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PubMed2002

Properties of cellulose-degrading enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae and their contribution to material utilization and alcohol yield in sake mash fermentation.

Four cellulose-degrading enzymes were identified in a solid-state culture of Aspergillus oryzae. The three major enzymes were purified and named Cel-1, Cel-2, and Cel-3, respectively. The molecular weights were determined to be 62, 120, and 34 kDa, respectively. The optimum temperature of Cel-3 activity was higher than that of the other enzymes. An acidic pH was found to be more suitable for Cel-1 activity than for the other enzymes, and Cel-3 was more stable under acidic conditions than the other two. These properties and the results of a protein homology search for N-terminal amino acid sequences suggest that Cel-1 and Cel-3 correspond to the previously isolated endo-1,4-beta-glucanase CelB and CelA, respectively. The analysis of substrate specificity suggested that Cel-2 is likely to be beta-glucosidase. The effect of Cel-1, Cel-2, and Cel-3 on the sake mash fermentation was determined and it was found that Cel-2 markedly improved material utilization and alcohol yield in sake mash fermentation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Effect of mash maceration on the polyphenolic content and visual quality attributes of cloudy apple juice.

The effects of enzymatic mash treatments on yield, turbidity, color, and polyphenolic content of cloudy apple juice were studied. Using HPLC-ESI-MS, cryptochlorogenic acid was identified in cv. Brettacher cloudy apple juice for the first time. Commercial pectolytic enzyme preparations with different levels of secondary protease activity were tested under both oxidative and nonoxidative conditions. Without the addition of ascorbic acid, oxidation substantially decreased chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and procyanidin B2 contents due to enzymatic browning. The content of chlorogenic acid as the major polyphenolic compound was also influenced by the composition of pectolytic enzyme preparations because the presence of secondary protease activity resulted in a rise of chlorogenic acid. The latter effect was probably due to the inhibited protein-polyphenol interactions, which prevented binding of polyphenolic compounds to the matrix, thus increasing their antioxidative potential. The results obtained clearly demonstrate the advantage of the nonoxidative mash maceration for the production of cloud-stable apple juice with a high polyphenolic content, particularly in a premature processing campaign.

Beverages↗
PubMed2002

The clinicopathologic significance of enriching grated cassava mash with red palm oil in the production of gari.

The neglect of traditional processing methods in the production of gari (toasted cassava granules) has been blamed for reported cases of poisoning following consumption of gari. This study investigated the nutritional and clinicopathologic effects of not enriching cassava mash with red palm oil (RPO) during gari production. Two gari samples were produced with and without RPO. Total cyanogen, acetone cyanohydrin, free cyanogen, and crude protein contents were not found to be significantly (p > 0.05) different between the two. The samples were fed exclusively to two different groups of Sprague-Dawley rats for a ten week experimental period during which clinical observations were recorded daily. At the end, vital body organs were examined grossly and microscopically. There was a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in severity and percentage of animals exhibiting clinical abnormalities and lesions of chronic cyanide poisoning in the group fed gari produced with RPO. This result implies an association between the enrichment of cassava mash with RPO during gari production and the reduction of severity and percentage of animals affected by chronic cyanide poisoning.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Buffering capacity of whole corn mash alters concentrations of organic acids required to inhibit growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and ethanol production.

Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fermentative ethanol production in the presence of acetic and lactic acids was measured in whole corn mash. In this industrial medium, as compared to glucose minimal medium, the yeast had increased tolerance to organic acid stress. It was concluded that the increased buffering capacity of whole corn mash, resulting in decreased concentration of undissociated acid, was responsible for this phenomenon.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed2001

Proprotein convertase PACE4 is down-regulated by the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor hASH-1 and MASH-1.

PACE4 is a mammalian subtilisin-like proprotein convertase that activates transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-related proteins such as bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), BMP4 and Nodal and exhibits a dynamic expression pattern during embryogenesis. We recently determined that the 1 kb 5'-upstream region of the PACE4 gene contains 12 E-box (E1-E12) elements and that an E-box cluster (E4-E9) acts as a negative regulator [Tsuji, Yoshida, Hasegawa, Bando, Yoshida, Koide, Mori and Matsuda (1999) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 126, 494-502]. It is known that the mammalian achaete-scute homologue 1 (MASH-1) binds specifically to an E-box (CACCTG) sequence in collaboration with E47, a ubiquitously expressed basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factor. To identify the roles of the bHLH factor and E-box elements in regulating PACE4 gene expression in neural development, we analysed the effects of human achaete-scute homologue 1 (hASH-1) on PACE4 gene expression with various neuroblastoma cell lines. The expressions of PACE4 and hASH-1 are correlated inversely in these cell lines. The overexpression of hASH-1 or MASH-1 causes a marked decrease in endogenous PACE4 gene expression but has no effect on the expression of other subtilisin-like proprotein convertases such as furin, PC5/6 and PC7/8. In contrast, other neural bHLH factors (MATH-1, MATH-2, neurogenin 1, neurogenin 2, neurogenin 3 and E47) did not affect PACE4 gene expression. Furthermore, an E-box cluster was a negative regulatory element for the promoter activity in NBL-S cells expressing hASH-1 at high level as determined by a luciferase assay. Binding of hASH-1 to the E-box cluster was confirmed by gel mobility-shift assay. In the present study we identified the PACE4 gene as one of the targets of hASH-1, which is a key factor in the initiation of neural differentiation. These results suggest that the alteration of PACE4 gene expression by hASH-1 causes rapid changes in the biological activities of TGF-beta-related proteins via post-translational modification of these proteins.

Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins↗
PubMed2001

Ileal starch digestibility in growing broiler chickens fed on a wheat-based diet is improved by mash feeding, dilution with cellulose or whole wheat inclusion.

1. An experiment was conducted to study causes of low ileal starch digestibilities when broiler chickens were fed on wheat-based diets. Each of 5 cold-pelleted diets containing 771 g/kg DM wheat and one cold-pelleted diet containing 694 g/kg DM wheat were fed to 24 male broiler chickens in 8 cages from 10 to 21 d of age. 2. Feed intake and weight gain were significantly reduced when the wheat diet was crushed and fed in a mash form. 3. Ileal starch digestibility increased significantly from 0.79 to 0.95, 0.93 and 0.91, respectively, when the diet was crushed and fed in a mash form, was diluted with cellulose prior to pelleting, or when parts of the wheat were fed as whole grains. Correspondingly, random variation between individual birds was reduced. 4. These results indicate that an overload of wheat starch in the digestive tract may be the cause of poor digestibility for some broilers in a flock. Grinding of the wheat may also influence starch digestibility.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Methodologic considerations in the measurement of glycemic index: glycemic response to rye bread, oatmeal porridge, and mashed potato.

BACKGROUND: Methodologic choices affect measures of the glycemic index (GI). The effects on GI values of blood sampling site, reference food type, and the number of repeat tests have been insufficiently determined. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to study the effect of methodologic choices on GI values. Comparisons were made between venous and capillary blood sampling and between glucose and white bread as the reference food. The number of tests needed for the reference food was assessed. Rye bread, oatmeal porridge, and instant mashed potato were used as the test foods. DESIGN: Twelve healthy volunteers were served each test food once and both reference foods 3 times at 1-wk intervals in a random order after they had fasted overnight. Capillary and venous blood samples were drawn at intervals for 3 h after each study meal. RESULTS: GIs and their CVs based on capillary samples were lower than those based on venous samples. Two tests of glucose solution as the reference provided stable capillary GIs for the test foods. The capillary GIs did not differ significantly when white bread was used as the reference 1, 2, or 3 times, but the variation was lower when tests were performed 2 and 3 times. Capillary GIs with white bread as the reference were 1.3 times as high as those with glucose as the reference. The capillary GIs of rye bread, oatmeal porridge, and mashed potato were 77, 74, and 80, respectively, with glucose as the reference. CONCLUSIONS: Capillary blood sampling should be used in the measurement of GI, and reference tests with glucose or white bread should be performed at least twice.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Studies on the metabolizable energy content of ground full-fat flaxseed fed in mash, pellet, and crumbled diets assayed with birds of different ages.

Four experiments were carried out to determine the AMEn of ground flaxseed in chickens of different ages and to study the effect of feeding flaxseed in pelleted or crumbled diets on flaxseed AMEn. A corn-soybean meal basal diet was prepared, in which the energy-yielding ingredients were substituted with ground flaxseed at 5, 10, 15, or 20%. Experiments 1, 2, and 3 consisted of these five dietary treatments replicated six times using 9-d-, 6-wk-, and 79-wk-old birds, respectively. A total collection procedure was used to measure diet AMEn, and linear regression analyses were used to calculate the AMEn value of flaxseed for birds at different ages. Experiment 4 involved birds fed either a basal or a 10% ground flaxseed diet prepared as mash, pellets, or crumbles. The flaxseed AMEn values obtained with 9-d- and 6-wk-old chickens were 2,118 and 2,055 kcal/kg, respectively. These values contrast with those of Experiments 3 and 4, in which mature roosters were fed mash diets with AMEn values of 3,560 and 3,654 kcal/kg, respectively. In Experiment 4, a significant improvement in flaxseed AMEn was observed when diets were pelleted or crumbled (4,578 and 4,277 kcal/kg, respectively). We concluded that the difference in AMEn of flaxseed observed in young birds vs. that found in mature birds was likely due to a greater tolerance of the latter to flaxseed, with less evidence of diarrhea. Feeding flaxseed in pellet or crumbled diets can significantly increase AMEn value.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

Plumage condition and health of aviary-kept hens fed mash or crumbled pellets.

