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PubMed1994

Psychological assessment of airline pilot applicants with the MMPI-2.

Psychological tests like the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) have been used widely to assess personality characteristics and appraise potential mental health problems of individuals applying for responsible positions. This study had three major goals: First, these data allowed for an evaluation of the effects of the new norms for the traditional validity and clinical scale scores of the MMPI-2 in an employment selection program. Second, the effects that test defensiveness had on the MMPI-2 scores of a group of individuals, airline pilot applicants who were taking the test in a preemployment context, were evaluated. Third, useful descriptive information was provided on the performance of airline pilot applicants on MMPI-2 scales to give interpretive guidelines for using the MMPI-2 in psychological screening. A sample of 437 airline pilot applicants seeking employment as airline flight crew members was administered the MMPI-2. Results of the study showed that the MMPI-2 norms were more appropriate for characterizing pilot applicants than were the original MMPI norms, which tended to overpathologize test takers. The effects of defensiveness on MMPI-2 profiles were found to be pronounced. Interpretive guidelines for using the MMPI-2 in personnel screening were proposed.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed2002

Relationships of objectively scored Bender variables with MMPI scores in an outpatient psychiatric population.

The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the Advanced Psychodiagnostic Interpretation system for the Bender Gestalt Test could reasonably predict the results of the most widely used objective measure of personality, the MMPI. Despite the widespread use of both tests, no previous studies could be found which correlated actual Bender scores with MMPI results, arising partly from the lack of a well-accepted, reliable, and objective scoring system for the Bender. The study compared the performance of 279 adult psychological outpatients on both the MMPI and Bender. The 55 Bender scorable points, which are seen most frequently in the outpatient population, were factor analyzed to yield 17 factors which were correlated with the MMPI. Significant multiple correlations were found between the Bender factors and 10 of 12 MMPI scales, with significant correlations ranging from .36 to .47. The Bender overall was able to discriminate moderately high scorers on the MMPI from low scorers. The overall results suggested that the Advanced Psychodiagnostic Interpretation scoring system includes measures that reflect general psychopathology and correlate with the MMPI as well as more specific content that is independent of the MMPI scales. The potential of this scoring system and joint use of the MMPI and Bender in personality assessment are discussed. Replication with a larger sample than 279 is encouraged for these 55 Bender and 12 MMPI items.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Comparative validity of the MMPI and two short forms: psychiatric ratings.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scales were used to predict psychiatric ratings in two male and two female groups of adult state psychiatric hospital inpatients. The resulting regression coefficients were cross-validated on the other same-sex group using MMPI, MMPI-168, and Faschingbauer Abbreviated MMPI (FAM) scales as predictors. The validity coefficients obtained in this manner were generally small and similar across MMPI forms. There was a trend for MMPI-based predictions to be superior to those of the short forms as the validity coefficients grew larger. This finding suggested caution in the use of the MMPI-168 and FAM as substitutes for the full MMPI. A suggestive for blending realism and rigor in future research is offered.

Female↗
PubMed1994

Item-level and scale-level factor structures of the MMPI-A.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A) is a 478-item test that represents a substantial revision of the original form of the MMPI. This investigation sought to identify the item-level factor structure of the MMPI-A and also examined the scale-level factor structure of the 69 scales and subscales of this instrument. The study utilized the 1,620 normal adolescents (805 boys and 815 girls) of the normative sample for the MMPI-A. These adolescents ranged in age from 14 to 18, inclusive, with a mean age of 15.54 for boys and 15.60 for girls. A principal factor analysis of item-level responses resulted in extraction of 14 factors that were subjected to promax (oblique) rotation procedures. These 14 factors incorporated 81% of the total MMPI-A item pool and accounted for 44% of the total item-level response variance. For the scale-level analysis, 8 factors were selected for extraction and submitted to promax rotation procedures. These eight factors accounted for a total of 93.5% of the total variance in MMPI-A scale and subscale raw scores. Item-level results were discussed in terms of areas of congruence and dissimilarities from previously reported MMPI factor analyses in adolescent and adult samples, and scale-level factor results were presented in terms of clinical implications for the interpretation of MMPI-A scales and subscales.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

A comparison of the MMPI and the Psychosis Proneness Scales in their classification of normals controls for use in schizophrenia spectrum research.

