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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Deletion analysis of the Drosophila Inscuteable protein reveals domains for cortical localization and asymmetric localization.

The Drosophila Inscuteable protein acts as a key regulator of asymmetric cell division during the development of the nervous system [1] [2]. In neuroblasts, Inscuteable localizes into an apical cortical crescent during late interphase and most of mitosis. During mitosis, Inscuteable is required for the correct apical-basal orientation of the mitotic spindle and for the asymmetric segregation of the proteins Numb [3] [4] [5], Prospero [5] [6] [7] and Miranda [8] [9] into the basal daughter cell. When Inscuteable is ectopically expressed in epidermal cells, which normally orient their mitotic spindle parallel to the embryo surface, these cells reorient their mitotic spindle and divide perpendicularly to the surface [1]. Like the Inscuteable protein, the inscuteable RNA is asymmetrically localized [10]. We show here that inscuteable RNA localization is not required for Inscuteable protein localization. We found that a central 364 amino acid domain - the Inscuteable asymmetry domain - was necessary and sufficient for Inscuteable localization and function. Within this domain, a separate 100 amino acid region was required for asymmetric localization along the cortex, whereas a 158 amino acid region directed localization to the cell cortex. The same 158 amino acid fragment could localize asymmetrically when coexpressed with the full-length protein, however, and could bind to Inscuteable in vitro, suggesting that this domain may be involved in the self-association of Inscuteable in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Local ventilation for powder handling--combination of local supply and exhaust air.

The performance of a modified local ventilation unit equipped with local supply and exhaust ventilation was evaluated during the manual handling of flour additive powder. The investigation tested five different configurations to study the effects of the exhaust opening location and local supply air on worker exposure. The measurements were done under controlled conditions in a test room. The breathing zone (BZ) dust concentration was measured by gravimetric sampling and real time monitoring. The different local ventilation configurations were also modeled numerically using computational fluid dynamics. Without local ventilation the average BZ dust concentration was 42 mg/m3. With local exhaust only the exposure was reduced below 1 mg/m3. The addition of local supply air further reduced the exposure to below 0.5 mg/m3. The lowest results were achieved by locating two exhaust openings on either side of the contaminant source combined with local supply air. With this configuration the average BZ exposure was only 0.08 mg/m3, a reduction of 99.8%. Numerical simulations also gave useful information about the airflow fields in stationary conditions. However, the worker's exposure was greatly affected by body movements, and this was not possible to simulate numerically. The results of this investigation can be useful when controlling dust exposure in manual powder handling operations.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2002

All small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) of the [U4/U6.U5] Tri-snRNP localize to nucleoli; Identification of the nucleolar localization element of U6 snRNA.

Previously, we showed that spliceosomal U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) transiently passes through the nucleolus. Herein, we report that all individual snRNAs of the [U4/U6.U5] tri-snRNP localize to nucleoli, demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy of nucleolar preparations after injection of fluorescein-labeled snRNA into Xenopus oocyte nuclei. Nucleolar localization of U6 is independent from [U4/U6] snRNP formation since sites of direct interaction of U6 snRNA with U4 snRNA are not nucleolar localization elements. Among all regions in U6, the only one required for nucleolar localization is its 3' end, which associates with the La protein and subsequently during maturation of U6 is bound by Lsm proteins. This 3'-nucleolar localization element of U6 is both essential and sufficient for nucleolar localization and also required for localization to Cajal bodies. Conversion of the 3' hydroxyl of U6 snRNA to a 3' phosphate prevents association with the La protein but does not affect U6 localization to nucleoli or Cajal bodies.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Miranda as a multidomain adapter linking apically localized Inscuteable and basally localized Staufen and Prospero during asymmetric cell division in Drosophila.

