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PubMedDate not supplied

[Cigarette smoking: a main preventable cause of death. The main public health problem of our times].

Cigarette smoking is one of the most important factors endangering the health and life of modern man. Unfortunately the statistics in recent years showed that Poland is now among the countries with the highest consumption of cigarettes in the world. According to the data reported in 1982 by the Polish Anti-tobacco Association our population consists in a great part of habitual smokers, since about 12 million people are smoking cigarettes (over 60% of men and 30% of women). Another diquieting fact is the continuous rise of the proportion of heavy smokers, who smoke over 20 cigarettes daily, which increases many times the health risk.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1985

Multiple myeloma with monoclonal IgG and IgD of lambda type exhibiting, under treatment, a shift from mainly IgG to mainly IgD.

A patient with multiple myeloma (MM), who initially presented with a predominant IgG lambda and a minor IgD lambda paraprotein pattern, is described. After chemotherapy, levels of the IgD lambda protein increased and the IgG lambda levels decreased. The following results were obtained when serum IgD was predominant. In the bone marrow, there were three plasma cell populations: a major one containing only delta chains, a minor one containing only gamma chains, and another minor one containing both delta and gamma chains. All these plasma cell populations contained lambda chains. Stimulation of circulating mononuclear cells with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) achieved differentiation of circulating B lymphocytes into plasma cells: 30% with only cytoplasmic delta lambda chains and 10% with only cytoplasmic gamma lambda chains. These IgG-containing plasma cells showed cytoplasmic reactivity with rabbit antiserum raised against monoclonal IgD which was shown to contain specificities recognizing both delta chains and idiotypic determinants present in both serum IgD lambda and IgG lambda. Circulating B lymphocytes were 'monoclonal': almost all expressed surface delta lambda chains, and a small proportion of them expressed both delta gamma and lambda chains. High levels of IgD were detected in the supernatants of all cultures, but high concentrations of IgG were only detected in those from PWM-stimulated cultures with very low levels of IgM and IgA. These findings suggest that plasma cells producing either IgD or IgG were derived from a common B-cell clone. Double paraproteinaemia exhibiting a shift in immunoglobulin production from IgG to IgD has not been previously described.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2003

Presence and place of main ideas and examples in study texts.

BACKGROUND: How indispensable are examples and main ideas in study texts? In research into comprehension of expository texts examples are sometimes considered as cognitive support, sometimes as seductive details. According to the cognitivist view, text comprehension is based on main ideas, whereas the constructivist view holds that examples are the basis of understanding. AIMS: This study explored how text comprehension is influenced by main ideas and examples in study texts, in relation to Vermunt's (1992, 1998) 'concrete elaboration' learning style. In Experiment 1, concrete texts with many examples were compared with abstract texts with many main ideas. In Experiment 2, idea-oriented texts, in which main ideas preceded examples, were compared with example-oriented texts, in which examples preceded main ideas. SAMPLES: In both experiments, undergraduate social sciences students studied various versions of an introductory text on educational psychology. METHODS: The text contained sections with a varying number of relevant and irrelevant examples and with or without a main idea (Experiment 1), and sections with a main idea followed by examples, sections with a main idea without examples, or sections with examples followed by a main idea (Experiment 2). After studying the text, students completed a verbatim recognition test and an explanation test. RESULTS: Best results were obtained after studying sections with a main idea and two or five examples. Irrelevant examples were detrimental to understanding. Students used examples to construct knowledge or to activate prior knowledge. Students with a strong habit of concrete elaboration used main ideas to recollect episodes of personal experience. This may interfere with understanding underlying concepts and principles by relating main ideas to examples in the text. Students with a low score on the concrete elaboration scale were sensitive to the presence of examples in the study text. CONCLUSION: In expository texts, examples are indispensable. The findings suggest that main ideas are useful, and, in order to prevent interference effects, the more so when they are put at the end of sections.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[An analyses of plantar dermatoglyphic main line trend of Tibetans in suburbs of Lhasa].

Collected plantar prints with Ninhygrine-gourmet powder, traced main line trend with steromicroscope, the plantar dermatoglyphic main line trend of 250 sample Tibetans in good health in suburbs of Lhasa were analysed. They are composed of 125 males and 125 females. The results are as followes: Main line A of Tibetans trends chiefly towards area 1, and next towards area 7; main line B terminates mainly in area 1 and area 7 as well; main line C terminates mainly in area 1 and area 9; the frequency of main line D is the highest in area 1. The main line E chiefly towards area 13. Absence of triradius P is more, the frequency of main line pd termaiates higher (area 13 and area 11) than of main line Pf (area. 7). This paper compared the difference between sexes, nationalities and races. The results showed that the plantar main line trend of Tibetans have their own feature, and showed character of the Mongoloid.