The original MMPI and five of the Chapmans' Psychosis Proneness Scales (PPS; L. J. Chapman, J. P. Chapman, & Miller, 1982) were administered to college students from a nonclinical setting. Two normal control groups (each with 50 female and 50 male subjects) were formed, one on the basis of item endorsement rates on the PPS and the other on the basis of K-corrected MMPI profiles. Because of the multidimensional nature of the MMPI, as compared to the single-sign nature of the various PPS, we expected most subjects classified as normal on the MMPI to also be classified as normal on the PPS. However, we predicted that a relatively high number of subjects classified as normal on the PPS would produce clinically elevated MMPI profiles. These predictions were supported. The convergent validity strategy revealed that 56% of PPS normal controls produced clinically elevated MMPI profiles, many of which were schizophrenia spectrum related. However, 71% of the MMPI normals had scores in the normal range on all five PPS. None of the MMPI controls produced PPS values associated with spectrum membership.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

MMPI-A and Rorschach indices related to depression and conduct disorder: an evaluation of the incremental validity hypothesis.

This investigation extends the earlier research by Archer and Gordon (1988) by examining the extent to which combining indices from the newly released MMPI-A and the revised Rorschach Comprehensive System furnishes incremental validity in terms of improved diagnostic prediction. The predictive accuracy of selected MMPI-A and Rorschach variables conceptually related to diagnoses of depression and conduct disorder were compared in a clinical sample of 152 adolescents. Results of multivariate analyses of variance revealed some significant differences between diagnostic groups on several MMPI-A scales, and 1 significant difference on the Rorschach involving the Vista variable. Stepwise discriminant function analyses resulted in 2 MMPI-A scales and 2 Rorschach variables that collectively accounted for a small proportion of variance in the diagnosis of depression, and 3 MMPI-A scales that accounted for a significant component of variance in the conduct disorder diagnosis. Classification accuracy results indicated that the hit rate for depression diagnosis did not improve using an optimal linear combination of the 4 variables over the rates produced by the single use of either the MMPI-A Depression content scale (A-DEP) or Scale 2. For the conduct disorder diagnosis, the optimal linear combination of MMPI-A Conduct Problems (A-CON), Cynicism (A-CYN), and Immaturity (IMM) scales served as the best predictor, and no Rorschach variables contributed significantly to classification accuracy. Our results replicated the findings of Archer and Gordon (1988) in indicating that the combined use of MMPI-A and Rorschach variables does not appear to produce incremental increases in accuracy of diagnostic classification.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

MMPI-2 profiles of men charged with murder or other offenses.

This study describes MMPI-2 profiles of men charged with murder or other offenses and examines how well the MMPI-2 differentiates between these groups. Records of 135 men charged with murder and 82 charged with other offenses were examined. Results do not support the use of the MMPI-2 to differentiate between murder and other defendants. Both groups may be described as having 6-8/8-6 profiles. The mean MMPI-2 profile for the murder group was compared to the MMPI profile described by Holcomb, Adams, Ponder, and Anderson in 1984. These mean profiles have generally the same configuration and scale elevations but show important differences. This suggests that further research needs to be conducted examining the psychometric equivalence of the MMPI and the MMPI-2. Also, caution should be used when making predictions based solely on MMPI-2 profiles.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Temporal stability of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in patients undergoing lumbar fusion: a poor predictor of surgical outcome.

