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PubMed1989

Mandibular dysfunction in adulthood in relation to morphologic malocclusion at adolescence.

The purpose of this 20-year follow-up study was to assess whether pronounced morphologic traits of malocclusion, persisting from adolescence to about 35 years of age, imply an increased risk of persistent and severe mandibular dysfunction. In 1965-66 malocclusion was recorded in 176 adolescents; in 1981 these persons responded to a questionnaire concerning symptoms of functional disorders, and in 1986-87 malocclusion and signs of dysfunction were registered. Highly significant associations were observed between some of the self-reported symptoms and the signs registered 5-6 years later. Spearman correlation coefficients between the persistent traits of malocclusion, occurring at both examinations, and the signs of mandibular dysfunction were low in general. No association was found between the most severe and persistent functional disorders and any particular malocclusion. It is concluded that orthodontic screening of morphologic malocclusion in childhood would seem of limited value in attempts to predict mandibular dysfunction in adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The prevalence of malocclusion in China--an investigation of 25,392 children.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of malocclusion in China. METHODS: Based on individual normal occlusion and Angle's classification of malocclusion, standard investigation form was made. 25,392 children of different dental ages were evaluated by orthodontic professionals. RESULTS: The prevalence of malocclusion among Chinese children was 67.82%. The prevalence of malocclusion among children with different dental age and the proportion of the different types of malocclusions were revealed. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of malocclusion among Chinese children had increased from 40% to 67% over the last 40 years.

Child↗
PubMed2000

[Treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion by orthodontic and surgical means].

OBJECTIVE: Skeletal class II malocclusion is often occurred in Oriental and Black. It is difficult to gain the ideal treatment objective either using the orthognathic surgery or orthodontic treatment alone. However, the combined orthodontic and surgical treatment can reach it, so we investigate the methods and characteristics of combined orthodontic and surgical treatment in skeletal class II malocclusion. METHODS: We analyzed the recent 22 cases with skeletal class II malocclusion in Hospital of Stomatology, West China University of Medical Sciences with 7 male and 15 female from 20 to 30 years old. In the study, we discussed the time of extraction, the peculiarity of orthodontic treatment and the selection of surgery type. RESULTS: After the combined orthodontic and surgical treatment, all the patients regained satisfactory face appearance and function. The selection of surgery type is decided by the skeletal characteristics of malocclusion (the malformation degree and the position). The upper first premolars were extracted before the orthodontic treatment for the purpose of better curing of surface of the skeletal wound. And the pre and post-surgical orthodontic treatment were very important and necessary to regain the ideal face appearance and function. CONCLUSION: The combined orthodontic and surgical treatment is an efficient way to cure skeletal class II malocclusion. Suitable orthognathic surgery and rational orthodontic treatment are important to treat adult skeletal class II malocclusion.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[The impact of malocclusion on self-esteem of adolescents].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between malocclusions and self-esteem of adolescents. METHODS: 344 subjects with normal occlusion and different types of malocclusion were classified into four groups by Angle's classification, (91 students in class I group, 93 students in class II group, 82 students in class III group, and 78 in normal group). 344 school students aged 12 to 18 years in Dalian were assessed one by one using the Children Self-Esteem Scale (CSES). The statistic analyses were performed with, single-factor analysis, multivariate linear regression and unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Malocclusions negatively affect self-esteem. Class II malocclusion has higher risk than class I and class III malocclusions. The patients with severe dentofacial deformity are at highest risk for low appearance self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS: Malocclusion negatively affects self-esteem of adolescents. Serious dentofacial deformity is the highest risk factor in the low appearance self-esteem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Study of the incisive alveolar structure in different vertical facial types between osteal Class III malocclusion and normal occlusion].

