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A conserved polar region in the cell division site determinant MinD is required for responding to MinE-induced oscillation but not for localization within coiled arrays.

A region in the cell division site determinant MinD required for stimulation by MinE and which determines MinD topological specificity along coil-like structures has been identified. Structural modeling of dimeric MinD and sequence alignment of 24 MinD proteins revealed a conserved polar region in Gram-negative bacterial MinD proteins, corresponding to residues 92-94 of Neisseria gonorrhoeae MinD (MinD(Ng)). Using MinD(Ng) as a paradigm for MinD functionality in Gram-negative organisms, mutation of these conserved residues did not abrogate MinD(Ng) self-association, nor its interaction with MinE(Ng) and the cell division inhibitor MinC. Although the MinD(Ng) mutant dimerized in the presence of ATP, its ATPase activity was not stimulated by MinE(Ng), unlike wild-type MinD(Ng). GFP fusions to either MinD(Ng) or to Escherichia coli MinD bearing simultaneous or individual mutations to residues 92-94 localized within coiled arrays along the E. coli inner cell periphery, similar to wild-type GFP-MinD. However, unlike wild-type GFP-fusions, the mutant proteins were distributed uniformly throughout the array, despite the presence of MinE, which normally imparts topological specificity to MinD by inducing the latter to oscillate from pole-to-pole and away from midcell. Hence, despite localizing along the inner cell periphery as a polymeric structure, the mutant MinD proteins in this study have lost the ability to be efficiently stimulated by MinE(Ng), resulting in a loss of distinct pole-to-pole oscillation.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2005

The C-terminus of MinE from Neisseria gonorrhoeae acts as a topological specificity factor by modulating MinD activity in bacterial cell division.

MinE regulates the proper placement of the cytokinetic FtsZ ring at midcell by inducing the pole-to-pole movement of MinCD complexes. While the N-terminus of MinE has been implicated in MinD binding, a clear functional role of the C-terminus has not been elucidated. We previously determined that MinE from Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) was functional in Escherichia coli (Ec). Thus, using E. coli as a model organism, gonococcal MinE (MinE(Ng)) function was examined by generating amino acid substitutions of highly conserved MinE(Ng) residues and by testing the ability of the mutant proteins to interact with gonococcal MinD (MinD(Ng)), to induce a minicell phenotype upon overexpression, to initiate MinD(Ng) oscillation, and to stimulate MinD(Ng) ATPase activity. N-terminal MinE(Ng) mutants were unable to bind to MinD(Ng); thus, they did not induce a minicell phenotype, promote MinD(Ng) oscillation or stimulate MinD(Ng) ATPase activity. While C-terminal MinE(Ng) mutants exhibited reduced abilities to bind to MinD(Ng), we show that differences in MinD(Ng) binding to the C-terminus of MinE(Ng) alter the ability of MinE(Ng) to properly stimulate MinD(Ng) activity. We present four major findings from our studies of MinE(Ng): both the N- and C-termini of MinE(Ng) interact with MinD(Ng); interaction between MinD(Ng) and MinE(Ng) is required for the recruitment of MinD(Ng) to the coiled array; oscillation of MinD(Ng) does not require ATPase stimulation; and, the extent of MinD(Ng) ATPase stimulation depends on the binding strength between MinD(Ng) and the C-terminus of MinE(Ng.).

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2006

Mindfulness-based psychotherapies: a review of conceptual foundations, empirical evidence and practical considerations.

