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PubMed1993

Regional and total body bone mineral content, bone mineral density, and total body tissue composition in children 8-16 years of age.

Normative values for total body bone mineral content (TBBM) and total body bone mineral density (TBMD) were derived from measurements on 234 children 8-16 years of age. In addition, bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) values for selected regions of interest and soft tissue (bone free lean and fat) for the total body are presented. Bone mineral and soft tissue values were determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using a Hologic QDR-2000 in the array mode. Results of a stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between bone-free lean tissue (BFLT) and BMD (r2 = 0.80) in girls. Adding age to the equation accounted for an additional 2% of the variance (P < 0.05) and height accounted for another 1% of the variance (P < 0.05). Body weight and fat tissue (FT) did not account for any additional variance. In boys BFLT correlated significantly with BMD (r2 = 0.75; P < 0.05); none of the other predictor variables accounted for additional variance. No significant differences were found in TBBM or TBMD between boys and girls at any age. There was a significant overall gender effect for only three regions of interest. Boys had greater BMC in the head region and had greater BMD in the upper limbs, but post hoc analysis revealed no significant differences for any specific age groups. Girls had greater overall BMD in the pelvis, but this difference was only significant at the 15-16-year age group. The changes in BFLT and FT over the age ranges were consistent with the growth literature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2000

Fructooligosaccharides enhance mineral apparent absorption and counteract the deleterious effects of phytic acid on mineral homeostasis in rats.

Phytic acid (PA) and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) such as inulin are two food components that are able to modify mineral absorption negatively or positively. The influence of PA and FOS on the cecal and apparent mineral absorption as well as on the mineral status (plasma, hepatic, and bone) were investigated in four groups of rats fed one of the experimental diets: a fiber-free (FF) diet, a FF diet containing 7 g/kg PA (FF + PA), a diet containing 100 g/kg inulin (FOS), or a FOS diet containing 7 g/kg PA (FOS + PA). The cecal enlargement together with the acidification of cecal pH in rats adapted to FOS diets led to an improved Ca and Mg cecal absorption. Mineral apparent absorption was significantly enhanced by FOS ingestion (Ca, +20%; Mg, +50%; Fe, +23%; Cu, +45%), whereas PA decreased this factor only for trace elements (Fe, -48%; Zn, -62%; Cu, -31%). These inhibitory effects of a FF + PA diet have repercussions on blood (Mg, -15%; Fe, -12%; transferrin saturation -31%), liver (Mg, -18%; Fe, -42%; Zn, -25%), and bone (Zn, -25%) variables. However, the introduction of FOS into a PA diet counteracted these observed deleterious effects by stimulating bacterial hydrolysis of PA (+60% in rats adapted to FOS + PA compared to those fed the FF + PA diet) and by improving cecal absorption of minerals.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

Tissue mineral levels in victims of sudden infant death syndrome II. Essential minerals: copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium.

Deficiencies of various vitamin and minerals per se have been suggested as possible causes of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Further, a deficiency of essential minerals may lead to enhanced toxicity of toxic elements, in particular, lead and cadmium to explore the possibility of mineral deficiencies or interactions with the toxic metals, lead and cadmium, lung, liver, kidney, and rib specimens were obtained at autopsy from 66 SIDS infants and 23 infants who died suddenly from other cases. Tissue copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. No differences were found between SIDS and non-SIDS for any element in any tissue except for more magnesium in the liver (P less than 0.0001) and less copper in the lungs (P less than 0.02) in the SIDS group. Only sporadic interactions between toxic and essential elements could be found. We found no evidence of any essential mineral deficiencies per se or significant interactions of essential and toxic minerals that might potentiate the effects of toxic metals. The physiologic significance, if any, of the higher liver magnesium and lower lung copper found in SIDS is unclear.