Neuroblasts in the developing Drosophila CNS asymmetrically localize the cell fate determinants Numb and Prospero as well as prospero RNA to the basal cortex during mitosis. The localization of Prospero requires the function of inscuteable and miranda, whereas prospero RNA localization requires inscuteable and staufen function. We demonstrate that Miranda contains multiple functional domains: an amino-terminal asymmetric localization domain, which interacts with Inscuteable, a central Numb interaction domain, and a more carboxy-terminal Prospero interaction domain. We also show that Miranda and Staufen have similar subcellular localization patterns and interact in vitro. Furthermore, miranda function is required for the asymmetric localization of Staufen. Miranda localization is disrupted by the microfilament disrupting agent latrunculin A. Our results suggest that Miranda directs the basal cortical localization of multiple molecules, including Staufen and prospero RNA, in mitotic neuroblasts in an actin-dependent manner.

Actins↗
PubMed1995

Arginine-rich regions succeeding the nuclear localization region of the herpes simplex virus type 1 regulatory protein ICP27 are required for efficient nuclear localization and late gene expression.

The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) immediate-early protein ICP27 is an essential regulatory protein that localizes to the nuclei of infected cells. The strong nuclear localization signal (NLS) of ICP27 was identified recently and shown to reside in the amino-terminal portion of the polypeptide from residues 110 to 137 (W.E. Mears, V. Lam, and S.A. Rice, J. Virol. 69:935-947, 1995). There are also two arginine-rich regions directly succeeding the NLS. The first of these arginine-rich sequences (residues 141 to 151), together with the NLS, has been shown by Mears et al. to form the nucleolar localization signal. Arginine-rich motifs are common in domains involved in nuclear localization and RNA binding. To analyze the role of the arginine-rich regions in ICP27, we constructed stably transformed cell lines containing ICP27 mutants with deletions of all or parts of the NLS and arginine-rich regions. We also constructed mutants in which these regions were replaced with heterologous NLSs or RNA-binding domains. Characterization of these mutants indicated that the arginine-rich regions were required but not sufficient for wild-type localization of ICP27. More importantly, the NLS and arginine-rich regions were also essential to the function of ICP27. Mutants lacking these sequences were defective in late gene expression during infection even when ICP27 was properly localized to the nucleus by substitution of the NLS from simian virus 40 large T antigen. Further, the defect in late gene expression could not be overcome by replacement with the highly basic RNA-binding domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat. The deficiency in late gene expression was independent of ICP27's role in stimulating viral DNA replication. In addition, localization of the HSV-1 proteins ICP4, ICP0, and ICP8 was unaffected by ICP27 mutants in this region. These results suggest that the arginine-rich regions are required for efficient nuclear localization and for the regulatory activity of ICP27 involved in viral late gene expression.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Nuclear localization of the NS3 protein of hepatitis C virus and factors affecting the localization.

Subcellular localization of the NS2 and NS3 proteins of hepatitis C virus was analyzed. In stable Ltk transfectants inducibly expressing an NS2-NS3 polyprotein (amino acids [aa] 810 to 1463), processed full-size NS2 (aa 810 to 1026) was detected exclusively in a cytoplasmic membrane fraction. On the other hand, the other processed product, carboxy-truncated NS3 (NS3 deltaC1463; aa 1027 to 1463), was present in both cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions. To further analyze subcellular localization of NS3, NS3 deltaC1459 (aa 1027 to 1459), full-size NS3 (NS3F; aa 1027 to 1657), and both amino- and carboxy-truncated NS3 (NS3 deltaNdeltaC; aa 1201 to 1459) were expressed in HeLa cells by using a vaccinia virus-T7 hybrid expression system. NS3 deltaC1459 and NS3F accumulated in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm, exhibiting a dot-like staining pattern. On the other hand, NS3 deltaNdeltaC was localized predominantly in the cytoplasm, suggesting the presence of a nuclear localization signal(s) in the amino-terminal sequence of NS3. NS4A, a viral cofactor for the NS3 protease, inhibited nuclear transport of NS3 deltaC1459 and NS3F, with the latter inhibited to a lesser extent than was the former. Interestingly, wild-type p53 tumor suppressor augmented nuclear localization of NS3 deltaC1459 and NS3F, whereas mutant-type p53 inhibited nuclear localization and augmented cytoplasmic localization of NS3 deltaC1459. However, subcellular localization of NS3 deltaNdeltaC was not affected by either type of p53. Wild-type p53-mediated nuclear accumulation of NS3 deltaC1459 and NS3F was inhibited partially, but not completely, by coexpressed NS4A, with NS3F again affected less prominently than was NS3 deltaC1459.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The antitumor effect induced by local injections with interleukin-2 is diminished by combing with a local injection with mitomycin C.

