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PubMed1994

A plant extract which enhances the plating efficiency of lymphoid cell lines and enhances the survival of normal lymphoid cells in vitro.

A water soluble extract from the bark of the Samoan medicinal plant Alphitonia zizyphoides A. Gray (Rhamnaceae), enhances the plating efficiency in vitro of lymphoid cell lines as well as the survival of bone marrow cells and normal T and B lymphocytes. Furthermore, the inclusion of bark-extract into culture media enhances the cloning efficiency of a T-hybridoma cell line by more than 30 times at otherwise unsuitably low serum concentrations, but does not completely substitute for serum. The enhanced growth of a B-cell hybridoma is also paralleled by an increased production of monoclonal antibodies in cultures containing low cell densities.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Lymphoid cells of BB/W diabetic rats are cytotoxic to islet beta cells in vitro.

Assays were developed to detect cell-mediated immune destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells by lymphoid cells isolated from diabetic BioBreeding/Worcester (BB/W) rats. Splenic lymphoid cells from diabetic (D), diabetes-prone (DP), and diabetes-resistant (DR) BB/W rats were incubated for 2 days with monolayer cultures of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-compatible Wistar-Furth (WF) rat islet cells or a rat islet cell line (RIN), and islet beta cell survival was determined by measuring insulin content in the cultures. D splenic lymphoid cells significantly decreased insulin content in WF rat islet (-32%) and RIN cultures (-77%). DP cells also significantly reduced the insulin content in WF rat islet (-20%) and RIN cultures (-63%), whereas DR cells had no significant effect. Islet-directed cytotoxicity was detected also by the release of 51Cr from RIN cells incubated for 8 h with BB/W spleen cells. Cytotoxicity was linearly related to the number of effector spleen cells. At a target: effector of 1:20, lysis (mean +/- SEM) of RIN target cells by spleen cells from D rats (21.6 +/- 2.0%) and DP rats (16.5 +/- 4.1%) was significantly greater than the effect of DR spleen cells (5.4 +/- 1.0%). D and DP splenic lymphoid cells activated in vitro for 2 days with concanavalin A exhibited a doubling of cytotoxicity to RIN islet cells. These results provide direct evidence for lymphoid cell-mediated immune damage to islet beta cells in diabetic BB rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effects of tobacco glycoprotein (TGP) on the immune system. I. TGP is a T-independent B cell mitogen for murine lymphoid cells.

It has been shown that tobacco glycoprotein (TGP), a polyphenol-rich glycoprotein antigen purified from cured tobacco leaves, is mitogenic for lymphoid cells in the spleen, peripheral blood, and bone marrow, but not for thymus cells. The proliferative response is not reduced by treatment of spleen cells or peripheral blood lymphocytes with anti-Thy-1.2 and complement, and spleen cells from the congenitally athymic (nu/nu) CD-1 proliferate as vigorously in response to TGP as do spleen cells from their heterozygous nu/+ littermates. In addition, TGP induces differentiation of mouse spleen cells into antibody-secreting cells, the majority of which secrete IgM, and the remainder mainly IgG and a few IgA. The differentiation into antibody-secreting cells induced by TGP occurs with spleen cells from nu/nu mice. It is concluded that TGP is a T-independent B cell mitogen for mouse lymphoid cells. On the basis of the ability of spleen cells from the LPS-nonresponder C3H/HEJ mice to respond to TGP with proliferation and differentiation into antibody-secreting cells, it is concluded that the effects of TGP are distinct from those of LPS and cannot be due to contamination of the TGP preparation with LPS.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Erythropoietin induces the expansion of c-kit+ progenitors for myeloid and erythroid cells, but not for lymphoid cells, in the bone marrow and liver.

In humans, the numbers of erythrocytes and granulocytes, but not that of lymphocytes, tend to increase in parallel. To determine the mechanism, we investigated how the administration of erythropoietin induces the expansion of erythroid cells and other lineage cells in the bone marrow, liver, and other organs of mice. When mice were injected twice (days 1 and 2) with erythropoietin at a dose of 20 or 200 IU/day/ mouse, a prominent expansion of TER 19+ (erythroid cells) and Gr-1high cells (granulocytes) occurred in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow day 3 after the initial injection. On the other hand, lymphoid cells, including NK cells, extrathymic T cells, and conventional T cells, did not expand. In parallel with the expansion of erythroid cells and granulocytes, the levels of c-kit(+)Lin- cells increased in the liver and bone marrow. Despite the increase in the proportion of c-kit(+) Lin(-) cells, the generation of lymphocytes (e.g., T cells) decreased when such bone marrow cells were injected to scid mice. These results suggest that erythropoietin has the ability to induce the expansion of not only erythroid cells but also granulocytes in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Furthermore, c-kit+ progenitors which may commit themselves to erythroid and myeloid cells, but not to lymphoid cells, were also activated in the liver and bone marrow of mice treated with erythropoietin.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Ontogenic development of T and B cells and non-lymphoid cells in the white pulp of human spleen.

