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PubMed1975

Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion of calves. 3. Further studies on the addition of fat to skim milk and the use of non-milk proteins in milk-substitute diets.

1. The flow of digesta through the duodenum and the concurrent secretion of the pancreas were studied in four Friesian calves given four milk-substitute diets. The diets were: reconstituted, "mildly" pre-heated, spray-dried skim-milk powder with (SKF) or without (SK) margarine fat or with 5o percent of the skim-milk powder in diet SKF replaced by soya-bean flour (ASKF) or fish-protein concentrate (BSKF), together with dried whey. The diets were given ad lib. twice daily from 13 to 37 d of age, each diet being given for 6 consecutive days. Collections of duodenal digesta and pancreatic secretions, from cannulas, were made for 12 h after feeding the 6th and 12th meals ("experimental" meals) for each diet. 2. The diets fed as "experimental" meals contained polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a fluid (whey) marker and goat's milk containing (3H)lysine as a marker for total protein; beta-carotene was added as a lipid marker to the three diets containing margarine fat. 3. Over the 12 h postprandial period, the patterns of duodenal digesta flow and secretion of pancreatic fluid did not differ markedly between the four diets. The abomasal outflow of both nitrogen and lipid in a 12 h postprandial period was related to their intakes from the "penultimate" (5th and 11th) meals for diets SKF and SK BUT TO THEIR INTAKES AT THE "EXPERIMENTAL MEALS" FOR DIETS ASKF and BSKF. Secretion of pancreatic enzyme activity was highest during the 1st hour after feeding but the main outflow from the abomasum of total N and lipid occurred 5-10 h after feeding. 4. The time required for all the whey marker (PEG) to pass through the duodenum was similar for diets SKF and SK, but only 53 and 42 percent respectively of the ingested protein marker passed through the duodenum in the 12 h after feeding. More acid appeared to be secreted by the abomasum when diet SK was given; also less undigested protein passed out of the abomasum after giving this diet. It is concluded that the physical absence of fat globules in the abomasal clot increases the degree of proteolysis. 5. The secretions of pancreatic fluid and pancreatic enzyme activity were all markedly lower for diet SK than for diet SKF. 6. With diets containing non-milk proteins (ASKF and BSKF), abomasal proteolysis was less efficient and the ingested protein passed out of the abomasum more rapidly than for diet SKF. There was no difference in the rate of abomasal outflow of the whey fluids between diets SKF, ASKF and BSKF. 7. In comparison with diet SKF, diets ASKF and BSKF tended to induce less pancreatic enzyme secretion over a 12 h postprandial period, with the exception of lipase. 8. There appeared to be no direct relationship between the quantities of any of the pancreatic enzymes secreted during a postprandial period and either the concurrent flow of duodenal digesta or the total quantities of dietary constituents passing through the duodenum.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1988

Plasma antibodies to cow's milk are increased by early weaning and consumption of unmodified milk, but production of plasma IgA and IgM cow's milk antibodies is stimulated even during exclusive breast-feeding.

We measured levels of cow's milk-specific (CM) antibodies of immunoglobulin classes G, A and M by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in plasma of 198 healthy infants; a variable number of samples taken at birth and at ages of 2, 4, 6, 9, 12 and 28 months were available (altogether 765 samples). The rise in the level of IgG CM antibodies was highest and most rapid in infants exposed to CM formula before the age of 1 month. The level fell by 9 months, but rose again by 12 months. This second rise was attributed to the introduction of dairy milk. Partially breast-fed and fully weaned infants had similar levels of IgG CM antibodies. The levels of IgG CM antibodies were unaffected by the infants' own atopy, their heredity for atopy, and the umbilical serum level of IgG CM antibodies. IgA and IgM CM antibodies were absent at birth. Their levels increased similarly in exclusively breast-fed infants and infants fed CM formula. We conclude that plasma IgG antibodies to cow's milk are increased by early weaning and by consumption of unmodified cow's milk. Production of plasma IgA and IgM antibodies to cow's milk is stimulated even during exclusive breast-feeding.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Major advances in fresh milk and milk products: fluid milk products and frozen desserts.