OBJECTIVE: This paper, composed by an interest group of clinicians and researchers based in Melbourne, presents some background to the practice of mindfulness-based therapies as relevant to the general professional reader. We address the empirical evidence for these therapies, the principles through which they might operate, some practical questions facing those wishing to commence practice in this area or to refer patients into mindfulness-based therapies, and some considerations relevant to the conduct and interpretation of research into the therapeutic application of mindfulness. METHOD: Databases (e.g. PsycINFO, MEDLINE) were searched for literature on the impact of mindfulness interventions, and the psychological and biological mechanisms that underpin the effects of mindfulness practice. This paper also draws upon the clinical experience of the author group. RESULTS: Mindfulness practice and principles have their origins in many contemplative and philosophical traditions but individuals can effectively adopt the training and practice of mindfulness in the absence of such traditions or vocabulary. A recent surge of interest regarding mindfulness in therapeutic techniques can be attributed to the publication of some well-designed empirical evaluations of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Arising from this as well as a broader history of clinical integration of mindfulness and Western psychotherapies, a growing number of clinicians have interest and enthusiasm to learn the techniques of mindfulness and to integrate them into their therapeutic work. This review highlights the importance of accurate professional awareness and understanding of mindfulness and its therapeutic applications. CONCLUSIONS: The theoretical and empirical literatures on therapeutic applications of mindfulness are in states of significant growth and development. This group suggests, based on this review, that the combination of some well-developed conceptual models for the therapeutic action of mindfulness and a developing empirical base, justifies a degree of optimism that mindfulness-based approaches will become helpful strategies to offer in the care of patients with a wide range of mental and physical health problems.

Cognition↗
PubMed2004

Use of mind-body medical therapies.

OBJECT: Research demonstrating connections between the mind and body has increased interest in the potential of mind-body therapies. Our aim was to examine the use of mind-body therapies, using data available from a national survey. DESIGN: Analysis of a large nationally representative dataset that comprehensively evaluated the use of mind-body therapies in the last year. SETTING: United States households. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2055 American adults in 1997-1998. INTERVENTIONS: Random national telephone survey. MEASURES AND MAIN RESULTS: We obtained a 60% weighted overall response rate among eligible respondents. We found that 18.9% of adults had used at least 1 mind-body therapy in the last year, with 20.5% of these therapies involving visits to a mind-body professional. Meditation, imagery, and yoga were the most commonly used techniques. Factors independently and positively associated with the use of mind-body therapies in the last year were being 40 to 49 years old (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33 to 3.10), being not married (AOR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.34 to 2.36), having an educational level of college or greater (AOR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.57 to 3.09), having used self-prayer for a medical concern (AOR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.87 to 3.42), and having used another complementary medicine therapy in the last year (AOR, 3.77; 95% CI, 2.74 to 5.20). While used for the full array of medical conditions, they were used infrequently for chronic pain (used by 20% of those with chronic pain) and insomnia (used by 13% of those with insomnia), conditions for which consensus panels have concluded that mind-body therapies are effective. They were also used by less than 20% of those with heart disease, headaches, back or neck pain, and cancer, conditions for which there is strong research support. Mind-body therapies were generally used concomitantly with conventional care: 90% of those using a mind-body therapy in the last year had seen a physician and 80% of mind-body therapies used were discussed with a physician. CONCLUSIONS: Although mind-body therapies were commonly used, much opportunity exists to increase use of mind-body therapies for indications with demonstrated efficacy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Effects of phospholipid composition on MinD-membrane interactions in vitro and in vivo.