The ontogenic development of lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells in human splenic white pulp was studied histologically with immunoperoxidase technique, together with that of lymphoid cells from fetal liver, bone marrow and thymus by membrane immunofluorescence assay. The primitive white pulp, which appeared as small accumulations of lymphocytes around arterioles at 14 weeks of gestation (g.w.), was mainly composed of B1 antigen-positive B cells. After the appearance of follicular structure accompanied by follicular dendritic cells (FDC) stained with anti-DRC1 antibody at 26 g.w., these perivascular structures of B cells were located in the periphery of the white pulp areas. A large number of B cells composing the perivascular structure had surface IgM (sIgM) and IgD (sIgD) from the earliest stage (14 g.w.), although this type of B cell with mature phenotype was seldom observed in fetal liver or bone marrow at this stage. It was suggested that the spleen is an important site for B-cell maturation from sIg-negative B cells observed in 10-14 g.w. fetal liver, and that FDC are not involved in this development of B cells. The organization of 9.6 antigen-positive T cells around arterioles developed 4 weeks later than that of B cells, at 18 g.w., although 11 g.w. fetal thymocytes already showed a phenotype very similar to that of infants. Interdigitating reticulum cells (IDC) stained with anti-S-100 protein serum appeared from 14 g.w. before the T-cell organization, suggesting that IDC may play an essential role in the homing of T cells.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1998

Isozymes of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases (PKA) in human lymphoid cell lines: levels of endogenous cAMP influence levels of PKA subunits and growth in lymphoid cell lines.

Activation of the cAMP signaling pathway in lymphoid cells is known to inhibit cell proliferation of T and B cells as well as cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells. In order to find suitable model systems to study cAMP-mediated processes, we have examined the expression of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), endogenous levels of cAMP, and cell proliferation in eight cell lines of B lineage origin, four cell lines of T lineage origin, and normal human B and T cells. We demonstrated that the expression of mRNA and protein for one of the regulatory (R) subunits of PKA (RIalpha) was present in all the cells investigated, in contrast to the other R subunits (RIbeta, RIIalpha, and RIIbeta). Furthermore, three T cell lines and one B cell line expressed only RIalpha and C, implying these cells to contain solely PKA type I. Moreover, for the RI subunit, we observed an apparent reciprocal relationship between levels of mRNA and protein. Generally, RIalpha protein was low in cell lines where mRNA was elevated and vice versa. This was not the case for the RII subunits, where high levels of mRNA were associated with elevated levels of protein. Interestingly, we demonstrated an inverse correlation between levels of endogenous cAMP and cell growth as determined by [3H]-thymidine incorporation and cell-doubling rate (P < 0.05). Taken together, our results demonstrate great differences in PKA isozyme composition, which should be taken into consideration when using lymphoid cell lines as model system for cAMP/PKA effects in normal lymphocytes.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1991

Mast cell regulatory effect on lymphoid cell proliferation.

It has been shown rat mast cells (MC) can modulate lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. Depending on concentrations tested both serosal MC and their supernatants enhanced the spontaneous and T-mitogen-induced proliferation of spleen and lymph node cells. In addition T-mitogen-induced thymocyte proliferation was also increased. The enhancing effect of MC on lymphoid cell proliferation appeared after MC and lymphocytes were cocultured for 24, 48 or 72 h. The highest enhancing action of MC was observed when MC and lymphocytes were plated simultaneously. In contrast, when MC were added 24 or 48 h after the start of lymphocyte culture, the enhancing action of MC decreased or was abolished, respectively. No dependence was found between histamine concentration in MC supernatants and the enhancing activity of supernatants. After chromatographic separation of MC supernatants the fractions with molecular weights between 1-6 KDa augmented lymphoid cell proliferation.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Lymphoid cell transfers between adult C57BL/6 mice differing at the lpr and/or nu locus. Humoral immunity phenotype of the chimeras.