We investigated the antitumor effect of local injections with interleukin (IL)-2 in combination with an injection with mitomycin C (MMC). In BALB/c mice inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with syngeneic Meth A fibrosarcoma on day 0, the i.p. injections with IL-2 at a dose of 20000U twice daily from day 7 to day 10 significantly prolonged survival of the treated mice and such treatment augmented a concomitant immunity specific for the tumor i.p. inoculated. On the other hand, the i.p. injections with IL-2 at a dose of either 5000U or 50000U resulted in no prolonged survival of the treated mice. In addition, neither intravenous nor subcutaneous injections with IL-2 at a dose of 20000U showed the prolonged survival of the treated mice. We further investigated a modulatory effect of a local injection with MMC on the IL-2-induced antitumor effect. The in vivo antitumor effect of local injections with IL-2 was not detected when combined with a local administration of MMC, whereas a systemic administration of MMC showed no such inhibitory effect on the IL-2-induced antitumor effect. Moreover, a delayed-type hypersensitivity response against Meth A, which was augmented by the local injections with IL-2, was significantly diminished by the local administration of MMC. Collectively, our results indicate that local injections with IL-2 could elicit the antitumor effect in vivo only when given at an optimal dose and that this effect could be rather diminished by combing with a local administration of MMC.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Can local anesthesia be recommended for routine use in elective knee arthroscopy? A comparison between local, spinal, and general anesthesia.

Local anesthesia (LA) for outpatient knee arthroscopy is not a standard procedure at most hospitals. To evaluate the LA technique for knee arthroscopy on medically healthy patients, this study compared 3 anesthesia techniques. Four hundred patients were randomized to either local (n = 200), general (n = 100), or spinal (n = 100) anesthesia. Evaluated outcomes included the patient's subjective view of the procedure, and nausea and pain at rest and during active movement. All variables were recorded perioperatively and postoperatively. In addition, the performing surgeon's opinion of the degree of patient pain and the technical difficulty of the procedure were noted. Three hundred forty-two patients completed the study. In the group receiving local anesthesia (n = 180) the median visual analog scale pain score during surgery was 6 mm (mean, 17.5; SD, 23.2; range, 0 to 100 mm). Twenty-one LA patients would have preferred another form of anesthesia. In 29 patients, LA was not considered as the optimal anesthesia by the performing surgeon. Eight LA patients agreed with the surgeon that the anesthesia method used was not optimal, of these patients, 5 had synovitis (3%). In 5% of the LA patients there were technical problems. Thus, this study shows that elective knee arthroscopy can be performed under local anesthesia in 92% of the patients from a technical point of view. Excluding patients who do not choose local anesthesia and those who have hypertrophic synovitis preoperatively, knee arthroscopies can be performed as safely and effectively under local anesthesia as under any other form of anesthesia. For most patients, local anesthesia can be recommended as the standard procedure for outpatient knee arthroscopy.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Nuclear localization of the phosphatidylserine receptor protein via multiple nuclear localization signals.

The interaction between phosphatidylserine and its receptor on phagocytic cells plays a critical role in the clearance of apoptotic bodies under normal physiological condition. A specific receptor for phosphatidylserine (PSR) has recently been identified by phage display and shown to mediate phosphatidylserine dependent phagocytosis. Here we show that the protein encoded by the PSR cDNA is localized in the nuclei through multiple nuclear localization signals. First, a fusion between PSR and GFP is localized in the nuclei of transfected cells, suggesting that PSR have intrinsic nuclear localization capability. Indeed, affinity-purified anti-PSR antibodies identified a 47 kDa protein species in cells transfected with untagged PSR and localized this protein in the nuclei by immunofluorescent confocal microscopy. In NIH3T3 cells, which express endogenous PSR mRNA, a similar 47 kDa species was detected and localized in the nuclei. Finally, multiple nuclear localization signals were identified in PSR sequence, each capable of targeting GFP to the nuclei. Together, these results suggest that PSR may serve a dual role both on the cell surface and in the nuclei.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2004

Possible mechanism of irreversible nerve injury caused by local anesthetics: detergent properties of local anesthetics and membrane disruption.