The peripheral membrane ATPase MinD is a component of the Min system responsible for correct placement of the division site in Escherichia coli cells. By rapidly migrating from one cell pole to the other, MinD helps to block unwanted septation events at the poles. MinD is an amphitropic protein that is localized to the membrane in its ATP-bound form. A C-terminal domain essential for membrane localization is predicted to be an amphipathic alpha-helix with hydrophobic residues interacting with lipid acyl chains and cationic residues on the opposite face of the helix interacting with the head groups of anionic phospholipids (Szeto, T. H., Rowland, S. L., Rothfield, L. I., and King, G. F. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99, 15693-15698). To investigate whether E. coli MinD displays a preference for anionic phospholipids, we first examined the localization dynamics of a green fluorescent protein-tagged derivative of MinD expressed in a mutant of E. coli that lacks phosphatidylethanolamine. In these cells, which contain only anionic phospholipids (phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin), green fluorescent protein-MinD assembled into dynamic focal clusters instead of the broad zones typical of cells with normal phospholipid content. In experiments with liposomes composed of only zwitterionic, only anionic, or a mixture of anionic and zwitterionic phospholipids, purified MinD bound to these liposomes in the presence of ATP with positive cooperativity with respect to the protein concentration and exhibited Hill coefficients of about 2. Oligomerization of MinD on the liposome surface also was detected by fluorescence resonance energy transfer between MinD molecules labeled with different fluorescent probes. The affinity of MinD-ATP for anionic liposomes as well as liposomes composed of both anionic and zwitterionic phospholipids increased 9- and 2-fold, respectively, relative to zwitterionic liposomes. The degree of acyl chain unsaturation contributed positively to binding strength. These results suggest that MinD has a preference for anionic phospholipids and that MinD oscillation behavior, and therefore cell division site selection, may be regulated by membrane phospholipid composition.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2004

The N terminus of MinD contains determinants which affect its dynamic localization and enzymatic activity.

MinD is involved in regulating the proper placement of the cytokinetic machinery in some bacteria, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Escherichia coli. Stimulation of the ATPase activity of MinD by MinE has been proposed to induce dynamic, pole-to-pole oscillations of MinD in E. coli. Here, we investigated the effects of deleting or mutating conserved residues within the N terminus of N. gonorrhoeae MinD (MinD(Ng)) on protein dynamism, localization, and interactions with MinD(Ng) and with MinE(Ng). Deletions or mutations were generated in the first five residues of MinD(Ng), and mutant proteins were evaluated by several functional assays. Truncation or mutation of N-terminal residues disrupted MinD(Ng) interactions with itself and with MinE. Although the majority of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-MinD(Ng) mutants could still oscillate from pole to pole in E. coli, the GFP-MinD(Ng) oscillation cycles were significantly faster and were accompanied by increased cytoplasmic localization. Interestingly, in vitro ATPase assays indicated that MinD(Ng) proteins lacking the first three residues or with an I5E substitution possessed higher MinE(Ng)-independent ATPase activities than the wild-type protein. These results indicate that determinants found within the extreme N terminus of MinD(Ng) are implicated in regulating the enzymatic activity and dynamic localization of the protein.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2002

The efficacy of the 'mind map' study technique.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effectiveness of using the 'mind map' study technique to improve factual recall from written information. DESIGN: To obtain baseline data, subjects completed a short test based on a 600-word passage of text prior to being randomly allocated to form two groups: 'self-selected study technique' and 'mind map'. After a 30-minute interval the self-selected study technique group were exposed to the same passage of text previously seen and told to apply existing study techniques. Subjects in the mind map group were trained in the mind map technique and told to apply it to the passage of text. Recall was measured after an interfering task and a week later. Measures of motivation were taken. SETTING: Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London. SUBJECTS: 50 second- and third-year medical students. RESULTS: Recall of factual material improved for both the mind map and self-selected study technique groups at immediate test compared with baseline. However this improvement was only robust after a week for those in the mind map group. At 1 week, the factual knowledge in the mind map group was greater by 10% (adjusting for baseline) (95% CI -1% to 22%). However motivation for the technique used was lower in the mind map group; if motivation could have been made equal in the groups, the improvement with mind mapping would have been 15% (95% CI 3% to 27%). CONCLUSION: Mind maps provide an effective study technique when applied to written material. However before mind maps are generally adopted as a study technique, consideration has to be given towards ways of improving motivation amongst users.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The switch I and II regions of MinD are required for binding and activating MinC.