Dermatoglyphics↗
PubMed1981

Exercise thallium-201 myocardial imaging in left main coronary artery disease: sensitive but not specific.

To determine the usefulness of thallium-201 scintigraphy for identifying left main coronary artery disease, the results of scintigraphy at rest and during exercise were compared in 24 patients with 50 percent or greater narrowing of the left main coronary artery and 80 patients with 50 percent or greater narrowing of one or more of the major coronary arteries but without left main coronary involvement. By segmental analysis of the scintigrams, perfusion defects were assigned to the left anterior descending, left circumflex or right coronary artery, singly or in combination, and the pattern of simultaneous left anterior descending and circumflex arterial defects was used to identify left main coronary artery disease. Of the 24 patients with left main coronary artery disease, 22 (92 percent) had abnormal exercise scintigrams. Despite this high sensitivity, the pattern of perfusion defects was not specific; the "left main pattern" was found in 3 patients (13 percent) with left main coronary artery disease but also in 3 (33 percent) of 9 patients with combined left anterior descending and left circumflex arterial disease, 4 (19 percent) of 21 patients with three vessel disease and 3 (6 percent) of 50 patients with one or two vessel disease but excluding the group with left anterior descending plus left circumflex arterial disease. The pattern of perfusion defects in the patients with left main coronary artery disease was determined by the location and severity of narrowings in the coronary arteries downstream from the left main arterial lesion. Concomitant lesions in other arteries were found in all patients with left main coronary disease (one vessel in 1 patient, two vessels in 7 patients and three vessels in 16). For this reason, it is unlikely that even with improvements in radiopharmaceutical agents and imaging techniques, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy will be sufficiently specific for definitive identification of left main coronary artery disease.

Coronary Circulation↗
PubMed1989

Left coronary ostial stenosis: comparison with left main coronary artery stenosis.

We compared 147 consecutive patients who had left coronary ostial stenosis with 254 consecutive patients who had left main coronary artery stenosis treated with coronary artery bypass grafting. Mean age for the left main group was 61.6 years versus 59.7 years for the left ostial group (p = not significant [NS]). In the left ostial group, 43.5% were female and in the left main group, 12% (p less than 0.005). Prior myocardial infarction had occurred in 53% of patients with left main stenosis and 36% of patients with left ostial stenosis (p less than 0.005). There were 2.45 +/- 1.00 diseased vessels in the left main group and 1.96 +/- 1.09 in the left ostial group (p less than 0.0005). Seven (3%) of the patients with left main stenosis had no associated coronary disease (greater than 50%) versus 24 (16%) of the left ostial group (p less than 0.005). The degree of left main stenosis was 90% or more in 28.3% of patients versus 42.8% with equivalent ostial narrowing (p less than 0.01). Left ventricular function was better in the left ostial group than in the left main group (1.61 +/- 0.93 versus 2.02 +/- 1.11, respectively; p less than 0.0005). One-month mortality was 10 patients (3.9%) in the left main group and 8 (5.4%) in the left ostial group (p = NS). Perioperative infarction occurred in 8.6% of patients with left main stenosis and 4.7% of patients with left ostial stenosis (p = NS). Mean follow-up was 6.1 years for the left main group and 5.4 years for the left ostial group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aorta↗
PubMed1999

Noncritical disease of the left main coronary artery: limitations of angiography and the role of intravascular ultrasound.

OBJECTIVE: To review the diagnosis and management of noncritical left main stem disease. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE was searched using the key phrases 'intravascular ultrasound' and 'left main coronary artery'. DATA EXTRACTION: Articles addressing the angiographic or ultrasound assessment of left main stem disease were systematically reviewed. Reference is also made to articles dealing with outcomes for patients with left main stem disease. DATA SYNTHESIS: The assessment of left main stem disease by coronary angiography is often suboptimal. Intravascular ultrasound has demonstrated significant left main stem disease in angiographically normal arteries. It has also demonstrated that mild to moderate left main stem disease frequently accompanies disease in the other coronary arteries. The natural history of mild to moderate left main stem disease has not been well characterized; thus, the optimum management of this condition is not known. CONCLUSIONS: To establish the natural history of noncritical left main stem stenosis, it is proposed that centres performing frequent intravascular ultrasound examinations systematically and quantitatively interrogate the left main stem during all left coronary examinations. Angiographic and ultrasonic measures of left main stem disease can then be correlated with clinical outcome during long term follow-up. This will clearly require the collaboration of several centres to generate a sufficiently large database to address these clinical questions.

Coronary Angiography↗