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship of the incisive alveolar structure and vertical facial type between osteal Class III malocclusion and normal occlusion. METHODS: Forty-seven lateral cephalometrics of patients with osteal Class III malocclusion and forty-three lateral cephalometrics of controls with normal occlusion were randomly selected before treatment. Then the incisive alveolar structure was measured and analyzed, the results were analyzed with Student's t test. RESULTS: (1) In osteal Class III malocclusion; the UP value in the group of high mandibular angle decreased significantly than that in the groups of middle and low mandibular angle (P<0.05); the LA and MxAD value in the group of high mandibular angle decreased significantly than that in the group of middle mandibular angle (P<0.05). (2) In normal occlusion, the MdAD and LA value in the group of high mandibular angle decreased significantly than that in the groups of middle and low mandibular angle(P<0.05). (3) In patients with the same mandibular angle,the LA and MdAD value in normal occlusion increased significantly than those in osteal Class III malocclusion (P<0.05);the UP value, in normal occlusion increased significantly than osteal Class III malocclusion within the groups of middle and low mandibular angle (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The incisive alveolar structure was different in different vertical facial type and the same vertical facial types between osteal Class III malocclusion and normal occlusion.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2006

Assessment of skeletal and dental pattern of Class II division 1 malocclusion with relevance to clinical practice.

Class II division 1 malocclusion represents the most common skeletal discrepancy which orthodontists see in daily practice. The understanding of the morphology is a key element in planning dentofacial orthopedic treatment for this type of malocclusion. The purpose of the present study was to examine prepubertal children with Class II division 1 malocclusion and to evaluate maxillary and mandibular skeletal positions in comparison with normal growth standards by means of cephalometric measurements used by clinical practitioners. For the study casts and cephalograms of 86 consecutive patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion were used. The Class II division 1 malocclusion demonstrates broad variation in its skeletal and dental morphology. The retrognathic mandible (60%), maxillary prognathism (55.8%) and reduce vertical skeletal jaw relationship is the most common characteristic of Class II division 1 malocclusion. The optimal correction of the anteroposterior and vertical dental and skeletal discrepancies could be designed on the base of individual diagnosis for every Class II division 1 patient.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1990

Malocclusion in 12-year-old Sudanese children.

Malocclusions are generally less common among African and Arab children than Europeans. This difference may be due to racial as well as external and environmental factors. Angle CI. III malocclusion is, however, more common among African and Arab children than in Europeans, whereas the opposite is found for Angle CI. II malocclusions. Space conditions are better in African and Arab than in European populations. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of malocclusion in 12 year old Sudanese children using the method for epidemiological registration devised by Björk, Krebs and Solow. The majority of the children had Angle CI. I (normal and malocclusion), followed by CI. II and CI. III malocclusion. Sagittal, vertical and transversal occlusal anomalies were not common. The number of the abnormal conditions found in the survey suggests that public awareness and preventive orthodontics are important fields when the future orthodontic service in Sudan is organized.

Child↗
PubMed1990

[Dimensions of deciduous and permanent incisors in cases with Class II division 1 and 2 malocclusions].

The analysis of mesiodistal dimensions of the upper and lower incisors (in total and separately) has been carried out in order to investigate the interdependence of sizes of the teeth with defined malocclusions. The investigation included 180 cases of both sexes, out of which 90 had deciduous dentition and other 90 examinees had permanent dentition. There were 120 examinees with Class II malocclusion (60 with Class II/1, and 60 with Class II/2), whereas the rest of 60 examinees with normal occlusion were used as the control group. Gnathometric measurements were made on the plaster casts with calipher precision of 0.1 mm and were double checked. Computer analysis of the results obtained emphasized the following: the heterogeneity of findings in the deciduous dentition does not allow hypothesis of a connection between sizes of the deciduous incisors and defined malocclusions; in the permanent dentition the examinees with Class II division 1 malocclusion have significantly the largest incisors, and the smallest the examinees with class II division 2 malocclusion; the greatest difference in the size between the deciduous and permanent incisors was found in the examinees with Class II division 1 malocclusion and the smallest difference was found in the examinees with normal occlusion.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Investigation of chewing patterns in deep-bite malocclusions before and after orthodontic treatment.