BACKGROUND: Irreversible nerve injury may result from neural membrane lysis due to the detergent properties of local anesthetics. This study aimed to investigate whether local anesthetics display the same properties as detergents and whether they disrupt the model membrane at high concentrations. METHODS: Concentrations at which dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride and four local anesthetic (dibucaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, and procaine) molecules exhibit self-aggregation in aqueous solutions were measured using an anesthetic cation-sensitive electrode. Light-scattering measurements in a model membrane solution were also performed at increasing drug concentrations. The concentration at which drugs caused membrane disruption was determined as the point at which scattering intensity decreased. Osmotic pressures of anesthetic agents at these concentrations were also determined. RESULTS: Concentrations of dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, dibucaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, and procaine at which aggregation occurred were 0.15, 0.6, 1.1, 5.3, and 7.6%, respectively. Drug concentrations causing membrane disruption were 0.09% (dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride), 0.5% (dibucaine), 1.0% (tetracaine), 5.0% (lidocaine), 10.2% (procaine), and 20% (glucose), and osmotic pressures at these concentrations were 278, 293, 329, 581, 728, and 1,868 mOsm/kg H2O, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that all four local anesthetics form molecular aggregations in the same manner as dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, a common surfactant. At osmotic pressures insufficient to affect the membrane, local anesthetics caused membrane disruption at the same concentrations at which molecular aggregation occurred. This shows that disruption of the model membrane results from the detergent nature of local anesthetics. Nerve membrane solubilization by highly concentrated local anesthetics may cause irreversible neural injury.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed2005

Postoperative surveillance protocol for patients with localized and locally advanced renal cell carcinoma based on a validated prognostic nomogram and risk group stratification system.

PURPOSE: We created an evidence based postoperative surveillance protocol for patients with localized and locally advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) based on a risk group stratification system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 559 patients undergoing surgery for localized and ocally advanced RCC were stratified into low risk (LR), intermediate risk (IR) and high risk (HR) groups based on the University of California-Los Angeles Integrated Staging System (UISS). Tumor recurrences were identified and categorized according to time and location. RESULTS: Patients with localized disease had a lower 5-year recurrence rate than patients with locally advanced (nodal) disease (27.6% vs 64%, p <0.0001). Patients in the LR, IR, and HR groups following nephrectomy demonstrated 5-year recurrence-free rates of 90.4%, 61.8%, and 41.9%, respectively (p <0.0001), and median times to recurrence of 28.9, 17.8 and 9.5 months, respectively (p <0.0001). Chest and abdomen recurrences comprised of 75% and 37.5%, 77.4% and 58.1%, and 45.2% and 67.7% of recurrences in the LR, IR and HR groups, respectively. In patients with node positive disease, chest and abdomen comprised of 58.8% and 76.5% of recurrences, respectively. Patients undergoing partial nephrectomy did not demonstrate a greater rate of local or distant recurrence compared with patients undergoing radical nephrectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in incidence and time to recurrence following surgical resection for RCC mandates unique surveillance protocols for patients in each of the UISS risk groups. LR group patients should be followed for at least 5 years, whereas IR and HR group patients require longer surveillance. HR group patients require more stringent abdominal surveillance, whereas LR group patients should emphasize the chest. Patients with nodal disease also require stringent followup. Patients undergoing partial nephrectomy for localized disease can be followed according to the same UISS risk group based protocol.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Patterns of failure following local excision and local excision and postoperative radiation therapy for invasive rectal adenocarcinoma.