Congenic C57BL/6 mice (B6) homozygous only at the nu (nude, athymic) locus (B6 nu) or also at the lpr (lympho-proliferation) locus (B6 nu, lpr) were used as recipients for the transfer of spleen and/or lymph node cells from either normal B6 mice (B6+) or lpr-homozygous B6 mice (B6 lpr). Highly increased survival was obtained for [B6 lpr----B6 nu, lpr] chimeras, but not for [B6+----B6 nu, lpr] and [B6 nu----B6 nu, lpr] chimeras. All long-term survivors that were killed showed an increased responsiveness to the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) but no change of responsiveness to the B-cell mitogen lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Some enlargement of spleen and lymph nodes was observed only in some specific [B6----B6 nu, lpr] chimeras (female recipients of spleen cells). Within a few weeks after cell grafting, all but [B6 nu----B6 nu, lpr] chimeras developed highly increased levels of serum immunoglobulins, as well as a higher occurrence of anti-single-stranded (ss) DNA containing sera. These chimeras had been constructed in order to dissect the components of the lpr phenotype etiopathology (primordial involvement of B and/or T lineage cells, lymphoid and/or environmental influences). Though the evolution of serological parameters showed some chimera type-specific features, it seems difficult to reconstitute the entire expression of the lpr phenotype.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Non lymphoid cells of the peripheral lymphoid organs. Recent morphological progress and current understanding (author's transl)].

Peripheral lymphoid organs have two groups of non lymphoid cells : that of macrophages which belongs to R. van Furth's system of mononuclear phagocytes and the one made of elements for long labelled "reticular cells". The use of electron microscopy has permitted a good understanding of these elements and a recognition of ubiquitary cells (fibroblasts, endothelial cells) and specific cells to the lymph node which seem to play a very important role in the immune reactions (interdigitated cells, reticulum cells, dendritic cells). We describe their light and electron microscopical features and histoenzymatic characters, and present the actual concept of their origin and function. The latest discoveries on their classification are reviewed and have permitted to distinguish three categories of non lymphoid cells : first the group of reticulum cells (reticulum cells and dendritic cells), second that of mononuclear phagocytes (macrophages and interdigitated cells) and third that of endothelial cells. Other elements of questionable existence or insufficiently known do not appear in this classification : dark cells, Steinman and Cohn's dendritic cells and cells containing Birbeck's granules.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Non lymphoid cells of the peripheral lymphoid organs. Recent morphological progress and current understanding (author's transl)].

Peripheral lymphoid organs have two groups of non lymphoid cells: that of macrophages which belongs to R. van Furth's system of mononuclear phagocytes and the one made of elements for long labelled "reticular cells". The use of electron microscopy has permitted a good understanding of these elements and a recognition of ubiquitous cells (fibroblasts, endothelial cells) and specific cells to the lymph node which seem to play a very important role in the immune reactions (interdigitated cells, reticulum cells, dendritic cells). We describe their light and electron microscopical features and histoenzymatic characters, and present the actual concept of their origin and function. The latest discoveries on their classification are reviewed and have permitted to distinguish three categories of non lymphoid cells: first the group of reticulum cells (reticulum cells and dendritic cells), second that of mononuclear phagocytes (macrophages and interdigitated cells) and third that of endothelial cells. Other elements of questionable existence or insufficiently known do not appear in this classification: dark cells, Steinman and Cohn's dendritic cells and cells containing Birbeck's granules.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Natural killer cells may be the only cells in normal mouse lymphoid cell populations endowed with cytolytic ability for antibody-coated tumour target cells.

Mouse normal lymphoid cells were analysed as to their ability to perform in three cytolytic systems: Ability to act as 'natural killer', NK, cells against a NK sensitive tumour target, YAC; as effector cells against IgG-coated 815 cells, or to function as effector cells against IgG-coated CRBC. NK activity and ADCC against the IgG-coated P815 cells were found to vary in parallel as affected by age, organ distribution and genotype of the effector cells. On the other hand, ADCC against CRBC was largely carried out by effector cells distinct from those functioning as NK cells or in ADCC against P815. Temperature pretreatment schedules at 37 degrees C showed both NK cells and ADCC ability against P815 to be highly sensitive on contrast to ADCC against CRBC. Likewise, inoculation of Corynebacterium parvum intraperitoneally will lead to reduction in ADCC ability against CRBC but increase in ADCC against P815 and NK activity. Blocking experiments using 'cold' inhibitor cells in the cytolytic assays indicated that NK cells and effector cells against IgG-coated P815 cells are the very same cells. We thus conclude that NK cells in the mouse also have the ability to express K cell activity against IgG-coated tumour target cells. In fact, our data suggest that the NK cells may be the only cell type in the mouse equipped with cytolytic potential for antibody-coated murine nucleated cells

