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PubMed1980

Grant programs for schools and hospitals and for buildings owned by units of local government and public care institutions--Department of Energy. Notice of proposed rulemaking and public hearings.

The Department of Energy proposes to issue revised regulations for administration of the grant programs providing financial assistance for schools, hospitals, buildings owned by units of local government, and public care institutions for the purpose of reducing energy consumption through technical assistance and energy conservation measure projects. In so doing, the Department proposes to amend 10 CFR 455 by making revisions to regulations published in the Federal Register on April 2, 1979 (44 FR 19340) and April 17, 1979 (44 FR 22940). Written comments are requested with respect to these proposed regulations, and public hearings will be held on the dates and in the locations specified below.

Conservation of Energy Resources↗
PubMed1995

Observations on handwashing practices of mothers and environmental conditions in Ona-Ara Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria.

During baseline survey before developing an educational intervention programme for modifying behaviours toward improved home management of diarrhoea, handwashing practices and environmental conditions of 549 mothers and health care-providers of 638 children aged less than 5 years in Ona-Ara Local Government Area (LGA) were observed. The aims of the study were to describe the patterns of maternal handwashing behaviour in relation to disposal of faeces and feeding of children, and to describe environmental conditions of the households. Handwashing behaviours after cleaning a child who has just defecated and after disposal of faeces were observed in 29.3% episodes, while handwashing before feeding the child occurred in 12.4% of observations. Handwashing in relation to these events occurred more frequently in periurban than in rural villages (p < 0.001). These differences may be due to higher education of the periurban women compared to their rural counterparts. Handwashing was apparently not associated with distance from the water source or with the age groups of the children. Environmental observation revealed the presence of uncovered food (13%), human faeces (17%), animal dung (71%), animals (82%), and unprotected pit latrines (11%) in and around the house. There were significant rural-periurban differences in environmental conditions of the rural and periurban areas. It is recommended that the characteristics of areas selected for intervention be considered and important sub-group differences be identified before planning and implementing of such interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Grants and cooperative agreements to state and local governments, universities, hospitals, and other non-profit organizations--USDA. Interim final rule.

This interim final rule amendment is issued to implement the Single Audit Act Amendments of 1996 (Public Law 104-156, 110 Stat. 1396) and the June 24, 1997, revision of OMB Circular A-133, "Audits of States, Local Governments, and Non-Profit Organizations" and to replace the existing audit requirements that are superseded by Public Law 104-156 and the revised A-133.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Care-seeking behaviour of caregivers for common childhood illnesses in Lagos Island Local Government Area, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: The objectives were to estimate a 2-week prevalence for common childhood illnesses targeted by the National Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) Initiative and to determine care-seeking behaviour of mothers/caregivers for these illnesses. METHODS: A cross-sectional community survey was conducted in the Lagos Island Local Government Area of Lagos State. Eligible children aged 0-5 years and their mothers/caregivers were recruited into the study by cluster-sampling technique. RESULTS: Four hundred and ninety-five children of 450 mothers were identified. Of these, 426 (86.1%) children belonging to 390 mothers/caregivers had symptoms suggestive of malaria, acute respiratory infections, diarrhoea and measles. Care was sought Outside the home at the onset of symptoms for 280 (65.7%) while 146 (34.3%) were treated at home. Of the 280 who were taken for care outside, 23 (8.2%) were taken for care at the onset of illness while the others were taken for care after an attempt at self-treatment (68.6%), use of traditional medicines (12.5%) and provision of traditional home care (10.7%). Only 65 (23.2%) of the children were taken for care within 24 hours of perceived onset of the illness. CONCLUSION: IMCI targeted childhood illnesses were prevalent and poor maternal response that could contribute to complicated outcome was identified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Knowledge, attitude and practice of health workers in Keffi local government hospitals regarding Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) practices.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of health workers towards Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) practices and thereafter plan an advocacy on BFHI training of the workers. DESIGN: A randomised cross-sectional study. SETING: Ten out of 16 health facilities reflecting all the levels of healthcare provision in Keffi Local Government Area in Nassarawa State, Nigeria, were selected. Staff of these health facilities had not received BFHI training, although breastfeeding is the norm in this population, exclusive breastfeeding is almost zero. SUBJECTS: A total of 250 health workers (six doctors, 160 nurses and 84 auxiliary staff) met in the health facilities at the time of interview. INTERVENTION: A structured questionnaire based on 10 steps to successful breastfeeding was administered by one of the authors and a Lactad nurse between July and October 1995. RESULTS: Fifty-two (20.8%) were aware of the need for initiating breastfeeding within 30 min of birth and 92 (36.8%) were aware of breastfeeding support groups. However, there were significant differences in the level of awareness among the doctors compared to the other categories of health staff (P<0.05). Also, 48 (19.2%) of the health workers believed that babies less than 6 months of age should not be given water (statistical difference (P<0.05) between doctors' attitude and that of the other health workers). Thirteen (5.22%) health workers could demonstrate correct positioning and attachment. CONCLUSION: There was general lack of awareness of some major recommended practices in the hospitals that will promote and sustain breastfeeding. There is therefore the need for policy changes and BFHI training for the staff of these health facilities to respond to the concern and growing need for proper infant/young child feeding.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Mental health status of municipal solid waste incinerator workers compared with local government office workers.