In this prospective study, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was administered to patients before and after lumbar spines fusion to investigate the stability of MMPI scores after surgical intervention and to attempt to correlate MMPI scale scores with outcome data. Sixty-eight patients were included. Testing was performed before surgery and at a mean of 1.5 years after surgery. Clinical outcome ratings were assigned by using criteria of pain relief and analgesic use. In addition, demographic variables known to affect outcome were analyzed. Sixty percent of the patients had a successful clinical outcome. Positive outcome correlated with the demographic factors of occupation (homemaker) and solid fusion. MMPI scales were stable across time, with no difference between groups. Independent t tests were used to study preoperative MMPI scores with respect to clinical outcome. Unsatisfactory outcomes were associated with higher scores on scales 1, 3, and 10 before surgery. Postoperative testing revealed significant outcome correlations--higher scores on scales 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 8 associated with an unsatisfactory outcome. However, discriminant function analysis of preoperative MMPI data was able to classify outcomes correctly in only 58.8% of the cases. The utility of the MMPI as a predictor of outcome after surgical intervention is quite limited. Use of group data and testing before and after surgery does not appear to influence this conclusion. Although the scores as a group were stable across time, the amount of variance in outcome that could not be accounted for by using MMPI scales as predictors was unacceptably large.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Rorschach movement and color responses and MMPI social extraversion and thinking introversion personality types.

Results of an analysis of MMPI profiles and Rorschach protocols scored by the Exner method for 100 psychiatric patients provided partial support for Rorschach's hypotheses that perceptions of color (FC, CF, and C) and movement (M) tap separate personality dimensions. First, the proportion of M responses on a protocol correlated significantly (p < .01) to thinking introversion as defined in terms of a subject's MMPI profile similarity to a prototypic MMPI profile with peak PtSc elevations. Second, the proportion of FC responses correlated negatively (p < .01) to social extraversion defined in terms of MMPI profile similarity to a prototypic MMPI profile with peak PdMa elevations. Hence, use of FC signified a socially reserved, controlled behavior. The findings regarding CF and C were inconclusive. Third, color and movement responses did not correlate significantly with somatization defined in terms of similarity to a prototypic MMPI profile with peak Hs, D, Hy elevations. Finally, the nonsignificant correlations of FC with M and with MMPI thinking introversion plus the nonsignificant correlation of M with color responses and MMPI social extroversion further supported the hypotheses that movement and color responses tap essentially unique personality dimensions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

MMPI correlates of a controversial EEG pattern among adolescent psychiatric patients.

Relative to adult MMPI studies, few investigations address adolescent correlates of the MMPI. A particularly neglected area of potential importance has been the relationship between adolescent MMPI profiles and electroencephalographic (EEG) disturbances. This study examined EEG recordings, MMPI results, and psychiatric diagnosis of 99 (49 male; 50 female) psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. Because there was a high incidence of 14 and 6 per second positive spike EEG patterns among males, one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were employed to compare MMPI results for 31 males with normal EEG patterns and 17 males with 14 and 6 per second positive spiking. The 14 and 6 per second positive spike EEG signal was related to significantly higher MMPI T score elevations on Hs, PD, and MF. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for both EEG and MMPI interpretations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Elevated MMPI scores for hypochondriasis, depression, and hysteria in patients with rheumatoid arthritis reflect disease rather than psychological status.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scales for Hypochondriasis, Depression, and Hysteria were studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The RA patients showed elevated scores on these scales, and these results are similar to those reported in each of 6 published studies. The elevated MMPI scale scores can be explained largely by 5 "disease-related" MMPI statements which met 2 criteria: they were among 11 of the 117 MMPI statements that two-thirds of rheumatologists predicted would be RA-associated; and RA patients and normal subjects differed significantly in their responses to these statements. The responses of RA patients and normal subjects to most other statements in the MMPI Hypochondriasis, Depression, and Hysteria scales were quite similar. In RA patients, responses to "disease-related" statements were correlated with results of measures of disease activity, which indicates that responses to these MMPI items reflect the severity, as well as the presence, of RA. These findings suggest that new criteria are needed for validation of the MMPI as a clinical tool for the recognition of hypochondriasis, depression, and hysteria in a patient who has RA.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed2000

MMPI discriminators of deficit vs. non-deficit recent-onset schizophrenia patients.