In the present experiment, we evaluated the effects on plumage condition and health of feeding a mash or a crumbled diet to two hybrids of laying hens in an aviary system. The two diets had the same composition and calculated nutrient content. A total of 3,204 birds was studied from 20 to 80 wk of age. Two hybrids, Lohmann Selected Leghorn and SLU-1329 (two line crosses of Leghorn and Rhode Island Red), were housed in six pens each of an aviary system with groups of 269 and 265 birds, respectively. There were three replicates per treatment (diet x hybrid). Diet generally had little effect on plumage condition, health, and tonic immobility. However, birds fed the crumbled diet had significantly fewer problems with bumble foot than those fed the mash diet. Hybrids reacted differently in most traits studied; SLU-1329 had better health scores but more problems with cannibalism and salpingitis than Lohmann Selected Leghorns, whereas the reverse was found in the proportion of cases with coccidiosis. The hybrid differences found underline the importance of genotype.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Lactic acid bacteria isolated from soy sauce mash in Thailand.

Fourteen sphere-shaped and 30 rod-shaped lactic acid bacteria were isolated from soy sauce mash of two factories in Thailand. These strains were separated into two groups, Group A and Group B, by cell shape and DNA-DNA similarity. Group A contained 14 tetrad-forming strains, and these strains were identified as Tetragenococcus halophilus by DNA similarity. Group B contained 30 rod-shaped bacteria, and they were further divided into four Subgroups, B1, B2, B3, and B4, and three ungrouped strains by phenotypic characteristics and DNA similarity. Subgroup B1 contained 16 strains, and these strains were identified as Lactobacillus acidipiscis by DNA similarity. Subgroup B2 included two strains, and the strains were identified as Lactobacillus farciminis by DNA similarity. Subgroup B3 contained five strains. The strains had meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall, and were identified as Lactobacillus pentosus by DNA similarity. The strains tested produced DL-lactic acid from D-glucose. Subgroup B4 contained four strains. The strains had meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall, and they were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum by DNA similarity. Two ungrouped strains were homofermentative, and one was heterofermentative. They showed a low degree of DNA similarity with the type strains tested, and were left unnamed. The distribution of lactic acid bacteria in soy sauce mash in Thailand is discussed.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed1985

Studies of the fungistatic activity of antifungal compounds in mash and pelleted feeds.

The effect of calcium propionate (CP) and Agrosil (AG) as mold inhibitors in wetted mash and pelleted feed was studied using both commercial cattle and poultry rations. Number of fungal colonies isolated after pelleting was markedly reduced; however, wetting the pellets accelerated the build-up of inoculum and resulted in spoilage. The addition of CP (.3%) to the cattle ration before pelleting prevented mold proliferation during one month of storage while the number of fungal colonies counted in pellets treated with AG (.15%) markedly increased over that period. However, AG had a longer fungistatic effect than CP in preserving the mash diet. Both materials, applied at .2%, were ineffective in preserving wet pelleted poultry feed. After 17 days of storage, feed treated with either of the agents was visibly moldy. In all cases, an increase in mold population was concomitant with elevated carbon dioxide concentrations, which indicated the sensitivity of this parameter for measuring fungal activity. Fat content of the diets remained unchanged during the storage period in spite of increased fungal activity.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

Orthopedic surgery at a MASH deployed to the former Yugoslavia in support of the United Nations Protection Force.

From November 1992 to April 1993, the 212th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) was deployed from Germany to Zagreb, Croatia, to provide medical support for the United Nations Protection Force serving in the former Yugoslavia. A 60-bed deployable medical systems hospital was established. The usual MASH 72-hour evacuation policy was extended to 30 days; the orthopedic equipment inventory and surgical capability were increased significantly. Eighty-three orthopedic surgical procedures were performed during a 5-month period on soldiers from 14 nations. Sixty-two (75%) of these procedures were non-emergent, including internal fixation of fractures, bone and skin grafting, and arthroscopy. There were no documented early infections; the complication rate was acceptable. Orthopedic aftercare was supplemented by physical therapy and the capability of prosthetic fitting for amputees. The majority of soldiers (60%) received definitive orthopedic surgical care in theater. The feasibility of performing non-emergent orthopedic procedures in a field environment was demonstrated. Expanded medical support for other similar missions may be required in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

DLX-2, MASH-1, and MAP-2 expression and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation define molecularly distinct cell populations in the embryonic mouse forebrain.