A knowledge of chewing provides a better understanding of normal jaw movement and can help form a basis for assessing the effects of malocclusion on jaw function. This study was conducted to describe the effects of deep-bite malocclusion on masticatory function and to determine what changes may occur with orthodontic correction. Five subjects, each exhibiting deep overbite in the early permanent or adult dentition, were selected for this study. Two subjects had Class II, Division 1 malocclusions, and the other three had Class I malocclusions. By means of the "replicator system" jaw movements during border movements and unilateral chewing were recorded and analyzed by computer plots. The typical chewing pattern of all five subjects was characterized by midsagittal opening, wide lateral closing movements, tooth gliding, and a pause at the intercuspal position and during swallowing. Comparison of these findings with chewing data from normal children in previous studies indicated that the deep-bite malocclusion did not create a major disturbance in chewing. Some differences between the preoperative and postoperative condition were noted, however. Prior to treatment, three subjects showed a nearly vertical chewing cycle which avoided tooth contact at the border path. Following treatment, all subjects showed a greater coincidence between the closing chewing path and the lateral border movement. This indicated more gliding tooth contact after treatment. Following deep-bite correction, the border paths showed a refinement of the intercuspal position (IP) and an increased steepness in lateral tooth guidance near IP. The total vertical component of tooth guidance was reduced by treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Congenital tooth anomalies and malocclusions: a genetic link?

The aim of the present study was to investigate putative relationships between different malocclusions such as Class III and Class II division 1, and congenital tooth anomalies. Two-hundred Class III and 215 Class II division 1 patients were examined for the presence of any of the following congenital tooth anomalies: maxillary incisor hypodontia, maxillary canine impaction, transpositions, supernumerary teeth, and tooth agenesis. Their occurrence rates were then calculated as a percentage of the total sample and were compared for statistical differences. The results revealed no statistical difference (P > 0.05) in the occurrence rates of upper lateral incisor agenesis, peg-shaped laterals, impacted canines, or supernumerary teeth between the Class III and the Class II division 1 malocclusions. When the occurrence rate of all congenital tooth anomalies was compared between the two malocclusions, Class III subjects showed significantly higher rates (P < 0.05). Comparison with published surveys on general populations showed similar occurrence rates. It can be concluded that subjects with Class III and Class II division 1 malocclusions show patterns of congenital tooth anomalies similar to those observed in the general population. Congenital tooth anomalies may represent another criterion for the study of malocclusion, with respect to their origin and development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Masticatory performance in children and adolescents with Class I and II malocclusions.

It is not fully understood whether masticatory performance is compromised in individuals with the more common forms of malocclusion (i.e. Class I and Class II). The aim of this prospective investigation was to establish the relationships between masticatory performance, malocclusion (type and severity), age, body size and gender, in children and adolescents. A total of 335 individuals were examined at the average ages of 6, 9, 12 and 15 years. Each subject's occlusal status was described by Angle classification and by the Peer Assessment Ratio (PAR) index. Masticatory performance was quantified by the median particle size (MPS) and the broadness of particle distribution using artificial food. Masticatory performance improved significantly with age. The 6-year-old children were less able to break down the food particles (MPS 4.20 mm2) than the 15 year olds (MPS 3.24 mm2). Analysis of covariance showed that age differences in performance are related to an increase in body size. There were statistically significant differences in masticatory performance between children with normal occlusion and those with a Class I malocclusion; no differences were found between normal occlusion and Class II malocclusion. Gender differences did not explain the variation in masticatory performance. It is concluded that occlusal indices are not reliable predictors of masticatory performance. Traditional descriptors of malocclusion type and severity apparently cannot explain most of the variation in masticatory performance in children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Dental malocclusion in native children of British Columbia, Canada.