Major technological advances in the fluid milk processing industry in the last 25 yr include significant improvements in all the unit operations of separation, standardization, pasteurization, homogenization, and packaging. Many advancements have been directed toward production capacity, automation, and hygienic operation. Extended shelf-life milks are produced by high heat treatment, sometimes coupled with microfiltration or centrifugation. Other nonthermal methods have also been investigated. Flavored milk beverages have increased in popularity, as have milk beverages packaged in single-service, closeable plastic containers. Likewise, the frozen dairy processing industry has seen the development of large-capacity, automated processing equipment for a wide range of products designed to gain market share. Significant advancements in product quality have been made, many of these arising from improved knowledge of the functional properties of ingredients and their impact on structure and texture. Incidents of foodborne disease associated with dairy products continue to occur, necessitating even greater diligence in the control of pathogen transmission. Analytical techniques for the rapid detection of specific types of microorganisms have been developed and greatly improved during this time. Despite tremendous technological advancements for processors and a greater diversity of products for consumers, per capita consumption of fluid milk has declined and consumption of frozen dairy desserts has been steady during this 25-yr period.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Iodine concentration in the blood serum of milk cows from Saxony as well as in cows' milk and milk products (baby food)].

Within the framework of investigations into the metabolism of Saxon dairy-cows, more than 3300 analyses of blood serum total iodine concentrations have been carried out between 1997 and 2003. The total iodine concentration proved as suitable parameter for the recognition of the iodine supply situation of the milk cows. While to first two years 28,5 % of the samples were rated below the recommended minimum level (0,04 mg/l), thus indicating deficiencies, the total iodine concentration then rose demonstrably, even indicating an oversupply in some herds (> or = 0,20 mg/l). The iodine concentration in 117 independently tested milk samples (official food monitoring) confirmed this situation. An adequate iodine supplementation in feedstuffs is of great significance for the bovine metabolism as well as for the iodine concentrations in milk and therefore the iodine intake of the population. Of the negative consequences of an uncritically excessive iodine supplement particularly for high milk-yield cows one warns. This can lead to precariously high iodine concentrations in milk and dairy products. Further tests of blood total iodine levels in dairy herds on selective animals as well as analysis

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Allergy to cow's milk proteins in mother's milk or in hydrolyzed cow's milk infant formulas as assessed by intestinal permeability measurements.

An intestinal permeability test analyzing the differential urinary elimination of lactulose and mannitol orally ingested at the same dosage allowed us to establish a significant correlation between alterations of intestinal permeability and ingestion of reputedly hypoallergenic foods, breast milk, and hydrolyzed protein formulas in some infants with cow's milk allergy. In all, clinical disappearance of symptoms was observed after removal of milk from the mother's diet and/or elimination from the child's diet of any cow's-milk-based hypoallergenic formula.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Contamination of breast milk with organochlorine compounds in comparison with cow's milk and selected milk products in the new federal districts].

400 human milk, 280 cowmilk, 56 milkpowder and 305 butter samples were examined concerning there content of chloroorganic compounds. In human milk the highest concentration had DDE, followed by PCB, DDT and HCB, the lowest values were measured for HCH. Only total DDT in human milk but no compound in the milk product samples was above the maximal tolerated limit. There is a strong reduction in comparison to the values measured in 1979 (ten times for total HCH, one half for total DDT and to one sixth for HCB) but the PCB concentration didn't change.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Specific IgE antibodies to cow's milk and individual cow's milk proteins in children with suspected allergy to cow's milk].

Specific IgE antibodies against whole-milk-antigen mixture and against casein, alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin were determined using the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) in 125 sera of children with an initial diagnosis of suspected cow milk allergy. The results of the RAST were correlated with the clinical diagnosis. No specific IgE antibodies could be demonstrated in 98 children. Of these, 20 (20%) showed clinically intolerance to cow milk presumably on the basis of other immunological mechanisms. Specific IgE antibodies could be demonstrated in the sera of 27 children. Of these, 16 (60%) actually showed allergy to cow milk. A statistically significant association with chi 2 test could be established between positive RAST and clinical diagnosis (p = 0.001).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Identification, partial purification and biochemical characterization of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase present as a membrane component in skimmed milk and milk fat-globule membranes, and in mammary-tumour virus from the milk of infected mice.

