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PubMed2006

What matters for life satisfaction in the oldest-old?

The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with life satisfaction in the oldest-old within a spectrum of psychosocial and health related variables. Scores on the life satisfaction index (LSI-Z) were related to scales and questions regarding, demographics, depression, locus of control, cognitive function, functional capacity (instrumental and personal activities of daily living), self-rated overall health and medically based health, and social network. The sample consisted of 315 participants, aged 80-98 years; (M = 83 years, 66% women). Regression analyses indicated that social network quality, self-rated overall health, sense of being in control of one's life, and depressive symptoms were significantly associated with life satisfaction. There was no gender difference in overall life satisfaction. However, there were different patterns of variables associated with life satisfaction in men and women. Self-rated overall health and depressive symptoms were related to life satisfaction in women, whereas widowhood was significantly associated with lower life satisfaction among men. The results emphasize the need to analyse associates of life satisfaction within a broader context of psychosocial variables and separately for men and women.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1997

Self-reinforcement, gender-role, and sex of participant in prediction of life satisfaction.

There have been conflicting results regarding sex differences and gender role in predicting life satisfaction and no research assessing the relationship between life satisfaction and self-reinforcement. These relationships were evaluated by administering to 182 undergraduates the Bem Sex Role Inventory, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Frequency of Self-reinforcement Questionnaire. A regression analysis showed significant effects for self-reinforcement and gender role in the prediction of life satisfaction. No main effect was found for sex of participant and there were no significant interactions. Scores on measures of self-reinforcement and life satisfaction were moderately correlated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Life-satisfaction is a momentary judgment and a stable personality characteristic: the use of chronically accessible and stable sources.

Social cognition research indicates that life-satisfaction judgments are based on a selected set of relevant information that is accessible at the time of the life-satisfaction judgment. Personality research indicates that life-satisfaction judgments are quite stable over extended periods of time and predicted by personality traits. The present article integrates these two research traditions. We propose that people rely on the same sources to form repeated life-satisfaction judgments over time. Some of these sources (e.g., memories of emotional experiences, academic performance) provide stable information that explains the stability in life-satisfaction judgments. Second, we propose that the influence of personality traits on life satisfaction is mediated by the use of chronically accessible sources because traits produce stability of these sources. Most important, the influence of extraversion and neuroticism is mediated by use of memories of past emotional experiences. To test this model, participants repeatedly judged life-satisfaction over the course of a semester. After each assessment, participants reported sources that they used for these judgments. Changes in reported sources were related to changes in life-satisfaction judgments. A path model demonstrated that chronically accessible and stable sources are related to stable individual differences in life-satisfaction. Furthermore, the model supported the hypothesis that personality effects were mediated by chronically accessible and stable sources. In sum, the results are consistent with our theory that life-satisfaction judgments are based on chronically accessible sources.

Cognition↗
PubMed1995

Life satisfaction and associated factors in older Hong Kong Chinese.

OBJECTIVE: To determine life satisfaction and its association with physical, functional, socioeconomic, psychological, and social support characteristics in Hong Kong Chinese aged 70 years and older. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Territory-wide random sample of persons aged 70 years and older. SUBJECTS: A total of 843 men and 714 women were selected by random sampling, stratified by age and sex, from the Old age and Disability Allowance Register, after exclusion of subjects with cognitive impairment. MEASUREMENTS: Life satisfaction was assessed by the subjects' response to the question "Are you satisfied with life", using a 0 to 10-point linear scale. They were also asked to name the most important factor contributing to life satisfaction. Information was also obtained regarding physical health, functional ability, depressive symptoms, and socioeconomic factors. RESULTS: There was a weak association between score and age. Health, adequate income to meet living expenses, and caring relatives were rated the most important factors (> 65%). Some of these factors were also those associated with a high life satisfaction score. Factors associated with a life satisfaction score greater than 6 points were higher social class and educational attainment, adequate income to meet living expenses, satisfactory living arrangement, Christianity, good social support, participation in social activities, functional independence, good self-perceived health, good hearing and vision, daily exercise, absence of recurrent falls, and low depressive symptom score. Multiple logistic regression identified having two or more relatives and tertiary education as positive associated factors, whereas inadequate income to meet expenses, dissatisfaction with living arrangement, nonparticipation in religious group activities, and a high depressive symptom score were negative associated factors. CONCLUSION: In older Chinese, social factors such as the support provided by family members, as well as adequate income to meet living expenses, play a role equal to that of physical factors in contributing to life satisfaction.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

[Life satisfaction and help needs in post-stroke patients].