Cadmium↗
PubMed2001

Total body and regional measurements of bone mineral content and bone mineral density in pigs by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to make total body and regional measurements of bone mineral content, bone mineral density, and bone area during the growth of pigs from 3 to 138 kg. In all, 1,053 total body scans were performed on 587 live pigs. Regional measurements consisted of the front legs, trunk, and back legs. In addition, bone mineral density readings were recorded for the head, pelvis, spine, and ribs. From about 5 to 75 kg, a greater percentage of the total body bone mineral content (BMC) was located in the trunk region. However, the percentage of BMC in the front and back legs continued to increase linearly whereas the percentage of BMC in the trunk region peaked at about 25 kg and then decreased logarithmically. Allometric analysis revealed that up to about 30 kg the BMC increased more rapidly in the trunk region compared to the front or back leg regions (P > 0.05), but after 30 kg the increase in BMC was more rapid in the leg regions (P < 0.05). Overall, the rate of increase in BMC in the back legs was slightly more than in the front legs (P > 0.05). Positive allometric growth of BMC was observed when compared with the increase in bone area for the same region. By far, the highest measured level of bone mineral density (BMD) was in the head region (P < 0.05), followed in order by the front legs, spine, back legs, pelvis, and ribs. Over the entire range of growth from 3 to 138 kg, the highest relative growth coefficient for the increase in BMD occurred in the pelvic and back leg regions and the lowest was in the ribs (P < 0.05). For pigs < 30 kg, the highest growth coefficient for BMD relative to BW was in the spine (P > 0.05). The growth coefficients for BMD in the back legs and total body increased in pigs > 30 kg and those of the front legs and trunk regions decreased.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1979

[Respiratory tract diseases in coal miners. III. Effects of smoking on the rate of chronic respiratory tract diseases in coal miners].

Effects of smoking on the case rate of chronic nonspecific respiratory tract diseases in underground coal miners of two mines "A" and "B" were analysed. Work environment and miners under investigation have been thoroughly described in Part I. Smoking miners from both mines, as examined using the significance test chi 2, did not differ significantly, as regards their age and length of employment. In either mine 73.7% of miners were smokers. In both groups of miners, smoking was found to largely affect health. The chronic nonsepcific respiratory tract diseases were 13 times more frequent in smokers and 11 times in ex-smokers, as compared to non-smokers. In smokers and ex-smokers the case rate of these diseases was found to be directly proportional to the amount of cigarettes smoked daily. The higest percentage of those diseases was found in smokers and ex-smokers smoking more than 25 cigarettes a day. The prevalence of chronic non-specific respiratory tract diseases was not increasing after more than 10 years of smoking. The obturative form of the disease came to about 10% in smokers and ex-smokers from both groups; thus it was 8 times more frequent than among general populations examined. In mine "A" non-smokers, the case rate of the disease was found to be almost twice that of mine "B", which may be indicative of additional factors promoting the development of chronic nonspecific respiratory tract diseases.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1996

Bone mineralization and bone mineral metabolism in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To identify mechanisms of the osteopenia associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) by determining parameters of bone mineralization, and bone mineral content and density (BMC and BMD), in children with JRA. METHODS: BMC and BMD were measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry in 41 children with JRA and 62 healthy children. Serum samples were analyzed for concentrations of minerals, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), procollagen I carboxy-terminal propeptide, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline crosslinks and calcium. RESULTS: BMD was decreased in all sites in JRA patients. BMD, corrected for age, height, weight, and bone area, was decreased at cortical bone sites (1/3 radius, upper and lower extremities, and whole body). Low concentrations of osteocalcin and BAP suggested reduced bone formation, and low TRAP levels suggested decreased resorption. Clinical scales of disease severity were negatively correlated with measures of bone mass. Laboratory markers of disease severity were highly correlated with decreases in markers of bone formation, but not with those of resorption. Although laboratory findings were similar for children with oligoarticular and polyarticular disease, differences in bone mass were greater in children with polyarticular disease. CONCLUSION: These data suggest an association between decreased bone mineralization in JRA and low bone formation that is related to disease severity. Efforts to stimulate bone formation, therefore, need to be considered clinically in prepubertal children with active JRA.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Yield and content in nitrates, minerals and ascorbic acid of leeks and turnips grown under mineral or organic nitrogen fertilizations.

The influence of mineral NPK fertilizers and organic fertilizers such as manure compost, woodchip compost and blood meal on the yields and the nutritive value of leeks and turnips were compared. Fertilizers were applied on the two crops grown successively in 200-1 containers. Mineral fertilizers, manure compost and blood meal provided equivalent vegetable yields. Contents in dry matter, ascorbic acid and minerals of leeks and turnips were not strongly affected by the different fertilization regimes. The nitrate content of both crops was significantly lower under the application of manure compost and woodchip compost, while mineral fertilizers and blood meal induced similar, higher nitrate levels. The present work thus provides new data showing the usefulness of composts in growing vegetables with low nitrate contents.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A stepwise approach to the understanding of extracellular enzyme activity in soil. II. Competitive effects on the adsorption of a beta-D-glucosidase in mixed mineral or organo-mineral systems.

