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PubMed1976

[Not Available].

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Death↗
PubMed1998

Causes of declining life expectancy in Russia.

CONTEXT: Russian life expectancy has fallen sharply in the 1990s, but the impact of the major causes of death on that decline has not been measured. OBJECTIVE: To assess the contribution of selected causes of death to the dramatic decline in life expectancy in Russia in the years following the breakup of the Soviet Union. DESIGN: Mortality and natality data from the vital statistics systems of Russia and the United States. SETTING: Russia, 1990-1994. POPULATION: Entire population of Russia. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLES: Mortality rates, life expectancy, and contribution to change in life expectancy. METHODS: Application of standard life-table methods to calculate life expectancy by year, and a partitioning method to assess the contribution of specific causes of death and age groups to the overall decline in life expectancy. United States data presented for comparative purposes. RESULTS: Age-adjusted mortality in Russia rose by almost 33% between 1990 and 1994. During that period, life expectancy for Russian men and women declined dramatically from 63.8 and 74.4 years to 57.7 and 71.2 years, respectively, while in the United States, life expectancy increased for both men and women from 71.8 and 78.8 years to 72.4 and 79.0 years, respectively. More than 75% of the decline in life expectancy was due to increased mortality rates for ages 25 to 64 years. Overall, cardiovascular diseases (heart disease and stroke) and injuries accounted for 65% of the decline in life expectancy while infectious diseases, including pneumonia and influenza, accounted for 5.8%, chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis for 2.4%, other alcohol-related causes for 9.6%, and cancer for 0.7%. Increases in cardiovascular mortality accounted for 41.6% of the decline in life expectancy for women and 33.4% for men, while increases in mortality from injuries (eg, falls, occupational injuries, motor vehicle crashes, suicides, and homicides) accounted for 32.8% of the decline in life expectancy for men and 21.8% for women. CONCLUSION: The striking rise in Russian mortality is beyond the peacetime experience of industrialized countries, with a 5-year decline in life expectancy in 4 years' time. Many factors appear to be operating simultaneously, including economic and social instability, high rates of tobacco and alcohol consumption, poor nutrition, depression, and deterioration of the health care system. Problems in data quality and reporting appear unable to account for these findings. These results clearly demonstrate that major declines in health and life expectancy can take place rapidly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of two methods based on cross-sectional data for correcting corpus uterine cancer incidence and probabilities.

BACKGROUND: Two methods are presented for obtaining hysterectomy prevalence corrected estimates of invasive cancer incidence rates and probabilities of the corpus uterine. METHODS: The first method involves cross-sectional hysterectomy data from the Utah Hospital Discharge Data Base and mortality data applied to life-table methods. The second involves hysterectomy prevalence estimates obtained directly from the Utah Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey. RESULTS: Hysterectomy prevalence estimates based on the first method are lower than those obtained from the second method through age 74, but higher in the remaining ages. Correction for hysterectomy prevalence is greatest among women ages 75-79. In this age group, the uncorrected rate is 125 (per 100,000) and the corrected rate based on the life-table method is 223 using 1995-97 data, 243 using 1992-94 data, and 228 from the survey method. The uncorrected lifetime probability of developing corpus uterine cancer is 2.6%; the corrected probability from the life-table method using 1995-97 data is 4.2%, using 1992-94 data is 4.5%; and based on prevalence data from the survey method is 4.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Both methods provide reasonable hysterectomy prevalence estimates for correcting corpus uterine cancer rates and probabilities. Because of declining trends in hysterectomy in recent decades, corrected estimates from the life-table method are less pronounced than those based on the survey method. These methods may be useful for obtaining corrected uterine cancer rates and probabilities in areas of the world that do not have sufficient years of hysterectomy data to directly compute prevalence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Active life expectancy for elderly Japanese by chewing ability].

OBJECTIVE: Panel interview surveys of nationally representative elderly people aged 65 years or above in Japan were conducted three times at 2-year intervals since 1999 (Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging) to estimate health expectancy for males and females separately according to their chewing ability. METHOD: Multistate life table methods were applied to estimate health expectancy. Three health states, namely, active, inactive and dead, were defined according to the ability to perform specified daily activities. Living respondents were considered to be in an "inactive state" if they responded "very difficult" or "unable" for performance of at least one ADL or IADL. Otherwise they were considered to be in an "active state". 4,323 sampled persons who responded to the baseline survey were included in the study. Based on estimated transition probabilities over the survey period between active and inactive states, and active and inactive states to death, both population- and status-based multistate life tables were constructed according to chewing ability. Those who could chew relatively hard foods at the baseline survey were classified as Group A and those who could chew only relatively soft foods were classified as Group B. RESULTS: The population-based multistate life tables indicated that at age 65, total life expectancy was 19.3/23.2 (males/females) years for Group A and 16.7/21.1 years for Group B. Active life expectancy was 16.8/18.6 years and 13.6/16.3 years, and inactive life expectancy was 2.4/4.6 years and 3.1/4.8 years for Groups A and B respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups only in terms of active life expectancy. From status-based multistate life tables, similar patterns were observed for those whose status at the baseline was "active". CONCLUSION: These results suggest that maintenance or recovery of sufficient chewing ability for elderly people is related to a longer total life expectancy and even more strongly related to a longer active life expectancy.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1998

Conditional survival estimates in 34,963 patients with invasive carcinoma of the colon.