The clinical course of 40 patients undergoing conservative surgical excision and 26 patients undergoing local excision and postoperative radiation therapy of rectal carcinoma was reviewed. Surgical procedures were transanal excision (55 patients), Kraske procedure (ten patients), and fulguration (one patient). The five-year actuarial survival, disease-free survival, and local control of all 66 patients were 70%, 77%, and 63%, respectively. For patients undergoing local excision alone, the prognostic features of lesion size greater than 3 cm, poorly differentiated histology, invasion into muscularis propria or deeper, moderate to marked stromal fibrosis, vascular or lymph vessel invasion, fragmented resection, and positive resection margins were associated with a local failure rate of 20% or greater. Of the 26 patients receiving postoperative radiation therapy, four patients have developed local failure. For subgroups of patients with small rectal carcinomas confined to the mucosa, local excision may be a reasonable alternative to abdominoperineal resection. For tumors with deeper invasion but limited to the bowel wall, local excision plus pelvic irradiation can be offered to preserve anorectal function.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2002

Radical radiation for localized prostate cancer: local persistence of disease results in a late wave of metastases.

PURPOSE: To assess whether failure to maintain local control (LC) of prostate cancer after radiation therapy results in a higher incidence of distant metastasis (DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1972 to 1999, 1,469 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer were treated with radical radiation therapy. Disease outcome was retrospectively reviewed for all patients with more than 2 years of follow-up. RESULTS: The actuarial 10-year LC rate was 79%. Gleason score > or = 7, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) more than 15, and T3 to T4 tumors predicted a higher incidence of local failure (LF) (palpable recurrence or positive rebiopsy). The 10-year distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) was 74%. Gleason score > or = 7, PSA more than 15, and T3 to T4 tumors predicted a higher incidence of distant failure. LF was the strongest predictor for DM in a multivariate model. The 10-year DMFS for LC and LF patients was 77% and 61%, respectively. Median time to distant failure was prolonged in patients with LF compared with patients with locally controlled disease (54 v 34 months). Hazard rate analysis of the time to DM revealed that patients who maintain LC have a lower rate of DM, which remains constant over time. Patients who ultimately develop LF have a higher initial rate of DM, which increases with time. CONCLUSION: Patients with locally persistent prostate cancer are at greater risk of DM. The higher initial hazard of DM is consistent either with an increased likelihood of subclinical micrometastases before treatment or with posttreatment tumor embolization. The prolonged time to appearance of DM in locally failing patients and the increasing hazard of DM over time is most consistent with a late wave of metastases from a locally persistent tumor.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Localized ablation of olfactory receptor neurons induces both localized regeneration and widespread replacement of neurons in spiny lobsters.

The peripheral olfactory system of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus--located on paired antennules--undergoes continual postembryonic development. This process includes continuous addition of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) related to indeterminate growth, continuous replacement, and regeneration when necessitated by damage. We have shown previously that new olfactory tissue is continually added to the proximal margin of these populations, called the proximal proliferation zone (PPZ). Here, we show that focal damage to mature portions of the olfactory system causes localized degeneration of ORNs over 1-10 days after damage. Studies using the cell proliferation marker 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine show that localized degeneration was followed by rapid and localized regeneration of olfactory tissue. Rapidly dividing cells were recorded up to 40 days after damage, with regeneration of ORN clusters complete within 80 days. Focal damage appeared to stimulate widespread cell replacement (cell death and proliferation) within mature, undamaged ORN clusters. This response was observed in ORN clusters outside the damaged zone, including mature clusters in the contralateral antennule. The degree of widespread cell replacement was less than local repair after local damage, but it increased with more extensive damage. However, changes in on-going proliferation in the PPZ were not detected, at least not 20 days or longer after damage, suggesting damage-induced widespread proliferation may be specific to mature populations of ORNs. We speculate that localized regeneration involves activity of resident precursor cells not destroyed by the ablation and that unidentified regulatory signals released in response to localized damage induce widespread ORN replacement.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Impact of local and non-local interactions on thermodynamics and kinetics of protein folding.