A previous study has shown the effect of individual mineral surfaces on the activity of sweet almond beta-D-glucosidase. We now consider more complex situations likely to occur in soil, such as adsorption onto mixtures of different mineral surfaces, and the effect on enzyme activity of mineral surfaces with organic coatings. The effect of the order of addition of the minerals to enzyme suggests that the rate of adsorption is limited by the diffusion of the protein towards the interface and is not influenced by the magnitude of attractive forces between the protein and the surface. Adsorption is found to be quasi-irreversible. A study of the effect of artificial coatings of montmorillonite on enzyme activity led to the conclusion that an exchange of the enzyme with molecules of the coating occurs. This exchange is dependent upon the adsorption energy of the molecules of the coating and the electric charge of beta-D-glucosidase. This model is used for the interpretation of the effect of natural clay-humic complexes on enzyme activity.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1988

Effect of mineral supplementation of human milk on bone mineral content and trace element metabolism.

We studied the effect of feeding mineral fortified human milk to preterm infants (birth weight less than or equal to 1500 gm). Serum concentrations of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, cooper, alkaline phosphatase, and parathyroid hormone were determined, and bone mineral content was measured, in infants fed unfortified human milk (group 1), fortified human milk (group 1), fortified human milk (group 2), and a "humanized," mineral-enriched premature infant formula (group 3). Serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, and parathyroid hormone concentrations did not differ significantly among the groups studied. Serum alkaline phosphatase concentrations increased significantly only in the infants fed unfortified human milk, and bone mineral content in this group was significantly lower than in formula-fed infants.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed2000

Characteristics of attachment and growth of Thiobacillus caldus on sulphide minerals: a chemotactic response to sulphur minerals?

To further our understanding of the ecological role of sulphur-oxidizing microorganisms in the generation of acid mine drainage (AMD), growth and attachment of the chemoautotrophic sulphur-oxidizing bacterium, Thiobacillus caldus, on the sulphide minerals pyrite, marcasite and arsenopyrite was studied. Growth curves were estimated based on total cells detected in the system (in suspension and attached to mineral surfaces). In general, higher cell numbers were detected on surfaces than in suspension. Fluorescent in situ hybridizations to cells on surfaces at mid-log growth confirmed that cells on surfaces were metabolically active. Total cell (both surface and solution phase) generation times on pyrite and marcasite (both FeS2) were calculated to be approximately equals 7 and 6 h respectively. When grown on pyrite (not marcasite), the number of T. caldus cells in the solution phase decreased, while the total number of cells (both surface and solution) increased. Additionally, marcasite supported about three times more total cells (approximately equals 3 x 10(9)) than pyrite (approximately equals 8 x 10(8)). This may be attributed to the dissolution rate of marcasite, which is twice that of pyrite. Epifluorescent and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyse the cell orientation on surfaces. Results of Fourier transform analysis of fluorescent images confirmed that attachment to all three sulphides occurred in an oriented manner. Results from high-resolution SEM imaging showed that cell orientation coincides with dissolution pit edges and secondary sulphur minerals that develop during dissolution. Preferential colonization of surfaces relative to solution and oriented cell attachment on these sulphide surfaces suggest that T. caldus may chemotactically select the optimal site for chemoautotrophic growth on sulphur (i.e. the mineral surface).

Arsenicals↗
PubMed1994

Effects of dietary mineral supplementation on the performance and mineral retentions of broilers at high ambient temperatures.

1. The relationship between broiler performance and two dietary mineral balance equations was investigated at a high constant ambient temperature (30 degrees C) using a range of 11 salt supplements given to male broiler chicks from 21 to 42 d of age. 2. No relationship was found between broiler performance and either of the two balance equations. 3. Re-evaluating these equations using retained, rather than dietary, mineral concentrations did not improve the relationship although changes in mineral retentions associated with the supplements indicated that dietary concentrations were not a good indicator of the impact of the diet on the bird's acid-base homoeostasis. 4. Evidence was found that metabolisable anions supplemented in association with mineral cations may have a significant effect on broiler performance.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1990

Oral meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats: teratogenicity and alterations in mineral metabolism. II. Effect on mineral metabolism.

The effect of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) on mineral metabolism was investigated in pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were given by gavage doses of 0, 100, 300, or 1000 mg DMSA/kg/d on gestational d 6-15. On d 20 of gestation dams were killed and fetuses were removed from the uterus. The levels of calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, and iron were measured in maternal liver, kidney, and intestine, as well as in whole fetus and in fetal liver. Mineral analysis of maternal and fetal tissues revealed pronounced effects of DMSA on mineral metabolism. The results of this investigation indicate a strong possibility that the negative effects of the drug on pregnancy are due in part to the changes in mineral metabolism.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

Relation of bone mineral density and content to mineral content and density of the fat-free mass.