Recently in Japan dioxin problem of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) became social issue. The news spread all around Japan and induced fear that workers at incinerators would suffer from cancer or other serious illness induced by the exposure to dioxins. Authors were interested in the effect of this stressful event occurred to the workers and intended to evaluate mental health status of MSWI workers compared with office workers. Subjects were male workers from two MSWI plants and a local government office; 20 government office workers who were engaging in health administration and 55 MSWI workers. Subjects were interviewed about their age, educational carrier, and working schedule. POMS and GHQ30 were used to evaluate mood status of subjects. There were differences in mood state between the two occupational groups. POMS showed that Tension-Anxiety, Depression-Dejection, and Fatigue levels were high in the health administration worker group. GHQ30 showed that General Illness, Social Dysfunction, and Anxiety and Dysphoria state were deviated to abnormal in the health administration worker group. General mental health status evaluated by GHQ30 score was also deviated to abnormal in the office worker group. Our results showed that mental health status of health administration workers was less healthy compared with MSWI workers. This meant that the stress of MSWI workers enhanced by the fear that they might have been exposed to dioxin did not exceed the stress the health administration workers usually had suffered from.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A community based study of patterns of psychoactive substance use among street children in a local government area of Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: The nature of continuous exposure to the street and its associated lifestyles make street children vulnerable to the use of psychoactive substances. At present, there is insufficient information regarding the pattern of psychoactive substance use among this group of children in Nigeria. AIMS: To determine the pattern of psychoactive substance use among street children and to explore those socio-demographic and street factors that could be related to current psychoactive substance use. METHODS: Using a multistage sampling method in a local government area in Nigeria, 180 children aged 18 years and below who had left the custody of their parents for a period of not less than a month were interviewed. RESULTS: The most commonly used psychoactive substances were alcohol, kolanut, tobacco and cannabis. None of the respondents reported the use of cocaine, opiates or hallucinogens. Length of stay on the street was found to be significantly predictive of current psychoactive substance use. CONCLUSION: The readily available and relatively cheap substances were in common use among street children with the length of stay on the street being a significant predictive factor. The affected community and the government should design methods of curtailing the problem of drug use and helping the children off the street.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health managers' perception of the primary health care management information system: a case of Bama Local Government in northern Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Evaluating the quality and performance of Primary Health Care (PHC) systems depend on the information system's capacity to generate reliable and accurate information, within social, cultural, and economic context. This paper reports an assessment of a PHC health management information system from PHC Managers'perspectives, METHODS: An adapted 3-part Donabedian model informed our assessment of the structure, process and outcomes of the PHC health information system. Pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaires were administered to the PHC Coordinator, 6 Deputy Coordinators, and 18 officers responsible for the health facilities in Bama Local Government Area of Borno State. RESULTS: Majority of the respondents (n=11) believed that staffing at PHC level was inadequate. Only 5 (27.8%) of the managers had training specific to completing HMIS forms. All the facilities were reported to possess registers for the study year (1993), but their numbers dropped by half consecutively down the preceding years to 1990. None reported a health facility that had a copy of the requisite M&E manual guide to HIMIS. Nonetheless 14 reported that report submissions were timely; chief factors causing delays were lack of transport (35.5%), bad roads (16.1%), and scarcity of forms (9.7%). Twelve (12) of the managers judged that the data collected were always or sometimes accurate. Though only 5 crosschecked data to verify accuracy of the submissions. Eight (8) were of the opinion that computerisation was not necessary for rural PHC information system, and eleven (11) felt that the Bama PHC was not ready for computerisation. Twelve (12) of them felt that the quality of the PHC information system had improved since its devolution to the LGA, however, the main suggestions offered to improve the MIS in general were personnel training (32%), feedback from higher levels (20%), and availability of transportation (16%). CONCLUSION: The information system is only as good as the organisation it serves. Results of this study show majorgaps in the structure of the HMIS at the PHC level which is responsible for gathering data onward to the federal level that culminates in epidemiological and health information for the country. Emphasis for intervention for strengthening information systems should be on starting with generating information for local use, and building local capacity to utilise derived information for daily PHC planning, decision-making and management before the prospect of collecting data for upward submission to higher levels.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2000

Socioeconomic correlates of mortality differentials by local government area in rural northern New South Wales, 1981-1995.