The enzyme gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase was reproducibly found to be associated with mouse milk particles; it is present in milk fat-globule membranes and mouse mammary-tumour virus of infected Swiss mice, also in particles from the milk of uninfected mice. The enzymatic activities observed range among the highest reported for mammalian tissues. The enzyme was partially purified from mouse mammary-tumour virus, and from milk fat-globule membranes. The molecule requires the presence of detergents to remain soluble, behaves as a high molecular weight component, properties characterizing integral membrane proteins. Kinetics, and the effect of competitors as well as of specific inhibitors show this enzyme to be identical to the well-known kidney gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase ((gamma-glutamyl)-peptide:amino-acid gamma-glutamyltransferase, EC 2.3.2.2). Other oncornaviruses budding from cultured cells originally expressing the enzyme in their plasma membrane also incorporate the enzyme in their structure.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

An extensive outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning due to low-fat milk in Japan: estimation of enterotoxin A in the incriminated milk and powdered skim milk.

An extensive outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning occurred in Kansai district in Japan. As many as 13,420 cases frequently ingested dairy products manufactured by a factory in Osaka City. The main ingredient of these dairy products was powdered skim milk manufactured by a factory in Hokkaido. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) (< or = 0.38 ng/ml) was detected in low-fat milk and approx. 3.7 ng/g in powdered skim milk. The total intake of SEA per capita was estimated mostly at approx. 20-100 ng. The assumed attack rate was considerably lower than those reported in previous outbreaks. SEA exposed at least twice to pasteurization at 130 degrees C for 4 or 2 s retained both immunological and biological activities, although it had been partially inactivated. The present outbreak was unusual in that the thermal processes had destroyed staphylococci in milk but SEA had retained enough activity to cause intoxication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Transmission of cytomegalovirus infection through breast milk in term and preterm infants. The role of cell free milk whey and milk cells.

We investigated the reactivation of cytomegalovirus during lactation and analysed the role of human milk whey and milk cells in mother-to-child-transmission. In contrast to term infants, preterm infants may be infected symptomatically by breastfeeding. Human milk whey is the material of choice for detection of maternal DNAlactia and virolactia, whereas milk cells not necessarily have to be infected in transmitters.

Cytomegalovirus↗
PubMed1980

High performance liquid chromatographic determination of vitamin A in margarine, milk, partially skimmed milk, and skimmed milk.

Saponification and subsequent evaporation of extracts can cause losses of vitamin A during analysis and thus cause erratic results. These steps were therefore avoided by measuring retinyl palmitate and beta-carotene directly in hexane extracts of milk and margarine. Extracts were purified before high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) by washing with aqueous alcohol. Retinyl palmitate was measured at 325 nm after chromatography on LiChrosorb Si60, 5 micrometer, using ethyl ether-hexane (2+98) as the solvent system. Milk (2 mL) was shaken with absolute ethanol (5 mL) and hexane (5 mL). Water (3 mL) was added and, after mixing and centrifugation, 100 microL hexane hexane layer was injected. Margarine (5 g) was dissolved in hexane (100 mL). After 5 mL of the hexane solution was washed with 60% ethanol and centrifuged, a 50 microL aliquot was injected. The results of the retinyl palmitate estimation in milk agreed with those obtained by a fluorometric method; the results in margarine agreed with those obtained by saponification, extraction, and HPLC. The coefficients of variation on analysis of 10 replicate samples of milk and margarine were 3 and 4.5%, respectively. The analysis of margarine for vitamin A was completed by measuring beta-carotene with a detector set at 453 nm; the coefficient of variation of this measurement was 3% (10 replicates).

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[The quantitative determination of the protein content of milk by means of violet spectral photometry. 7. The milk analyzer MAG 100 (Carl Zeiss Jena GmbH)--a possibility for simultaneous measurement of protein and fat content in raw milk at the dairy farm].