Seventy-four patients with a recent initial onset of schizophrenia were studied during an inpatient hospitalization for a recent onset of schizophrenia as well as during a 12-month period of outpatient treatment as part of a large longitudinal study at UCLA. The Proxy for the Deficit Syndrome (PDS; Kirkpatrick, B., Buchanan, R.W., Carpenter, W.T., 1993. Case identification and stability of the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 47, 47-56.) was calculated based on psychiatric symptoms rated on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale every 2 weeks throughout the 12 months. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was administered to the schizophrenia patients at the index hospitalization. The 168-item version of the MMPI (MMPI-168) was administered at the baseline point of the 12-month period of outpatient treatment, and again 1 year later. Normal comparison subjects were tested with the MMPI or MMPI-168 at comparable time intervals. The UCLA Social Attainment Scale, a measure of the adequacy of social functioning and relatedness, was examined at the outpatient baseline and 12-month points. During the outpatient period, the Deficit Schizophrenia group (i.e. schizophrenia patients with high 12-month average PDS scores) had lower T-scores than the Non-deficit Schizophrenia group on several MMPI-168 scales, especially scales related to affective distress and anxiety. The MMPI-168 scores of normal subjects were generally the lowest of the three groups, but not always significantly lower than those of the Deficit Schizophrenia group. Social functioning at the end of the 12-month period was worst for the patient group with high deficit (PDS) scores. The findings are congruent with the concept of a Deficit Syndrome for which the PDS is the proxy.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1998

MMPI scales for diagnosing acute and chronic PTSD in civilians. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

To develop new Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scales for diagnosing acute and chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 237 civilians with PTSD or panic disorder (controls) completed the MMPI-R. All 399 items were submitted to chi-square analysis to select those differentiating acute or chronic PTSD from controls. The analyses yielded an MMPI Acute PTSD scale (32 items) and a MMPI Chronic PTSD scale (41 items). Discriminating between acute PTSD and controls, the MMPI Acute PTSD scale had a hit rate of 83% and the MMPI Chronic PTSD scale produced a hit rate of 75% to 80%. Cross-validation produced similar hit rates. These scales scores were not substantially influenced by gender or types of traumatic events, and only the MMPI Acute PTSD scale seemed to not be sensitive to co-morbidity.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

Social desirability and Wiggin's MMPI content scales.

Using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) item pool, Wiggins (1966) developed 13 scales, each with a homogeneous content. The 13 scales, along with marker scales for the 1st 3 MMPI factors, Edward's social desirability (SD), Welsh's repression (R), and Wiggins's social desirability (Sd) respectively were scored in the MMPI. The same scales were scored in an Experimental Multiphasic Personality Inventory (EMPI). A principal-components analysis of the 16 scales when scored in the MMPI resulted in 4 factors. A principal-components analysis of these same scales when scored in the MMPI and when scored in the EMPI were found to be highly congruent. The SD, R, and Sd scales proved to be excellent markers for the 1st 3 factors of the MMPI and also for the 1st 3 factors of the EMPI. Results provide further evidence that the 1st MMPI factor is a social desirability factor rather than a content factor.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

MMPI as a measure of subthreshold and residual psychopathology among the offspring of lithium responsive and non-responsive bipolar parents.

OBJECTIVES: In bipolar adults, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) can detect residual symptoms and confirm completeness of remission, thus helping to predict response to lithium prophylaxis. In the high-risk and early onset bipolar populations, the association of the MMPI with clinical course and treatment response has not yet been studied. The present study compares MMPI profiles completed by the well or remitted offspring of two groups of bipolar parents divided on the basis of parental response to long-term lithium. METHODS: As part of an ongoing prospective longitudinal high-risk study, offspring of bipolar parents determined to either respond or not respond to long-term lithium monotherapy completed the MMPI. At the time of MMPI completion, offspring were determined to be either well (unaffected) or clinically remitted (affected but euthymic) based on repeated prospective KSADS-PL format interviews conducted by a research psychiatrist and reviewed on a blind consensus basis. RESULTS: While there was no difference in the MMPI scores between subgroups of unaffected offspring, there was a significant difference in profiles between remitted offspring. Specifically, affected offspring of lithium non-responders showed significantly higher average scores on scales 6, 8 and 0 compared with affected offspring of lithium responders. These findings are consistent with the differences in MMPI profiles taken at optimum between the respective parent subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings confirm the clinical observation that the affected offspring of lithium responders suffer from episodic fully remitting mood disorders, while the affected offspring of lithium non-responders suffer from mood disorders with incomplete remission. Further, the nature of the residual symptoms as indicated by the abnormal MMPIs support the view of heterogeneity of the bipolar diagnosis. The relevance to treatment response is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