MinD and MinC cooperate to form an efficient inhibitor of Z-ring formation that is spatially regulated by MinE. MinD activates MinC by recruiting it to the membrane and targeting it to a septal component. To better understand this activation, we have isolated loss-of-function mutations in minD and carried out site-directed mutagenesis. Many of these mutations block MinC-MinD interaction; however, they also prevent MinD self-interaction and membrane binding, suggesting that they affect nucleotide interaction or protein folding. Two mutations in the switch I region (MinD box) and one mutation in the switch II region had little affect on most MinD functions, such as MinD self-interaction, membrane binding, and MinE stimulation; however, they did eliminate MinD-MinC interaction. Two additional mutations in the switch II region did not affect MinC binding. Further study revealed that one of these allowed the MinCD complex to target to the septum but was still deficient in blocking division. These results indicate that the switch I and II regions of MinD are required for interaction with MinC but not MinE and that the switch II region has a role in activating MinC.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2006

Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness.

The authors examine the facet structure of mindfulness using five recently developed mindfulness questionnaires. Two large samples of undergraduate students completed mindfulness questionnaires and measures of other constructs. Psychometric properties of the mindfulness questionnaires were examined, including internal consistency and convergent and discriminant relationships with other variables. Factor analyses of the combined pool of items from the mindfulness questionnaires suggested that collectively they contain five clear, interpretable facets of mindfulness. Hierarchical confirmatory factor analyses suggested that at least four of the identified factors are components of an overall mindfulness construct and that the factor structure of mindfulness may vary with meditation experience. Mindfulness facets were shown to be differentially correlated in expected ways with several other constructs and to have incremental validity in the prediction of psychological symptoms. Findings suggest that conceptualizing mindfulness as a multifaceted construct is helpful in understanding its components and its relationships with other variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A neurologist looks at mind and brain: "the enchanted loom".

For a long time, before we developed an appreciation of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the brain, there was uncertainty as to the nature and source of the human mind. Philosophers linked the mind to mythical "humors" that controlled the human body, and others speculated that the mind was associated with "life-force" or soul. Few felt that there was a relation between the human mind and brain, but they had to wait for the Age of Enlightenment and scientific discovery in the 18th and 19th centuries to establish a clear association between the two. Three centuries ago Rene Descartes described the mind as an extracorporeal entity that was expressed through the pineal gland. Descartes was wrong about the pineal, but the debate he set off regarding the relationship between mind and brain rages on. This review looks at the history of speculation on the mind and the development of ideas that have led to our present understanding of this phenomenon. The basic anatomy and physiology of the brain is reviewed to help us understand the brain's association with the complex function we call mind. This is followed by a look at some syndromes that may result when part of the brain is damaged-the parietal lobe is arbitrarily selected as an example-and the resulting effect on the subject's mind. This assists us in understanding the association of mind and brain, and also to better understanding its components, behavior, function and dysfunction.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed2026

Psychological consequences of AI-assisted training and the buffering role of mindfulness.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into athletic training is accelerating, yet its psychological implications for athletes remain insufficiently understood. Drawing on the transactional model of stress and the stress-buffering framework of mindfulness, this study examined whether mindfulness training can mitigate adverse psychological responses associated with AI-assisted training. Using a randomized controlled factorial design, 160 collegiate athletes were assigned to AI-assisted training or standard training, with or without concurrent mindfulness intervention, and assessed at baseline, week 4, and week 8. Athletes exposed to AI-assisted training without psychological support exhibited increases in perceived stress and AI dependence over time. In contrast, these stress increases were substantially attenuated when mindfulness training was implemented alongside AI-assisted training. A significant AI × Mindfulness × Time interaction emerged for perceived stress at post-intervention, and difference-in-differences analyses corroborated a robust buffering effect. Mediation analyses further indicated that mindfulness training reduced stress partially through enhancing mindful awareness; a three-wave cross-lagged analysis showed that mindful awareness and stress were reciprocally related over time, with the hypothesized awareness-to-stress pathway remaining robust. Together, these findings suggest that AI-assisted training introduces a distinct form of evaluative pressure, and that mindfulness training may serve as an effective psychological buffer during the adoption of continuous algorithmic performance evaluation systems.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Spirituality, mindfulness and substance abuse.