A new analysing apparatus is introduced, which allows to measure protein and fat contents of milk in the dairy farm. The instrument works on the basis of ultraviolet spectral photometry. Before measuring the milk sample must be diluted with a hydrous detergent solution in the ratio 1:100 and then homogenized. Accuracy and precision of the analytic results are influenced by detergent type, the water quality of detergent solution, the detergent foam, the air content and the pH of detergent solution, the reliability of homogenizer and thermostating system, the stability of photometer and by the error of dosage. Also a milk standard was developed, which is required for daily calibration of the apparatus.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Humanization of milk: "in vitro" influence of human milk, cow milk and infant formulae on the growth of "Bifidobacterium" (author's transl)].

Fresh human milk not only influence the physicochemical conditions in the infant's intestine, but also enhances the in vitro growth of Bifidobacterium Various Bifidobacterium strains belonging to different species can be clearly distinguished by their growth properties with different kinds of milk. Only B. bifidium, the predominant species in the intestine of breast-fed infants, is stimulated by human milk.

Actinomycetaceae↗
PubMed2000

The effect of omitted milking on the behaviour of cows in the context of cluster attachment failure during automatic milking.

In robotic milking there is always a slight chance of failure to attach the milking cluster. Attachment failure is most likely for cows whose udder conformation is less convenient for robot attachment. In general, after milking failure cows try to revisit the milking robot if they are not sent to a separate area. Since it is difficult to estimate the effect of milking failure on such a cow and her welfare in conditions of robotic milking, a specific 16-day trial was conducted on 12 cows. These cows were milked in a milking parlour with six milking stalls. Each afternoon milking, three cows were not milked. All the cows were closely observed in the cubicle house for 1 h after the afternoon milking. Thereafter, all cows were brought to the milking parlour the third time and the three unmilked cows were milked. In total, each cow was observed 12 times after milking and four times after omitted milking. The following behavioural traits were registered: time budget for the 1 h, occurrence and time until eating, drinking, lying, urination and defecation, and aggressive interactions. Milking order was defined on the basis of how often a cow came to the milking parlour in the first batch of six cows. Moreover, the data related to the milk yield and the use of the automatic feeding installation with the complete diet were analysed. After omitted milking, only the cows from the first batch stood longer in cubicles (14.2 min of 1 h) and lay less (5.4 min of 1 h) than milked cows of the same batch (respectively 7.0 min and 16.3 min for standing and lying in cubicles) (P<0.01). After omitted milking, cows urinated earlier and more frequently (64.5%) than milked cows (36.3%) (P<0.002) (both batches). There were no statistically significant differences in eating time and feed intake after milking and omitted milking. Milk yield per cow averaged 24.9 kg during days with omitted (delayed by 1 h) milking and 25.3 kg during the days without omitted milking (P<0.05). It was concluded that cows show some signs of discomfort after omitted milking (urination); this discomfort seemed to be greater in cows coming earlier to the milking parlour (afterwards they preferred to stand rather than to lie). The 60% of cases of milk leakage found after omitted milking indicates that failed cluster attachment can be accompanied by an extra risk factor for the occurrence of mastitis. However, omitted milking as a treatment did not influence feeding and aggressive behaviour or milking order when unmilked cows were brought to the milking parlour the third time together with the milked cows. Our methods and results can be useful for estimating the effects of robot milking failures on a cow. Future studies should pay particular attention to high-yielding cows and to longer periods of delayed milking.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Changes in cisternal udder compartment induced by milking interval in dairy goats milked once or twice daily.