To address the question of how the geometry of a protein's native conformation affects its folding and stability, we studied three model 36-mers on a cubic lattice. The native structure of one of these model 36-mers consisted mostly of local contacts, while that of a second consisted mostly of non-local contacts. The third native structure had a typical compact native conformation, and served as our reference. For each protein, the amino acid sequence was designed to have a pronounced energy minimum at its native conformation. We observed dramatic differences in folding, dependent on the presence or absence of non-local contacts. For the proteins with a typical large number of non-local contacts, the folding transition was all-or-none, whereas for the one with mostly local contacts, it was not. Although the maximum rate of folding was similar for all three proteins, we found that under conditions at which each native conformation was stable, the structure with mostly non-local contacts folded two orders of magnitude faster than the one with mostly local contacts. The statistical analysis of protein structure agrees fully with the implications of the theory. We discuss the importance of cooperativity in protein folding for its stability.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Global and local processing in nonattended objects: a failure to induce local processing dominance.

Paquet and Merikle (1988) found that subjects can ignore the category of unattended local forms but not that of global forms. Does this finding reflect a priority for global information during perception? In 5 studies, 2 compound stimuli, each surrounded by a frame, were presented side by side, and attention was directed to 1 of the stimuli. The first 2 studies examined whether local dominance would emerge if a small gap (Experiment 1) or the presence of small white lines (Experiment 2) on the surrounding frame specified the target object. No evidence for local dominance was found. Three additional studies examined whether local dominance would be obtained if subjects had extensive practice identifying the local aspect of stimulus displays. Although local practice led to automatic detection of unattended local targets, it did not affect the processing of the global aspect. These results are proposed to exemplify the priority of global information during perception.

Attention↗
PubMed1989

The effect of local infusion of adenosine and adenosine analogues on local cerebral blood flow.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of local infusion of adenosine (ADO) and non-metabolized ADO analogues on local cerebral blood flow (CBF) and interstitial fluid (ISF) ADO levels. The brain dialysis technique was used to (a) deliver drugs locally to brain tissue, (b) estimate cerebral ISF ADO levels, and (c) measure local CBF (hydrogen clearance). Dialysis probes were implanted bilaterally in the caudate nuclei of ketamine-anesthetized rats. The probe on one side was perfused with artificial CSF while the contralateral probe was perfused with artificial CSF containing ADO (n = 5), or the ADO agonists 2-chloroadenosine (2-CADO; n = 4) or 5'-N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine (NECA; n = 4). When ADO was included in the artificial CSF at 10(-5), 10(-4), or 10(-3) M, a 30% increase in local CBF was detected only with 10(-3) M ADO. During perfusion with ADO, dialysate inosine and hypoxanthine levels increased, indicating that the cells adjacent to the probe metabolized the exogenous ADO. With 2-CADO included in the artificial CSF at 10(-6), 10(-5), or 10(-4) M, local CBF increased 18, 131, and 201%, respectively. Perfusion with artificial CSF containing 10(-7), 10(-6), or 10(-5) M NECA resulted in a 35, 112, and 187% increase in local CBF, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

2-Chloroadenosine↗
PubMed1996

Global properties of the mapping between local amino acid sequence and local structure in proteins.

Local protein structure prediction efforts have consistently failed to exceed approximately 70% accuracy. We characterize the degeneracy of the mapping from local sequence to local structure responsible for this failure by investigating the extent to which similar sequence segments found in different proteins adopt similar three-dimensional structures. Sequence segments 3-15 residues in length from 154 different protein families are partitioned into neighborhoods containing segments with similar sequences using cluster analysis. The consistency of the sequence-to-structure mapping is assessed by comparing the local structures adopted by sequence segments in the same neighborhood in proteins of known structure. In the 154 families, 45% and 28% of the positions occur in neighborhoods in which one and two local structures predominate, respectively. The sequence patterns that characterize the neighborhoods in the first class probably include virtually all of the short sequence motifs in proteins that consistently occur in a particular local structure. These patterns, many of which occur in transitions between secondary structural elements, are an interesting combination of previously studied and novel motifs. The identification of sequence patterns that consistently occur in one or a small number of local structures in proteins should contribute to the prediction of protein structure from sequence.

Amino Acid Sequence↗