Differences in the mineral fraction of the fat-free mass (M(FFM)) and in the density of the FFM (D(FFM)) are often inferred from measures of bone mineral content (BMC) or bone mineral density (BMD). We studied the relation of BMC and BMD to the M(FFM) and D(FFM) in a heterogeneous sample of 216 young men (n = 115) and women (n = 101), which included whites (n = 155) and blacks (n = 61) and collegiate athletes ( n = 132) and nonathletes (n = 84). Whole body BMC and BMD were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; Hologic QDR-1000W, enhanced whole body analysis software, version 5.71). FFM was estimated using a four-component model from measures of body density by hydrostatic weighing, body water by deuterium dilution, and bone mineral by DXA. There was no significant relation of BMD to M(FFM) (r = 0.01) or D(FFM) (r = -0.06) or of BMC to M(FFM) (r = -0.11) and a significant, weak negative relation of BMC to D(FFM) (r = -0.14, P = 0.04) in all subjects. Significant low to moderate relationships of BMD or BMC to M(FFM) or D(FFM) were found within some gender-race-athletic status subgroups or when the effects of gender, race, and athletic status were held constant using multiple regression, but BMD and BMC explained only 10-17% of the variance in M(FFM) and 0-2% of the variance in D(FFM) in addition to that explained by the demographic variables. We conclude that there is not a significant positive relation of BMD and BMC to M(FFM) or D(FFM) in young adults and that BMC and BMD should not be used to infer differences in M(FFM) or D(FFM).

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1990

Mineral density and mineral loss after demineralization at various locations in human root dentine. A longitudinal microradiographic study.

From intact roots of human cuspids 83 dentine specimens were cut. The specimens with known location and thickness were embedded in a holder of polymethyl methacrylate and microradiographic images were made. From the longitudinal microradiography (LMR) measurements the average mineral density (kg/m3) of the sound human dentine specimens was calculated. All specimens were subsequently demineralized using a constant composition method in a solution containing 3 mM CaCl2.2H2O, 3 mM KH2PO4, 50 mM CH3COOH and 0.2 ppm fluoride as NaF at pH = 5 for 24 h. After demineralization the LMR measurements were repeated to calculate the amount of mineral lost. The data show that there is no correlation between: (1) the location of a dentine specimen in the root and the mineral density of sound human dentine, (2) the location of a dentine specimen in the root and the degree of demineralization after 24 h and (3) the mineral density of sound human dentine and the demineralization degree. This information is useful for future in vitro and in vivo studies on human roots.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bone mineralization and mineral status].

After initial calcification in matrix vesicles or collagen fibrils, bones are continually modified by modelling then remodelling. In bone tissue, the degree of mineralisation of bone structural units is heterogeneous, reflects the rate of bone remodelling, and can be measured using microradiography. Our model is based on the fact that bone remodelling activity and thus the duration of the secondary mineralisation of bone tissue would influence its mineral status (mainly its degree of mineralisation or bone density at tissue level). When the bone remodelling rate increases (menopause, parathyroid hormone), the degree of mineralisation of bone tissue decreases. Conversely, after a diminution of the remodelling rate induced by antiresorptive treatments, the degree of mineralisation of bone tissue increases. Strontium ranelate (PROTELOS) has been tested to date as a potential therapeutic agent in patients suffering from postmenopausal osteoporosis. Recent phase III studies (the Spinal Osteoporosis Therapeutic Intervention [SOTI] study and the TReatment Of Peripheral Osteoporosis Study [TROPOS]) show a decrease in the vertebral and extravertebral fracture risk and an increase in bone mineral density measured at lumbar spine and femoral levels. Strontium ranelate has a unique mechanism of action, since it decreases bone resorption and increases bone formation ('decoupling' agent). Our preliminary observations in animal and man reveal that, because of this dual mechanism of action, the degree of mineralisation of bone tissue and the crystal characteristics of bone mineral are maintained at normal levels. More generally, these data indicate that the mineral status of bone tissue should be systematically taken into account during histomorphometric studies of bone.

Alendronate↗
PubMed2002

Impact of vitamin and mineral supplement withdrawal and wheat middling inclusion on finishing pig growth performance, fecal mineral concentration, carcass characteristics, and the nutrient content and oxidative stability of pork.