MMPI manifestations of Chinese migraine syndromes: a control study.

The investigation of personality traits of patients suffering from migraine headache with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an important line of research, and differentiating syndromes in treating this disease is one of the characteristics of Chinese Medicine (CM). This study presents the MMPI-(Chinese edition) responses of 80 Chinese subjects with migraine and 40 non-headache healthy control subjects. Among them, migraine fire syndrome (MF) group consisted of 45 subjects (10 men, 35 women); migraine Qi stasis syndrome (MQ) group, 35 subjects (8 men, 27 women). The healthy control group was divided into healthy Qi stasis syndrome (HQ) group, 9 subjects (2 men, 7 women); and healthy normal (HN) group, 31 subjects (7 men, 24 women) according to CM diagnostic criteria. Statistical analysis was performed by pairs among four groups. The results revealed that both MF and MQ groups' MMPI profiles were significantly higher than that of the Normal (HN) group, and formed a 1.2.3.7 type slope. Profile deviation in the MQ group was slight, but in the MF group was serious and accompanied by a significant rising scores in F, paranoia (6), schizophrenia (8) and social introversion (0) subtests; HQ group's MMPI profile had a similar deviation as in the MQ group. The results suggest that CM migraine syndromes have an exact expression on MMPI profile, and that MMPI as an effective diagnostic method could be applied for CM syndrome discrimination. The "deviation of migraineurs' personality" may not be a special characteristic held only by migraineurs. The existence of different syndromes in migraine is one of the reasons that different scholars have reported different results on migraine by means of MMPI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

MMPI cannot say scores: normative data and degree of profile distortion.

Few previous studies have investigated MMPI Cannot Say scores (the number of items people omit in completing the MMPI). Study 1 examined the frequency of occurrence of omitted items in three different populations. A significantly higher proportion of complete MMPI answer sheets (no omitted items) was found among job applicants than among two psychiatric groups, and the vast majority of test subjects in all three groups responded to all items. Study 2 investigated the degree of profile distortion introduced by randomly omitting various numbers of MMPI items from complete answer sheets. As more MMPI items were omitted, there was a progressive reduction in the elevation of the MMPI profile, but several different analyses failed to reveal a definite point at which the number of omitted items clearly became excessive. Changes in the profile's high-point pair were sometimes produced by numbers of omitted items previously considered to be expected in a "normal" MMPI record. This type of profile distortion could alter significantly the interpretation of a profile. Changes were therefore suggested in the T-score values for the Cannot Say scale given on the standard profile.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1979

MMPI ratings of suicide risk.

Among past attempts to use MMPI data to predict suicidal behavior, there has been a lack of research on the ability of clinicians to identify MMPI profiles of suicidal persons. In this study, the MMPI profiles of 20 male psychiatric patients who committed suicide and the MMPI profiles of 20 male patients who did not attempt or commit suicide were presented to six clinical psychologists with expertise in MMPI interpretation. The clinicians were asked to classify each MMPI profile as coming from a patient who did or did not later commit suicide, and to rate eight variables thought to be relevant to the assessment of suicide risk. Data analysis revealed that the clinicians could not identify suicide and nonsuicide patients from their MMPI profiles. Furthermore, the ratings of the eight suicide variable did not differentiate suicide and nonsuicide patients.

Depression↗