The purpose of this study was to investigate the life satisfaction and the help needs in post-stroke patients. A totaled 109 post-stroke patients were discharged from the rehabilitation ward of the Dokkyo University Hospital during two years from April 1995 to March 1997. The postal questionnaire was sent to 104 patients of them. The questionnaire was composed of two parts, one for the patients and one for their family members. The patients were asked about perceived improvement after discharge, outdoor activities, locomotor activities, and life satisfaction with their present state. Life satisfaction was assessed by using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The family members were asked about objective improvement of the patients after their discharge and their help needs. The distribution of the patients' life satisfaction showed a peak at around 50% by the VAS. While the perceived improvement and life satisfaction showed a significantly positive correlation, 9 patients (15%) recognized some improvement but marked their life satisfaction less than 50%. In help needs assessment, most family members classified them at a level of situational dependence or more. Only three cases were classified as dependence on individuals other than their family such as home help, which may suggest lack of social resources in their community. Logistic regression analysis revealed perceived improvement, going outdoors and age as significant adherent factors of life satisfaction, and objective improvement and age as those of help needs. Statistical analysis revealed a close association between perceived improvement and life satisfaction which have been suggested useful for QOL evaluation, but they must be interpreted as independent indicators.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗
PubMed2005

Spiritual struggle: effect on quality of life and life satisfaction in women with breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Women with breast cancer experience stressors affecting quality of life (QOL) and life satisfaction. Little is known about effects of spiritual struggle as a coping strategy on QOL and life satisfaction. PURPOSE: Examine relationships between spiritual struggle, QOL, and life satisfaction. METHOD: Nonprobablility sample of 100 participants recruited from an Internet Web site with mailed questionnaires. Three instruments were used: breast cancer-specific version of Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Scale (FACT-B), Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual (FACIT-Sp-12) combined for QOL, Negative Coping subscale of Religious Coping (RCOPE) for spiritual struggle, and a single-item measuring life satisfaction. FINDINGS: Small inverse relationships between spiritual struggle, QOL (r = -.36, p < .001), and life satisfaction (r = -.31, p < .001) existed. CONCLUSIONS: Spiritual struggle gives voice to women's questionings implying lower QOL and life satisfaction. IMPLICATIONS: Assessment of and assistance with managing spiritual struggle are necessary to promote QOL and life satisfaction among those facing difficult health problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Life satisfaction in spouses of patients with stroke during the first year after stroke.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to investigate whether spouses' life satisfaction changed between their life prior to their partner's stroke, and at 4 months and 1 year after stroke, and to study the association between spouses' life satisfaction and objective characteristics of the stroke patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Sixty-seven consecutively enrolled spouses to first-ever stroke patients < 75 years of age participated. Life satisfaction was measured with the Life Satisfaction Checklist (LiSat-9). RESULTS: Compared with their life before stroke, the spouses' satisfaction with life as a whole, their leisure situation, daily occupation, sexual life, partner relationship and social contacts was lower 4 months after stroke. No significant change in life satisfaction was observed between 4 months and 1 year. Spouses of patients with sensorimotor impairment and low ability in self-care were less satisfied with their leisure situation, daily occupations, own ability in self-care, sexual life and partner relationship. Spouses of patients with cognitive or astheno-emotional impairments were less satisfied with their partner relationship, family life and sexual life. The associations were stronger at 1 year than at 4 months. CONCLUSION: There is a need for support over a long time period that focuses on the social, occupational and leisure situation of spouses as well as that of patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Life-satisfaction in patients with head and neck cancer.

Life-satisfaction is a measure of a patient's perception of the difference between his reality and his needs, or wants. This study reports the results of a longitudinal survey of patients' self-reported life-satisfaction following treatment for head and neck cancer. Life-satisfaction scores improved with time, and were related to pain, speech difficulty, and dysphagia. Lack of adequate family support was also important, although an uncommon problem. Treatment modality did not emerge as a significant determinant of life-satisfaction; speech difficulties were more likely to be due to articulation problems than voicing difficulty.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

[Global life satisfaction and its related factors in community elderly residents].