A study was conducted to determine if supplement withdrawal (omission of dietary vitamin and trace mineral premixes and a two-thirds reduction in dietary inorganic phosphorus) for 28 d preslaughter and the feeding of wheat middlings (dietary concentrations of 5, 15, and 30% from weaning to 16, 16 to 28, and 28 kg to slaughter, respectively) affect growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fecal mineral concentrations ofthe pig, as well as the nutrient content and oxidative stability of the longissimus dorsi muscle. Crossbred pigs (n = 64) were blocked by weight and assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design (with or without supplement withdrawal, and with or without wheat middlings). Supplement withdrawal and wheat middling inclusion did not influence average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake, gain/feed, or carcass traits, except for a decrease (P < 0.01) in the ADG of pigs from 28 to 65 kg when fed wheat middlings. Supplement withdrawal decreased (P < 0.01) fecal Ca, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations. In diets containing full vitamin and mineral supplementation, wheat middling inclusion decreased (P < 0.01) fecal Ca, Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations and increased (P < 0.01) fecal Mn. Supplement withdrawal decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of riboflavin, niacin, and P in the longissimus dorsi muscle, but did not affect longissimus dorsi thiamin, vitamin E, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Ca concentrations. Inclusion of wheat middlings increased (P < 0.04) longissimus dorsi thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, and vitamin E concentrations and decreased (P < 0.04) Cu concentrations. However, wheat middling inclusion did not affect (P > 0.05) longissimus dorsi Ca, P, Fe, and Zn concentrations. Dietary treatment did not affect either Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase activity in the longissimus dorsi. The results from this study indicate that supplement withdrawal and dietary wheat middling inclusion alter pork nutrient content and fecal mineral concentration, but not the oxidative stability of pork.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

[Expression of mineral-associated factors in the mineral stage tooth germ of mice].

PURPOSE: To study the distribution and expression of core binding factor alpha 1 (Cbf alpha1), bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OC) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in mineral stage tooth germ of mice, so as to understand their roles in the development of the mineral stage tooth germ. METHODS: Thirty BALB/c mice in different days were killed, and their bilateral mandibular first molar germs with surrounding alveolar bone were taken out, then the tissues were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde at 4 degrees C overnight, dehydrated, embedded in paraffin and serially sectioned at 5 microm. Immunohistochemical assay was adopted to determine the tissue distribution and cellular localization of Cbf alpha1, OPN, BSP, ALP and OC in the mineral stage tooth germ by these sections of BALB/c mice. RESULTS: There were Cbf alpha1, BSP and OPN expressing in the alveolar bone, and Cbf alpha1, ALP, OC in predentin, while in other tissues such as dental follicle, pulp cells, stratum intermedium, stellate reticulum, only ALP and OC were detected, but none of them were observed in the dentin. CONCLUSIONS: The formation mechanisms of hard tooth tissues are different. They are controlled by different factors. Cbf alpha1, ALP and OC are involved in the early formation of dentin, while Cbf alpha1, OPN and BSP involved in the early formation of alveolar bone, ALP involved in the stratum intermedium. They all play an important role in the start of mineralization.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1995

From serum to the mineral phase. The role of the odontoblast in calcium transport and mineral formation.

Dentin may be considered as a calcified connective tissue and is in its composition as well as in its mode of formation closely related to bone. Dentin is formed by two simultaneous processes in which the odontoblasts are instrumental: the formation of the proteinaceous dentin matrix, and mineral crystal formation in this matrix. As part of this, the odontoblasts actively transport Ca2+ ions towards the site of mineral formation. The cells maintain a delicate intracellular Ca2+ ion balance by the concerted action of transmembraneous transport mechanisms, including Ca-ATPase, Na+/Ca2+ exchangers and calcium channels of the L-type, and possibly intracellular Ca(2+)-binding proteins. The net effect of this is a maintenance of a cytoplasmic sub-micromolar Ca2+ activity and an extracellular accumulation of Ca2+ ions at the mineralization front. In addition to the major matrix constituent, collagen, non-collagenous macromolecules, such as dentin phosphoprotein (phosphophoryn), dentin sialoprotein, and proteoglycan, are synthesized by the odontoblasts and deposited in the matrix. Such polyanionic macromolecules are presumably responsible for the extracellular induction of hydroxyapatite crystals, but may also function to inhibit mineral growth and to regulate crystal size. Accordingly, it can be concluded that dentinogenesis comprises an interplay between several factors in the tissue, cellular as well as extracellular.

Animals↗