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Phenotype versus immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genotype of Hodgkin-derived cell lines: activation of immature lymphoid cells in Hodgkin's disease.

Three Hodgkin-derived cell lines (L428, L540, and CO) were studied for rearrangements and expression of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes, and their genotype was compared to the phenotype. As far as the genotype is concerned, all 3 cell lines have characteristics of lymphoid cells; L428 of B, and L540 and CO of T-cell origin. L428 cells have one Ig heavy chain allele rearranged to C gamma and transcribed into RNA, while the second is deleted. Furthermore, L428 cells show an unusual immunoglobulin kappa light chain gene rearrangement involving deletion of the kappa constant gene in one allele, while the remaining kappa and lambda loci are in germline configuration. L540 and CO have, in contrast to L428 cells, the immunoglobulin genes in germline and T-cell receptor genes rearranged. The T-cell receptor beta and gamma genes are rearranged in both L540 and CO, whereas a rearrangement in the alpha locus was detected in L540 cells only. RNA of the size of functional beta chain transcripts was found in CO cells and of the size of functional alpha chain transcripts in L540 cells. All 3 cell lines are classified as immature lymphoid cells with respect to the limited expression of B- and T-cell antigens, respectively, and to the incomplete expression of their antigen receptor. The immaturity of lymphoid differentiation contrasts with the expression of activation antigens, i.e. Ki-1, Ki-24, HLA-DR, and IL-2 receptor. The immaturity of the cells excludes the possibility that the cells were activated along the physiological pathway, i.e. by interaction of the cell with antigen. The results obtained on the cell lines are in accordance with in vivo studies and suggest that Hodgkin and Sternberg-Reed cells are immature lymphoid cells which are activated by a still unknown mechanism.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1983

Glycosidases from the interferon producing lymphoid cell line Namalva and from three other lymphoid cell lines.

1. The occurrence of lysozyme, neuraminidase and fourteen other glycosidases was investigated in the three lymphoma cell lines Namalva, Raji and Daudi derived from a Burkitt's lymphoma and the lymphoblastoid cell line Robinson from Epstein-Barr virus transformed normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. High activity of beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase was found in three of the cell lines, which also showed fairly high activities of beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminidase, alpha-D-mannosidase and beta-D-mannosidase. In Daudi the highest glycosidase activity was found for beta-D-mannosidase. 2. Neuraminidase and lysozyme were not detected in any of the four cell lines. 3. These cell lines showed characteristic enzyme patterns and enzyme ratios which may be used for the identification of the cell lines. 4. When calculated on a protein basis no statistically significant change in glycosidase activities of the cells could be recorded during interferon production.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1974

Stimulation of antibody production to the hapten 2,4-dinitrobenzene by affinity labeled murine lymphoid cells. I. Ability of affinity labeled murine lymphoid cells to activate the in vivo immune response.

The ability of meta-nitrobenzenediazonium fluoborate (m-NBDF)-labeled thymus and spleen (S) cells to transfer immunity to 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) into irradiated syngeneic recipients was investigated. There was a significant increase in the number of anti-DNP plaque-forming cells (PFC) when m-NBDF-labeled thymus cells and normal spleen cells, or normal thymus cells and m-NBDF-labeled spleen cells were transferred, but not when both thymus- and S-cell populations were labeled and injected together into irradiated recipients. The ability of these cell populations to cooperate and enhance the in vivo immune response to DNP is discussed. The T cells seem to be actively involved in the development of this response; they participate beyond the mere role of carrying and presenting antigen to the B cells. It is suggested that cell to cell contact between T and B cells may be an important factor in the elicitation of an immune response. In addition, the cellular interaction is affected by irradiating the thymus cell preparation and the initiating interaction required for antibody synthesis probably occurs within 48 h after injecting the cell populations into the syngeneic irradiated recipients.

Animals↗