Since 1972, the Medical Services Branch (MSB), Pacific Region of Health Canada, has conducted quadrennial surveys of the dental health status of Native children in British Columbia (B.C.), Canada. This paper will analyze the findings related to dental malocclusion. Data from the most recent survey in 1988 are compared to data from 1980, and also to similar data from the most recent B.C. Children's Dental Health Survey. Prevalences of abnormal and severe malocclusion are also compared to the original 1972 data. Methods used in the surveys were detailed in a previous paper (I). Significant decreases in the percentage of children with drifting due to premature space loss (P < 0.05), as well as a slight decrease in the percentage of children with crowding were observed. A trend towards an increase in Class II molar relationship was demonstrated, but was not consistent for all age groups. In contrast, there was a slight, but consistent, trend towards a decrease in the percentage of children with an anterior openbite. Comparisons between the age groups demonstrated an increased prevalence of abnormal molar relationship, drifting due to space loss, crowding, crossbite, and overjet greater than 4 mm in children older than 7 years. Native children had a significantly greater prevalence of Class III molar relationship, crossbite, crowding, negative overjet, and anterior openbite than other schoolchildren in B.C. (P < 0.05). However, percentage of Native children with a severe malocclusion decreased significantly from 1972 to 1988 for 7, 9, and 11 year old children (P < 0.05), but for 13 and 15-yr-olds. Improvement has occurred over time in some aspects of dental malocclusion in these Native Canadian children, but malocclusion continues to be a frequent problem, especially amongst adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of malocclusion in 13-15 year-old North Jordanian school children.

OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of malocclusion in 13-15-year-old North Jordanian schoolchildren. METHODS: One thousand and three children aged 13-15 years (619 females, 384 males) were examined using Björk et al. (1964) registration method. A full clinical examination was carried out in the school premises using a mouth mirror under natural lighting. Alginate impressions were then taken for each student together with a wax bite. The impressions were poured the same day by an orthodontic technician. Peri-apical radiographs were taken for the students when hypodontia was suspected. RESULTS: Overall, the prevalence of malocclusion was 92%. Class II and III molars were found in 18.8% and 1.4% of the sample respectively. The malocclusion traits detected were crowding (50.4%), midline shift (31.7%), spaced dentition (26.7%), increased overjet (24.7%), deepbite (16.9%), crossbite (6.8), abnormal tooth form (7.7%), median diastema (6.9%), missing teeth (6%), ectopic canines (5.9%), inverted incisors (5.2%), high frenal attachment (3.9%), openbite (2.9%), tooth impaction (1.8%), reversed overjet (1.9%), scissorbite 0.3%. There was no statistically significant difference between males and females in the overall prevalence of malocclusion and the occlusal traits investigated. However, some dental anomalies showed significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of malocclusion among north Jordanians is comparable with other populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Orthopedic coordination of dentofacial development in skeletal Class II malocclusion in conjunction with edgewise therapy. Part I.

The skeletal Class II malocclusion may be considered to develop as a failure of the coordinating process to maintain harmonious relationships within the developing dentofacial apparatus. If the skeletal elements are too far apart for adaptation to occur and/or if there are functional abnormalities of the orofacial musculature which inhibit coordination from taking place, a malocclusion will result. An orthopedic technique and appliance system has been developed with the intention of improving those factors responsible for the development and perpetuation of the skeletal Class II malocclusion in a primary stage of treatment. This is accomplished by means of restraint and redirection of forward maxillary growth and an increase in the velocity of mandibular growth. Concurrently, adverse soft-tissue influences are eliminated or ameliorated. Edgewise appliance therapy is subsequently carried out for the final correction. The subject is considered in two articles. This first article describes the effects of the restraint of maxillary growth on craniofacial development and the dental changes produced by a maxillary removable splint with extraoral traction and shows how they can be used clinically for correction of the skeletal Class II malocclusion. The experimental and clinical evidence supporting this approach is considered, and case histories show the clinical use of the maxillary splint. This form of maxillary therapy for the skeletal Class II malocclusion has limitations, and it is desirable for it to be incorporated into a comprehensive orthopedic system.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of second molar eruption patterns in patients with skeletal Class II and skeletal Class I malocclusions.