Recently, the Dlx family of homeobox genes have been identified as candidates for regulating patterning and differentiation of the forebrain. We have made a polyclonal antiserum to the protein product of the Dlx-2 gene. Using this antiserum, we have characterized the spatial and temporal pattern of DLX-2 protein expression during murine development and in the adult mouse brain. These studies demonstrate that, like the mRNA from the Dlx-2 gene, DLX-2 protein is expressed in mouse embryonic forebrain, limbs, tail, genital tubercle, and branchial arches. Within the embryonic forebrain, DLX-2 protein is expressed within specific transverse and longitudinal domains. Analysis of expression within the wall of the forebrain shows that DLX-2 is expressed in proliferative regions including the ventricular and subventricular zones. DLX-2 is expressed in the same cells as MASH-1, a marker of relatively undifferentiated cells, but in a reciprocal fashion to MAP-2, a marker of terminal neuronal differentiation. A number of DLX-2-expressing cells, but not all, can be labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Using the patterns of DLX-2, MASH-1, MAP-2 expression, and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, we identify four molecularly distinct populations of cells that may correspond to different stages of neuronal differentiation in the mouse basal forebrain, in which DLX-2 is expressed at the transition from proliferation to terminal differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effect of germination on the glycoprotein of mash (Phaseolus mungo) seeds.

The soluble carbohydrates and insolube proteins of Phaseolus mungo seeds decreased considerably up to 96 h of germination, whereas the soluble proteins remained nearly constant. The carbohydrates content of glycoprotein also remained constant. This suggests that a negligible change took place in the glycoprotein during the initial period of mash seed germination.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed2005

Characterization of very high gravity ethanol fermentation of corn mash. Effect of glucoamylase dosage, pre-saccharification and yeast strain.

Ethanol was produced from very high gravity mashes of dry milled corn (35% w/w total dry matter) under simultaneous saccharification and fermentation conditions. The effects of glucoamylase dosage, pre-saccharification and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain on the growth characteristics such as the ethanol yield and volumetric and specific productivity were determined. It was shown that higher glucoamylase doses and/or pre-saccharification accelerated the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process and increased the final ethanol concentration from 106 to 126 g/kg although the maximal specific growth rate was decreased. Ethanol production was not only growth related, as more than half of the total saccharides were consumed and more than half of the ethanol was produced during the stationary phase. Furthermore, a high stress tolerance of the applied yeast strain was found to be crucial for the outcome of the fermentation process, both with regard to residual saccharides and final ethanol concentration. The increased formation of cell mass when a well-suited strain was applied increased the final ethanol concentration, since a more complete fermentation was achieved.

Cell Culture Techniques↗
PubMed1990

Effects of perifornical hypothalamic microinjections of phenylpropanolamine and amphetamine on latency to feed and mash intake in rats.

To determine whether phenylpropanolamine (PPA) and amphetamine act on a common satiety mechanism, the present experiment compared the effect of unilateral microinjections (40, 80, and 160 nmol) of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride (PPA: d,1-norephedrine) and of d-amphetamine sulfate within the perifornical hypothalamus (PFH) on consumption of a palatable sweetened-mash diet in adult male rats. Microinjection of d-amphetamine (40-160 nmol) within the PFH induced dose-dependent anorexia, whereas PPA microinjections were without effect on feeding. These results document that amphetamine and PPA do not act at a common CNS site, such as the PFH, to induce anorexia.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of paraventricular hypothalamic microinjections of phenylpropanolamine and d-amphetamine on mash intake in rats.

The present experiment compared the effects of unilateral microinjections (40, 80 and 160 nmol/0.5 microliter) of phenylpropanolamine (PPA: d,l-norephedrine) and d-amphetamine sulfate within the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVN) on consumption of a palatable sweetened-mash diet in 15-hour food-deprived adult male rats. Intracranial microinjections were administered 5 minutes prior to each 30-minute feeding trial. PPA, at a dose of 160 nmol, suppressed feeding by 42%, whereas a similar dose of amphetamine suppressed feeding by 49%. Amphetamine or PPA doses of 40 and 80 nmol were without significant effect on feeding behavior. A relatively high dose of 160 nmol amphetamine was required to suppress feeding after injection into the PVN whereas much lower amphetamine concentrations are required to suppress feeding after injection into the perifornical hypothalamus. In contrast, PPA has some anorexic activity within the PVN but not within the perifornical hypothalamus.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Growth estimation of solid-state koji by covering a cellophane membrane on the mash.

In a solid-substrate fermentation system, fungal growth within a solid mash is an important index for the efficiency of the saccharification and production of metabolites. Estimation of fungal mass in such a heterogeneous solid-substrate systems is difficult and tedious. In this work, the comparison of Aspergillus oryzae which is a common strain for the wine-brewing process cultured on a cellophane membrane placed on a koji juice agar medium and a small scale of steamed rice koji culture was conduted. Experimental results showed that the cellophane membrane technique resembled the steamed rice koji culture and is considered as a convenient and effective way for investigating the growth characteristics and cytology for solid-substrate koji system.

Journal Article↗