Fourteen Murciano-Granadina dairy goats were used to evaluate udder compartments (cisternal and alveolar) and cisternal recoil after an oxytocin (OT) challenge at different milking intervals (8, 16, and 24 h) during wk 7 of lactation. Goats were milked once (1x; n = 7) or twice (2x; n = 7) daily from wk 2 of lactation. Average milk yields for wk 4 and 8 were 1.76 and 2.24 L/d, for goats milked 1x and 2x, respectively. For each half udder, cisternal area was measured by ultrasonography and cisternal milk was measured by machine milking after i.v. injection of an OT receptor blocking agent. Alveolar milk was then obtained after i.v. injection of OT. Regardless of milking frequency, alveolar milk increased from 8 to 16 h after milking, but did not change thereafter. Cisternal area and cisternal milk increased linearly (R2 = 0.96 to 0.99) up to 24 h, indicating continuous milk storage in the cistern at any alveoli filling degree. Cisternal to alveolar ratio increased with milking interval (from 57:43 to 75:25), but differences between milking intervals were significant at 8 h only, at which time goats milked 2x showed a greater ratio (1x = 51:49; 2x = 62:38). Despite extended milking intervals, cisterns of goats milked 1x did not become larger than cisterns of goats milked 2x after 5 wk of treatment. The highest correlation between cisternal area and cisternal milk was detected at 8 h after milking (r = 0.74). Primiparous goats had smaller cisternal areas and less cisternal milk than multiparous goats at all milking intervals. Cisternal recoil was studied in a sample of multiparous goats milked 1x (n = 4) and 2x (n = 4) by scanning cisterns by ultrasonography at 0, 5, 15, and 30 min after an OT challenge for each milking interval. Cisternal area increased after OT injection for the 8- and 16-h milking intervals, but no differences were observed for the 24-h interval. Unlike cows, no changes in cisternal area were observed after OT injection, indicating the absence of cisternal recoil in goats. We conclude that goats show a large cisternal compartment that increases linearly after milking. Nevertheless, cisternal size did not increased after 1x milking, probably because of lesser milk yield. Multiparous goats had larger cisterns than primiparous goats and were able to store more milk in their cisterns at all milking intervals. Because of the high capacity of goat cisterns, no milk return from cistern to alveoli is expected if milking is delayed after milk letdown.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effect of pregnancy and extended lactation on milk production in dairy goats milked once daily.

Thirty multiparous Murciano-Granadina dairy goats milked once daily were used to study the lactational effects of an extended 24-mo kidding interval (K24; n = 14) compared with the traditional 12-mo kidding interval (K12; n = 16). Goats were divided into 2 groups at wk 29 of lactation balanced with respect to parity, milk yield, and somatic cell count. Over a period of 92 wk, K12 goats were mated twice, at wk 29 during the first lactation and at wk 79 during the second lactation, whereas K24 goats were mated once, at wk 79 of extended first lactation. The K12 goats were dried off from wk 14 to 21 of pregnancy (wk 43 to 50 of lactation). Milk yield was recorded from wk 2 to 92, and milk composition was studied from wk 29 to 92. Milk fatty acids were analyzed in milk samples taken at wk 39 (wk 10 of pregnancy) and 55 (wk 5 of subsequent lactation), when milk in udder compartments (cisternal and alveolar) was also evaluated. Average milk yield during the first 29 wk was 2.23 +/- 0.13 L/d. Pregnancy reduced milk yield in K12 goats from wk 39 to 42 of lactation compared with K24 goats. During the dry period for K12 goats, milk yield of K24 goats averaged 1.53 +/- 0.10 L/d. From wk 51 to 79, K12 goats produced 32% more milk than did K24 goats, but their milk contained lower fat and protein than that of K24 goats. No changes were detected for milk lactose and somatic cell count from wk 51 to 79. From wk 80 to 92, differences in milk yield and milk composition between groups were not significant. Milk of pregnant K12 goats contained higher C16:1 and conjugated C18:2 fatty acids, and had a higher desaturase index than milk of open K24 goats at wk 39. In the following lactation (wk 55), milk of K12 goats contained higher C18:2 and C18:3, and lower C16:0 fatty acids, resulting in a lower atherogenicity index compared with K24 goats. Cisternal milk at wk 39 was lower for K12 than K24 goats, whereas alveolar milk did not differ. In K12 goats, values of cisternal milk tripled, but alveolar milk only doubled at wk 55 (wk 5 of subsequent lactation) compared with wk 39, indicating the importance of the cistern in accommodating high milk yield in early lactation. Values of cisternal and alveolar milk did not differ between wk 39 and 55 for K24 goats. Fat content was higher for alveolar milk than cisternal milk for K12 goats at wk 55 and for K24 goats at wk 39 and 55. No differences in milk protein or lactose were detected between cisternal and alveolar milk. In conclusion, pregnancy reduced milk yield from wk 10 after conceiving onwards. Extended lactation did not significantly decrease milk yield (-8.2%), but increased milk components that may contribute to cheese yield, and may be a useful strategy for reducing metabolic stress in early lactation and for simplifying herd management in dairy goats.

Animals↗