A growing body of research suggests that mindfulness-based therapies may be effective in treating a variety of disorders including stress, chronic pain, depression and anxiety. However, there are few valid and reliable measures of mindfulness. Furthermore, mindfulness is often thought to be related to spirituality, given its roots in Buddhist tradition, but empirical studies on this relationship are difficult to find. The present study: (1) tested the reliability and validity of a new mindfulness measure, the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI), (2) explored the relationship between mindfulness and spirituality, and (3) investigated the relationship between mindfulness and/or spirituality and alcohol and tobacco use in an undergraduate college population (N=196). Results support the reliability of the FMI and suggest that spirituality and mindfulness may be separate constructs. In addition, smoking and frequent binge-drinking were negatively correlated with spirituality scores; as spirituality scores increased the use of alcohol and tobacco decreased. Thus, spirituality may be related to decreased substance use. In contrast, a positive relationship between mindfulness and smoking/frequent binge-drinking behavior was uncovered, and warrants further investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Acquired theory of mind impairments in individuals with bilateral amygdala lesions.

Studies in humans suggest that the amygdala plays a role in processing social information. A key component of social information processing is what developmental psychologists call "theory of mind": the ability to infer others' mental states. Recent studies have raised the possibility that the amygdala is involved in theory of mind, showing amygdala activation during a theory of mind task, or showing impairment on theory of mind tasks in a patient with amygdala damage acquired in childhood. Here, we present the first evidence of theory of mind deficits following amygdala damage acquired in adulthood. Two participants, D.R. and S.E., with acquired bilateral amygdala damage showed difficulties with two theory of mind tasks, "Recognition of Faux Pas" (for D.R., z=-5.17; for S.E., z=-1.83) and "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" (for S.E., z=-1.91; for D.R., z=-1.4). The items on which D.R. and S.E. made errors on these tasks were uncorrelated with the items that control participants found most difficult, indicating that these deficits cannot be attributed solely to the cognitive difficulty of the tasks. These results indicate that the amygdala's critical role in theory of mind may not be just in development, but also in "on-line" theory of mind processing in the adult brain.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Isolation of a minD-like gene in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus AL585, and phylogenetic characterization of related proteins in the three domains of life.

The region upstream of the dinF-like gene of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus strain AL585 has been cloned and sequenced. This region contains an open reading frame (ORF) that encodes a polypeptide with a high similarity to MinD proteins and their Mrp paralogues. Transcripts of the dinF-like and the minD-like genes were detected by RT-PCR, indicating that they are both expressed in vivo. The MinD and MinD-like proteins belong to a broad family of ATPases involved in chromosome and plasmid partitioning. MinD-like proteins can be defined by specific amino-acid sequence signatures. A systematic search for proteins sharing these signatures in current databases and newly sequenced genomes show that MinD-like proteins are present in all archaeal genomes sequenced so far, often in several copies. Phylogenetic analysis identifies two groups of MinD-like proteins which are also characterized by more conserved amino-acid motifs. A first group, which includes the Escherichia coli MinD and the Pyrococcus AL585 MinDL protein, contains only procaryotic proteins. This group can be further divided into a subgroup of archaeal proteins and two subgroups of bacterial proteins. A second group includes proteins more related to the E. coli Mrp protein and contains representants of the three domains of life. The conservation of MinD-like proteins in the three domains of life suggests that these proteins play a central role in cellular metabolism.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2006

Developmental relationships between language and theory of mind.