This study was aimed at identifying the distribution of global life satisfaction as measured by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and factors related to it in 531 community elderly residents aged 75-80 years. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the extent of their daily activities, which has been emphasized as an important health index for the elderly: the outdoor-activity group (defined as people whose daily activities extended into their community) and the indoor-activity group (defined as people whose daily activities was limited to inside their home). The distribution of global life satisfaction and related factors were compared between the two groups. For independent variables, daily behaviors were classified into five categories and examined for how they related to global life satisfaction. The results obtained were as follows: Global life satisfaction showed a bimodal distribution in both groups tending to be lower in the indoor-activity group than in the outdoor-activity group. Most of the indoor-activity group indicated low or moderate life satisfaction. The extent of their daily activities was thus related to global life satisfaction. The strongest direct factor relating to global life satisfaction was self-rated health for the outdoor-activity group. Some of their daily behaviors also related to it and these significant daily behaviors differed by sex. Only self-rated health was related to global life satisfaction in the indoor-activity group. The results indicate that, when compared to other factors, daily activity in community elderly residents is crucial to increasing their global life satisfaction, and therefore efforts to enlarge subjects' daily activities are also required.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem.

College students in 31 nations (N = 13,118) completed measures of self-esteem, life satisfaction, and satisfaction with specific domains (friends, family, and finances). The authors assessed whether cross-cultural variations in the strength of associations were related to societal dimensions including income and individualism. At the national level, individualism correlated -.24 (ns) with heterogeneity and .71 (p < .001) with wealth. At the individual level, self-esteem and life satisfaction were correlated .47 for the entire sample. This relation, however, was moderated by the individualism of the society. The associations of financial, friend, and family satisfactions with life satisfaction and with self-esteem also varied across nations. Financial satisfaction was a stronger correlate of life satisfaction in poorer countries. It was found that life satisfaction and self-esteem were clearly discriminable constructs. Satisfaction ratings, except for financial satisfaction, varied between slightly positive and fairly positive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

An exploratory study of the health problems, stigmatization, life satisfaction, and literacy skills of urban, street-level sex workers.

An exploratory study of 26 female urban, street-level sex workers was conducted to gather information about their health problems, feelings of stigmatizations, satisfaction with life, and literacy skills. Each woman completed the health questionnaire, Stigmatization Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine. Twenty-one women had acute or chronic health problems; only eleven sought health care. Literacy scores revealed 7th to 8th grade reading levels. Feelings of stigmatization varied from low to high and all the women were found to be dissatisfied with their lives. Further research needs to address how these factors affect their use of health care and outreach services.

Educational Status↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impairment, activity, participation, life satisfaction, and survival in persons with locked-in syndrome for over a decade: follow-up on a previously reported cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the long-term outcome of patients with stable locked-in syndrome. SETTING: The community. DESIGN: Retrospective phone survey. This study was further follow-up on a previously reported cohort. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-nine persons with locked-in syndrome were included in an initial cohort 11 years prior to the current study. Records or contact with family showed that 16 were deceased. Telephone interviews were made with 1 living patient and the caregivers of 11 others. Public records documented survival of 1 nonrespondent. OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival, codified responses regarding functional activities, social activities, and satisfaction with life. RESULTS: Five-, 10-, and 20-year survival were 83%, 83%, and 40%, respectively. Ten subjects had not been hospitalized in the previous year. Eight lived with family. Little change in impairment occurred, but care was simplified. Improvements in communication related to technology, including computer and Internet access. Eleven left home at least monthly. Caregivers reported seven expressed satisfaction with life; five were occasionally depressed. No deaths could be attributed to euthanasia and no survivor had a "no code" status. One patient wished to die, seven had never considered euthanasia, six had considered and rejected it. CONCLUSIONS: Persons with initially stable locked-in syndrome can have prolonged survival, can live in the community if there is enough support, and have some measure of quality of life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Value attainment: an explanation for the negative effects of work-family conflict on job and life satisfaction.

Perceptions of work interfering with family life and family issues interfering with work are examined as 2 distinct constructs representing work-family conflict. Experienced work-family conflict is argued to reduce one's value attainment which, in turn, lowers both job and life satisfaction. This study examines value attainment as a mediating variable in the work-family conflict and satisfaction relationship. Responses from 270 hotel managers indicate that value attainment either partially or fully mediates the relationship between work interference with family and family interference with work and both job and life satisfaction. Value attainment is argued to be a meaningful explanatory variable for the negative relationship between work-family conflict and job-life satisfaction.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relative effects of health and income on life satisfaction.