PURPOSE: We report colon cancer survival rates that are conditioned on patients having already survived one or more years after diagnosis. These rates have more meaning clinically, because they consider those patients who have already survived a given period of time after treatment. METHODS: The life table method was used to compute conditional survival rates, using population-based data obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute. Patients were diagnosed between 1983 and 1987 and followed up through 1994. Relative and observed survival rates are considered. RESULTS: Survival rates up to ten years after diagnosis are reported by stage of disease, gender, and race for colon cancer patients who survived from one to five years after diagnosis. Survival rates are also reported by lymph node involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Five-year and ten-year survival in colon cancer patients having already survived between one and five years after diagnosis continues to be influenced significantly by stage and race.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Differential mortality in Turkana agriculturalists and pastoralists.

Nomadic pastoral populations appear to have much lower rates of growth than the otherwise very high growth rates now characteristic of populations in developing nations. Because dramatic declines in infant mortality have been a primary contributor to increased population growth rates in these countries, it has been assumed that nomadic pastoral populations are still characterized by high levels of mortality in the first few years of life. Few studies, however, have been undertaken to estimate demographic parameters for nomadic pastoral populations, and even fewer of a comparative nature have been undertaken to document the impact of subsistence strategy on demographic processes. This study compares indirect childhood mortality estimates for Turkana nomadic pastoralists with childhood mortality in a settled agricultural group within the same population and finds that pastoralists have substantially higher levels of mortality. Based on the childhood mortality estimates, model life tables are selected for pastoral and agricultural groups from which values for mean life expectancy and infant mortality are estimated and compared. Recent improvements in primary health care for the settled agricultural group are ruled out as being an important cause of their lower mortality levels, and some aspects of life-style associated with subsistence strategy are discussed as likely determinants of the mortality differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Analysis of birth intervals in India's Uttar Pradesh and Kerala States.

Life tables of birth intervals and median birth intervals in two Indian states, Uttar Pradesh and Kerala, were computed for several subgroups of the study population. Multivariate hazards modelling technique was used to examine the net effect of each of the variables studied. The results show a substantial effect of socioeconomic variables in child-spacing after controlling for the major intermediate variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Sterilisation of married couples: husband versus wife sterilisation.

Sterilisation has been increasing in the United States in recent decades. Using the National Survey of Families and Households, this paper examines sterilisation among married couples using event history techniques, viewing husband and wife sterilisation as competing risks. Wives are more likely to experience sterilisation and at shorter durations of marriage. Number of children has a curvilinear effect on sterilisation, increasing and then decreasing its likelihood. Wives who are older than their husbands are more likely to get sterilised themselves. Black and Hispanic husbands are more likely to undergo sterilisation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of gender, birth order, and other correlates on childhood mortality in China.

Using data from the 1988 Two-Per-Thousand Survey of Fertility and Birth Control, this paper examines the effects of gender, birth order, and other correlates of childhood mortality in China. Controlling for family-level factors, childhood mortality is found to be associated with the child's gender and birth order. Among firstborn children the difference between male and female childhood mortality is not statistically significant, but among others, female children between ages 1 and 5 experience higher mortality than male children. Childhood mortality is slightly higher for children who have older brothers only than for those who have older sisters only, and it is highest for those who have both older brothers and sisters. Other factors affecting childhood mortality in China include mortality of older siblings, birth interval, urban/rural residence, mother's level of education, and mother's occupation. All interactive effects between gender and family-level characteristics are found to be statistically insignificant.

Birth Intervals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The marriage squeeze and the rise in informal marriage in Brazil.

Around the world, populations have experienced shortages of one sex or the other at marriageable ages, as a result of mortality declines. The solutions to this problem vary with the cultural context. Declines in the spousal age difference and increases in dowry payments (India) and polygamy (Africa) are two adjustments to a disequilibrium in the marriage market. We hypothesize that in Brazil the marriage market finds its balance by "recycling" men through highly unstable informal unions. Using census and 1984 survey data, we establish the relationship between a marriage squeeze and the increase in informal marriage. Census data and a competing-risks analysis of marriage choice provide evidence that a marriage squeeze has affected both the chances of marrying at all and the type of marriage entered.

Adolescent↗