PURPOSE: This tutorial is intended to inform readers about the development of theory of mind (understanding of mental states) and to discuss relationships between theory of mind and language development. METHOD: A narrative review of selected literature on language and theory of mind is presented. Theory of mind is defined, and commonly used measures of theory of mind are described. Developmental relationships between language and theory of mind in typical and atypical populations are discussed. Literature-based suggestions for clinical assessment and intervention are provided, using a hypothetical case study. CONCLUSIONS: The article serves as an introduction to current research about language and theory of mind, and emphasizes their interdependence in development. Implications of the relationships between theory of mind and language development for language assessment and intervention are discussed, and an argument is made that taking theory of mind into account will help clinicians enhance children's communication and language development.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Childhood experiences of trauma and loss have different relations to maternal Unresolved and Hostile-Helpless states of mind on the AAI.

This study of 45 high-risk mothers and infants examined the current indirect effects model of intergenerational transmission of disorganized attachment, which posits that maternal childhood experiences of loss or trauma contribute to maternal states of mind on the AAI which in turn contribute to infant disorganization. The severity of experiences of both abuse and loss were examined in relation to both Unresolved states of mind and Hostile-Helpless states of mind on the AAI and to infant disorganization at both 12 and 18 months. Neither the experience of parental death in childhood nor the severity of abuse in childhood was related to Unresolved states of mind on the AAI. Instead, an Unresolved state of mind and the experience of parental death contributed independently and additively to the prediction of infant disorganization at 12 months. At 18 months, an indirect effects model was supported in relation to Hostile-Helpless but not Unresolved states of mind, in that severity of trauma had no direct relation to infant disorganization but severity of trauma was related to Hostile-Helpless states of mind which in turn predicted infant disorganization. Unresolved states of mind and experiences of parental loss did not add to prediction of disorganization at 18 months. The findings suggest that the influence of maternal trauma on infant attachment may become more prominent at 18 months as the infant makes the transition to toddlerhood. The results also suggest that a more complex etiologic model may be needed of the aspects of early experience that contribute to adult Unresolved states of mind on the AAI.

Child Behavior Disorders↗
PubMed2001

Mind-set and close relationships: when bias leads to (In)accurate predictions.

The authors investigated whether mind-set influences the accuracy of relationship predictions. Because people are more biased in their information processing when thinking about implementing an important goal, relationship predictions made in an implemental mind-set were expected to be less accurate than those made in a more impartial deliberative mind-set. In Study 1, open-ended thoughts of students about to leave for university were coded for mind-set. In Study 2, mind-set about a major life goal was assessed using a self-report measure. In Study 3, mind-set was experimentally manipulated. Overall, mind-set interacted with forecasts to predict relationship survival. Forecasts were more accurate in a deliberative mind-set than in an implemental mind-set. This effect was more pronounced for long-term than for short-term relationship survival. Finally, deliberatives were not pessimistic; implementals were unduly optimistic.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The five minds of a manager.

Managers are told: Be global and be local. Collaborate and compete. Change, perpetually, and maintain order. Make the numbers while nurturing your people. To be effective, managers need to consider the juxtapositions in order to arrive at a deep integration of these seemingly contradictory concerns. That means they must focus not only on what they have to accomplish but also on how they have to think. When the authors, respectively the director of the Centre for Leadership Studies at the University of Exeter in the U.K. and the Cleghorn Professor of Management Studies at McGill University in Montreal, set out to develop a masters program for practicing managers, they saw that they could not rely on the usual MBA educational structure, which divides the management world into discrete business functions such as marketing and accounting. They needed an educational structure that would encourage synthesis rather than separation. Managing, they determined, involves five tasks, each with its own mind-set: managing the self (the reflective mind-set); managing organizations (the analytic mind-set); managing context (the worldly mind-set); managing relationships (the collaborative mind-set); and managing change (the action mind-set). The program is built on the exploration and integration of those five aspects of the managerial mind. The authors say it has proved powerful in the classroom and insightful in practice. Imagine the mind-sets as threads and the manager as weaver. Effective performance means weaving each mind-set over and under the others to create a fine, sturdy cloth.

Administrative Personnel↗