OBJECTIVE: Many studies have examined the correlation between socioeconomic status (SES) and mortality in Australia, but little is known about the correlation in rural areas and most studies have not explored the trends in SES differentials in mortality. This ecological study examines this correlation and explores the impact of the national strategies to reduce SES differentials in mortality in a rural area. METHODS: Mortality data for residents in the New England Health Area, New South Wales (NSW), 1981 to 1995, were analysed. Twenty Local Government Areas (LGAs) in New England were ranked and aggregated into 4 groups according to a composite SES indicator from the 1996 census, and age/sex adjusted mortality rates were calculated for each group and compared. Poisson regression models were used to assess the linear trends in mortality for 1981-95. RESULTS: A strong relationship between working age adult mortality and SES was found for both sexes. The rates for the most disadvantaged LGAs were significantly higher than the least disadvantaged LGAs for both sexes. The mortality rate was consistently higher for the most disadvantaged LGAs than the least disadvantaged LGAs. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION: Although there has been an overall decline in death for all 4 groups of LGAs, the gap between the most disadvantaged and the least disadvantaged groups has widened over the last 15 years. This widening gap in death rates suggests that the strategies implemented as part of the Health for All initiative to reduce inequalities in mortality differentials have not been effective in this rural area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Endemicity of onchocerciasis in some local government areas of Niger state.

The established method of justifying the need for ivermectin delivery to a community is the use of Rapid Assessment Method (RAM). This method involves the clinical examination of 50 adult males, who have been resident in the community for at least five years, for onchocercal nodules and leopard skin. The values obtained for these indices will guide the classification of such a community as being hypoendemic, mesoendemic or hyperendemic. Those that fall within mesoendemic and hyperendemic category onchocerciasis qualify for ivermectin delivery. This study was carried out to determine the endemicity level of onchocerciasis in 74 communities of 8 Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Niger state to justify their inclusion or otherwise in the ongoing state wide mass treatment for onchocerciasis using ivermectin. The communities were selected using the Geographical Information System (GIS) data and following the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline for RAM. A total of 3000 subjects were examined comprising of 2395 (79.8%) males and 605 (20.2%) females. None of the LGAs, based on overall prevalence for nodules qualify for mass treatment with ivermectin. However the study identified communities within some of these LGAs that were mesoendemic for onchocerciasis and thus qualified for mass treatment with ivermectin.

Anthelmintics↗
PubMed2006

Knowledge of breast cancer and its early detection measures among rural women in Akinyele Local Government Area, Ibadan, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the commonest cancer among women in Nigeria and globally. In Nigeria, late presentations of breast cancer cases have also been consistent for three decades. In an environment where there is no established national screening program for breast cancer, it is pertinent to assess the knowledge of breast cancer and its early detection measures. The objective of this study therefore, was to assess rural women's level of knowledge of breast cancer and its early detection measures. METHODS: The knowledge of various aspects of breast cancer; etiology, early warning signs, treatment modes and early detection measures; was assessed among women in two randomly selected health districts in Akinyele Local Government in Ibadan. The assessment was performed with the use of a self-structured validated questionnaire administered by trained interviewers to 420 women randomly selected from the two health districts. The various aspects of facts about breast cancer were scored and added together to determine respondents' level of knowledge RESULTS: The mean score of knowledge of breast cancer was 55.4 SD 5.4 (range of scores obtainable was 26-78), while the mean score for knowledge of early detection of breast cancer was 24.8 SD 2.3 (range of scores obtainable was 12-36). The leading source of information about breast cancer was "elders, neighbors and friends" and 63(15.4%) acknowledged this source, while only 18 (4.4%) respondents acknowledged health workers as source. Only 54 (13.3%) claimed to have heard about breast self- examination (BSE) however, and the leading source of information about BSE were health workers. Nine (2.2%) of respondents claimed this source. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that respondents lacked knowledge of vital issues about breast cancer and early detection measures. It also revealed that health workers were not forthcoming with information to the public thereby constituting a challenge to community health nurses and other health workers, to provide vital information to the public.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A retrospective cohort study on retirement and mortality for male employees of a local government of Japan.

This retrospective cohort study describes the mortality pattern after retirement and examines associations of the last job position and work status immediately after retirement with the mortality for male employees who retired from Kochi prefectural government. The subjects include 514 retirees over the 1977-1981 period, who were followed for 9.8 years after retirement, and 721 retirees over the 1982-1986 period, who were followed for 5.8-9.8 years. All subjects were hypothesized to have retired at a normal retirement age. Mortality risk was stable through the follow-up period subdivided into two-year intervals in both cohorts of retirees. In both cohorts, men who did not work immediately after retirement had increased mortality within the first two years of retirement compared with those who worked immediately after retirement. This finding is consistent with the mortality pattern explained by health related selection into working after retirement. The present study does not show a meaningful mortality fluctuation over the post-retirement period among male employees of the local government. Lack of information on ages and health status at retirement of individual subjects hampers discussion about causality of observed associations between two study variables concerning pre- and post-retirement characteristics and post-retirement mortality.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Local government reorganisation in Scotland and Wales.

This article describes the new local authority structure that comes into effect in Scotland and Wales on 1 April 1996. The relationship between the new 'unitary' authorities and other administrative areas is discussed briefly and some key demographic data are presented. References are given to other sources of statistical information.

Adolescent↗