coding sequence in the sense, but not in the antisense, orientation was co-inoculated with ACMV DNA B. Disruption of the BL1 coding sequence by a frameshift mutation restored the ability of the recombinant to spread systemically, suggesting that the gene product is responsible for the inhibitory effect. The inhibitory phenotype was mimicked by a chimera containing amino-terminal sequences of TGMV BL1 and carboxy-terminal sequences of its ACMV homologue, BC1. The chimera has characteristics of a dominant negative mutant. We suggest that dominant negative mutants of virus movement genes may provide a novel source for virus resistance genes.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of cucumber mosaic virus and brome mosaic virus.

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and brome mosaic virus (BMV) are isometric plant viruses. Although biologically distinct, they share many common chemical properties. An analysis of the partial genomic RNA sequence available for these two viruses reveals that they are evolutionarily related. Different segments of the genome exhibit different evolutionary rates. The coat proteins, which serve as carriers of genetic material, possess little or no homology. In contrast, the 3a proteins show over 35% homology. The non-coding regions of the genome also exhibit extensive but variable homology suggesting the functional importance of the nucleic acid.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Differences of reconstitution process between tobacco mosaic virus and cucumber green mottle mosaic virus by synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering using low-temperature quenching.

The differences of the reconstitution process of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and its mutant, cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) were investigated by the solution X-ray scattering measurements with the synchrotron radiation source using low-temperature quenching. The reconstitution in an aqueous solution is completely stopped below 5 degrees C. The TMV and CGMMV assembly was traced by the small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements at 5 degrees C on a series of solutions prepared by low-temperature quenching after incubation at 20 degrees C for an appropriate interval between 0 and 60 min. The SAXS results were analyzed by the Guinier plot, the Kratky plot and the distance distribution function. The incubation of RNA and protein of CGMMV did not reconstitute at the initial reaction stages below 5 min and then began to reconstitute gradually. After 60 min, the radius of gyration for CGMMV reconstitution process reached almost the value for the initial stage of TMV reconstitution process. This is due to the fact the formation of double-layered disk in CGMMV protein is much slower than in TMV protein.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMed1972

Assembly of rod-shaped virus in vitro: reconstitution with cucumber green mottle mosaic virus protein and tobacco mosaic virus RNA.

In vitro assembly of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) from its constituent RNA and protein occurs in two steps: formation of the initial complex by interaction of the 5'-end of TMV-RNA with 20S protein aggregate, and growth of the helical rod by sequential addition of protein subunits.Such a process was also observed in the assembly of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, which is also a rodshaped virus. The 13S virus-protein aggregate, probably a single-ring structure, is needed for formation of the initial complex, instead of the 20S double-ring structure for TMV. The 13S aggregate cannot effect growth of the initial complex to a long infective rod. Rod elongation takes place by the sequential addition of protein subunits. In general, the assembly of rod-shaped viruses occurs in two steps, and the protein aggregate is essential only for initiation of the reaction, not for rod elongation.

Hybridization, Genetic↗
PubMed2004

Soilborne wheat mosaic virus movement protein and RNA and wheat spindle streak mosaic virus coat protein accumulate inside resting spores of their vector, Polymyxa graminis.

To study virus-vector interactions between Soilborne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) or Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (WSSMV) and Polymyxa graminis Ledingham, P. graminis was propagated in plants grown hydroponically. P. graminis accumulated to high levels in several barley cultivars tested. Multiple developmental stages of P. graminis could be identified in infected barley roots. Accumulation of SBWMV and WSSMV inside P. graminis sporosori in the roots of soil-grown winter wheat and hydroponically grown barley was compared to determine if data obtained from plants naturally infected plants and plants infected by manual inoculation were similar. WSSMV coat protein (CP), SBWMV RNAs, SBWMV movement protein but not SBWMV CP were detected in both soil-grown winter wheat and hydroponically grown barley roots. These data are the first direct evidence that SBWMV and WSSMV are internalized by P. graminis.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Fractal geometry in mosaic organs: a new interpretation of mosaic pattern.

Fractal geometries have been widely observed in nature. The formulation of mathematical treatments of non-Euclidean geometry has generated models of highly complex natural phenomena. In the field of developmental biology, branching morphogenesis has been explained in terms of self-similar iterating branching rules that have done much toward explaining branch patterns observed in a range of real tissue. In solid viscera the problem is more complicated because there is no readily available marker of geometry in parenchymal tissue. Mosaic pattern provides such a marker. The patches observed in mosaic liver are shown to be fractal, indicating that the pattern may have arisen from a self-similar process (i.e., a process that creates an object in which small areas are representative of, although not necessarily identical to, the whole object). This observation offers a new analytical approach to the study of biologic structure in organogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Clinical characteristics associated with dup17(q24q25.1) in a mosaic mother and two non-mosaic daughters.

We present cytogenetic and clinical findings in a familial case of dup(17)(q24q25.1). The duplication was transmitted from the mosaic mother to two non-mosaic daughters. This is the first report involving duplication of 17q24q25.1. Manifestations in our three patients were similar to those in previously reported cases with 17q partial duplications, but also included brachydactyly and craniosynostosis. These findings represent additional clinical characteristics of distal 17q duplication and may indicate the presence of gene(s) involved in skeletal development in this region, duplication of which may result in a phenotype resembling Ullrich-Turner syndrome.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1989

The use of 3' non-coding nucleotide sequences in the taxonomy of potyviruses: application to watermelon mosaic virus 2 and soybean mosaic virus-N.

The sequence of the 3' 1106 nucleotides of the watermelon mosaic virus 2 (WMV 2) genome has been determined. The sequence contains the complete coding region of the viral coat protein followed by a 3' untranslated sequence of 251 nucleotides. When these sequences were compared with the equivalent regions of the N strain of soybean mosaic virus (SMV-N), the coat protein coding regions were 82% homologous, whereas the 3' untranslated sequences were 78% homologous. Optimal alignment of the 3' untranslated regions of RNA from 13 strains of seven other distinct potyviruses revealed that the degree of homology between strains was in the range 83 to 99%. In contrast, the sequences from distinct viruses had identities in the range 39 to 53%, comparable to the level of identity found between the 3' non-coding regions of viruses from unrelated plant virus groups. On the basis of these results, WMV 2 and SMV-N could be regarded as strains of one virus. These results also suggest that the sequence of the 3' untranslated region of the potyvirus genome may be an accurate marker of genetic relatedness and could serve as an aid to identification and classification of potyviruses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Infectivity of plasmids containing brome mosaic virus cDNA linked to the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter.

Full-length biologically active cDNAs of brome mosaic virus genomic RNAs 1, 2 and 3 were constructed by joining cDNA fragments. The cDNAs were constructed so that, at the 5' ends, unique SnaBI sites were present at the site of initiation of transcription. The cDNAs were inserted between a modified cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S RNA promoter and terminator regions derived from CaMV DNA, and cloned into pUC18. When a mixture of the plasmid DNAs was inoculated onto Chenopodium hybridum leaves, local lesions appeared 5 to 6 days later. However, no symptoms appeared in similarly inoculated barley plants. Plasmid cDNAs with extra sequences at the 5' end were infectious but RNAs transcribed from cDNAs with similar sequences were not.

Base Sequence↗