The relative effects of health and income on life satisfaction were analyzed using data collected in three recent national surveys. Financial situation was a slightly stronger predictor of life satisfaction for persons under age sixty-five, whereas health condition had a stronger impact on the life satisfaction of persons over age sixty-four. An attempt was made to quantify the relative impact of health and income on life satisfaction through an analysis of conjoint influence with contingency tables.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Life satisfaction in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the levels of life satisfaction for patients with chronic obstructive disease (COPD) and to explore the relationships between life satisfaction, lung function, walking distance test/exercise capacity and quality of life. STUDY DESIGN: The population comprised 91 patients with COPD, 28 patients with COPD using long term oxygen therapy (LTOT) and a reference group (R) of 150 healthy individuals. Before the study, a number of the COPD patients had been tested with regard to spirometry, walking distance and quality of life using the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ). All subjects filled in an eight-item checklist on levels of life satisfaction. RESULTS: Significantly lower levels of satisfaction were reported by both patient groups than the R group for satisfaction with life as a whole and satisfaction derived from vocational/occupational situation, sexual life and ADL, and by the LTOT group, furthermore, also with family life. Only 10% of the patients were satisfied with their health. The LTOT group reported significantly lower levels of satisfaction than the COPD group for life as a whole, satisfaction with their vocational/occupational situation, leisure, ADL situation and their satisfaction with family life and partnership relation. Factor analyses demonstrated different patterns between the R group and the patient group. No correlation was found between satisfaction with life as a whole and lung function parameters whereas three of the CRQ dimensions; emotional function, fatigue and mastery correlateded significicantly with satisfaction with life as a whole and several of the domains. No relationships was found between satisfaction with life as a whole or any of the domains and the CRQ dimension dyspnea. CONCLUSIONS: The low levels of satisfaction with life as a whole, in addition to low levels of satisfaction with several domains, indicate that the majority of the patients had not managed to cope successfully with the consequences of their impairment. More attention must, thus, be given to these patients in the rehabilitation work.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

The effects of intra-individual and inter-spouse status inconsistency on life satisfaction among older persons.

Inter-spouse status inconsistencies have been largely ignored in gerontological literature related to life satisfaction. To test a series of hypotheses linking intra- and inter-spouse status inconsistency with life satisfaction, a sample of 570 married persons over 60 years of age, drawn from the 1975 to 1978 NORC General Social Surveys data, is evaluated by regressing the measures of life satisfaction on the independent variables in hierarchical fashion. The major findings include: (a) similar to past studies, higher status in general is associated with greater life satisfaction, but not all status factors correlated with life satisfaction; (b) differences between life satisfaction scores of those with high status inconsistencies and those with low inconsistencies are noted; however these differences are not statistically significant; (c) different status factors correlate with life satisfaction depending on the older person's involvement in organizations; and, (d) the negative effects of status inconsistency are not stronger among those older persons experiencing recent traumatic events.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

[Transsexuals' life satisfaction after gender transformation operations].

BACKGROUND: More and more frequently, the registration of life satisfaction is being used to evaluate different medical treatments. So far, there have been only few such surveys on transsexuals (TS). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the general and the health-related life satisfaction of transsexuals after gender transformation operations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty patients took part in this German cross-sectional study. The Questions on Life Satisfaction Module (FLZ) and free questions on different aspects of the new gender identity were used as measuring instruments. RESULTS: Of the TS studied, 85-95% were "very satisfied" or "satisfied" with the results of their gender transformation operation in respect to gender identity. The TS were significantly less satisfied (P>0.001) in overall "general life satisfaction" than the general population. In overall FLZ scores for "health-related life satisfaction", no differences were seen. CONCLUSION: These data indicate a discrepancy between subjective satisfaction with new gender identity and current life situation, and they identify problems with life satisfaction.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Correlates of life satisfaction among persons with spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the correlates of life satisfaction for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). STUDY DESIGN: Survey; follow-up of subjects studied prospectively since onset of injury. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2,183 persons with SCI, from 1 to 20 years postinjury, self-selected for annual research (and clinical) follow-up by one of 18 model systems of SCI care. RESULTS: Life satisfaction, as measured with the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), is associated with several demographic, social, functional, and clinical characteristics. Stepwise linear regression analysis resulted in a predictor model that included the following: sex (beta weight: .07; p < .001); number of rehospitalizations in the last year (-.05; p < .05); years since injury (.13; p < .0001); sociocognitive disability as measured with the Functional Independence Measure (.06; p < .01); and three handicap components, as measured with the modified Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique: mobility (.26; p < .0001); occupation (.10; p < .001); and social integration (.11; p < .0001). Impairment (level of injury) contributed indirectly, through its impact on motor disability. Racial/ethnic group membership, motor disability, and education contributed indirectly, through their effects on handicap. CONCLUSIONS: Life satisfaction after SCI can be reliably measured by means of the SWLS. Correlates of subjective well-being parallel those suggested by earlier studies and those for the population at large. The effects of life satisfaction on social participation, health, and other aspects of life need further study.

Adolescent↗