INTRODUCTION: The eruptive positions of the second molars in Class I and Class II malocclusions were studied. METHODS: Pretreatment records of 221 patients with a mean age of 11.3 years were evaluated. About 19% of them had skeletal Class I, 31% had skeletal maxillary Class II, and 50% had skeletal mandibular Class II malocclusions. RESULTS: The mean values of the dental and chronologic ages of the subjects were similar. The eruptive positions in relation to a reference line, the developmental stages of the patients' second molars and dental ages were recorded from the panoramic roentgenograms. The distribution of the various developmental stages in each malocclusion group was similar, and no association between skeletal malocclusion and dental developmental stage of the second molars was encountered. The eruptive position of the maxillary second molars was more occlusal only in the oldest maxillary Class II group, above 12 years of age (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: These results support, in part, previous reports suggesting that the maxillary second molars may erupt earlier in patients with skeletal maxillary Class II malocclusions.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Differences in dental arch morphology among adult females with untreated Class I and Class II malocclusion.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate differences in dental arch morphology among an orthodontic sample of 386 untreated adult females between 17 and 68 years of age, categorized by age group (17-25 years, 26-35 years, or 35+ years) and malocclusion (Class I, Class II division 1, or Class II division 2). The results show that both maxillary and mandibular dental arch size were significantly larger for the younger age group. Arch shape was relatively shorter and wider for the oldest age group. Palatal height was greatest for the youngest age group and least for the oldest group. Subjects with Class II malocclusion had significantly smaller arches, greater maxillary incisor irregularity, and less mandibular incisor irregularity than patients with Class I malocclusion. Subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion had greater palatal heights and relatively longer/narrower maxillary dental arches than subjects with Class II division 2 malocclusion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Heritability analysis on skeletal angle III malocclusion].

PURPOSE: To explore the significance of genetic factor in the pathogenesis of skeletal angle III malocclusion. METHODS: A case-control study of 96 probands, 200 controls and their relatives was performed and the data were analyzed with genetic epidemiologic methods. SPSS11.5 software package was used for Chi-square test. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of skeletal angle III malocclusion in the first-degree relatives and second-degree relatives in the proband group were 9.00% and 1.88%,respectively,which were higher than that in the first-degree relatives in the control group(0.96%). The heritability in the first-degree relatives was 0.74+/-0.092.The results of segregation analysis didn't suggest that skeletal angle III malocclusion followed a pattern of autosomal recessive inheritance. CONCLUSION: Skeletal angle III malocclusion has characteristics of polygenetic disease. Genetic factor might play an important role in the pathogenesis of skeletal angle III malocclusion.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1988

Relationship between the development of skeletal mesio-occlusion and posterior tooth-to-denture base discrepancy--its significance in the orthodontic reconstruction of skeletal Class III malocclusion.

The purpose of this paper is to explain the relationship between the development of Skeletal Class III malocclusion and the posterior discrepancy. Four cases which had severe Skeletal Class III malocclusion and had experienced unsuccessful orthodontic correction are presented to evaluate the causative factors of Skeletal Class III malocclusion. The forward displacement of the mandible was associated with inferiorely positioned maxillary molars and/or superiorly positioned mandibular molars caused by the "squeezing out" effect of posterior discrepancy, which provides a less steep maxillary occlusal plane in the denture frame. Perhaps continuous forward displacement of the mandible induces vertical condylar elongation which establishes the characteristics of Skeletal Class III malocclusion. A new approach to the orthodontic treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion was achieved by the control of the occlusal plane with four second molars extraction in order to eliminate the posterior discrepancy.

Adolescent↗