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PubMed1982

Attenuation of pentobarbital-elicited hypothermia in rats with a history of pentobarbital-LiCl pairings.

Rats were given five separate pairings (sequential IP injections) of pentobarbital and lithium chloride, both hypothermia-inducing agents. When the animals were subsequently tested with a single injection of pentobarbital alone, they exhibited an attenuated hypothermia relative to controls that had either (a) received pentobarbital-LiCl pairings spaced twenty-four hours apart, or (b) received only placebo injections of normal saline. This phenomenon provides further evidence that rats can learn an association between drug states and may help to explain why pentobarbital-LiCl pairings tend to eliminate pentobarbital's capacity to produce a conditioned flavor aversion.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Feeding and selection of saccharin after injections of bombesin, LiCl, and NaCl.

Rats injected with bombesin of LiCl showed similar suppression of food-deprivation-induced liquid diet intake, but only rats receiving LiCl avoided water-deprivation-induced consumption of a novel saccharin solution paired with injection. The data demonstrate that bombesin reduces feeding but does not induce conditioned aversion, and suggest that bombesin does not act to suppress food intake by production of gastrointestinal malaise.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The application of direct potential fitting to the X1sigma+ ground electronic states of LiCl, TlCl, RbF and CsF.

A procedure for directly fitting the potential energy curve of a diatomic molecule has been applied to the X1sigma+ ground states of LiCl, TlCl, RbF and CsF. Extensive, high-precision infrared and pure-rotational data sets for all isotopomers of the aforementioned molecules have been employed in direct least-squares fits of a radially dependent Hamiltonian operator. The Born-Oppenheimer potentials are represented by a modified Lennard-Jones function that is shown to be flexible and provide the proper behavior in the long-range region of the potential. While the potential fits of LiCl and TlCl required the inclusion of Born-Oppenheimer breakdown functions, no such functions were necessary for either RbF or CsF.

Cesium↗
PubMed1999

Template Effects of Lithium Salts on the Crystallization of Diazasulfates: X-ray Structures of {THF.Li(2)[O(2)S(N(t)Bu)(2)]}(8).2LiOH.2LiCl and {(THF.Li)(2)[O(2)S(N(t)Bu)(2)].(THF)LiCl}(2).

The addition of 2 equiv of (n)BuLi to solutions of O(2)S[N(H)R](2) (R = (i)Pr, (t)Bu) produces the dilithium diazasulfates {Li(2)[O(2)S(N(i)Pr)(2)]}(n)() (2) and {THF.Li(2)[O(2)S(N(t)Bu)(2)]}(n)() (3), which were characterized by solid-state (7)Li and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. Crystals were obtained from a THF/n-hexane solution of 3 and determined by X-ray crystallography to be {THF.Li(2)[O(2)S(N(t)Bu)(2)]}(8).2LiOH.2LiCl (4), which consists of a 64-atom (Li(20)S(8)N(16)O(18)Cl(2)) cluster composed of two Li(4)O(4) cubes and a central Li(4)O(4) step-shaped ladder. The eight [O(2)S(N(t)Bu)(2)](2)(-) dianions in 4 exhibit three distinct modes of bonding to the Li(+) cations: (a) bis-(N,O),(N',O')-chelate, (b) N,O-chelate, bis-N',O'-monodentate, and (c) bis-(N,O),(N,N')-chelate, O'-monodentate. The synthesis of 3 in the presence of 1 equiv of LiCl produces the dimer {(THF.Li)(2)[O(2)S(N(t)Bu)(2)].(THF)LiCl}(2) (5). The structure of 5 incorporates an 18-atom (Li(6)S(2)N(4)O(4)Cl(2)) quinary cluster in which two {[THF.Li(&mgr;-O)(&mgr;-N(t)Bu)](2)S} molecules are held together by two (THF.LiCl) units. The mean Li-Cl distance (2.348 Å) linking the {[THF.Li(&mgr;-O)(&mgr;-N(t)Bu)](2)S} molecules to the (THF.LiCl) units is significantly shorter than the corresponding value of 2.483 Å within these units. Crystal data: 4, monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 18.557(1) Å, b = 15.731(1) Å, c = 28.063(2) Å, beta = 107.381(1) degrees, V = 7817.9(9) Å(3), and Z = 2; 5, monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 11.583(3) Å, b = 17.126(5) Å, c = 13.891(4) Å, beta = 94.613(4) degrees, V = 2747(1) Å(3), and Z = 2.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Michael reactions of pseudoephedrine amide enolates: effect of LiCl on syn/anti selectivity.

The stereochemical outcome of the asymmetric Michael reaction of pseudoephedrine amide enolates changes dramatically in the presence of LiCl. Reaction of the enolate in the absence of LiCl results in formation of the anti Michael adduct with high selectivity, whereas in the presence of lithium chloride the syn adduct is favored. This method provides access to enantiomerically enriched trans-3,4-disubstituted delta-lactones from the anti Michael adducts by a two step reduction/lactonization sequence. Information obtained from NMR studies indicates that, under both enolization conditions, the (Z)-enolate is formed. A model to explain the turnover in selectivity based on NMR evidence is presented.

Amides↗
PubMed2006

Structures and rearrangements of LiCl clusters.

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the low-temperature structures and temperature-driven rearrangements of (LiCl)n clusters, with n ranging from 3 to 500. It is found that for n < or = 32 expanded, ring-based structures are energetically more stable than cubic (rocksalt) forms at low temperature. For n > or = 108, the cubic structures are lower in energy, but as the clusters are heated rearrangements to expanded structures occur well below the melting temperature. Hexagonal (LiCl)3 rings are a distinguishing feature of the expanded, ring-based structures. Highly asymmetric ion sizes are essential for the formation of the expanded structures. Similar transitions from more-ordered to less-ordered solid states are not found for corresponding (KCl)n clusters, which remain in the cubic structure until they melt.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

A self-assembled, redox-responsive receptor for the selective extraction of LiCl from water.

There is considerable interest in synthetic ionophores with high affinity and selectivity for Li(+). But so far, compounds that selectively bind Li(+) in the presence of other alkali and alkaline earth metal ions are rare and current approaches toward this goal are often accompanied with substantial synthetic efforts. Here we describe a trinuclear ruthenium metallamacrocyclic complex (1) that was obtained by self-assembly of ruthenium halfsandwich complexes and 3-hydroxy-2-pyridone ligands. This complex was shown to be an extremely potent receptor for LiCl with an affinity high enough to extract LiCl from water. The selectivity of this receptor is exceptional: even in the presence of a large excess of Na(+), K(+), Cs(+), Ca(2+), and Mg(2+), Li(+) was extracted exclusively. The Li(+)/Na(+) selectivity ratio was determined to be higher than 1,000:1. Compared with other synthetic ionophores, the receptor 1 offers two additional advantages: (i) the synthesis can be accomplished in one step by using simple starting materials; and (ii) the presence of lithium ions can be detected electrochemically. Complex 1 is therefore a very attractive candidate for the construction of a Li(+)-specific chemosensor.

Chemistry↗
PubMed1977

Incubation of myosin with exogenous small components (g1, g2, or g3) in KSCN or LiCl and properties of g-exchanged myosins.

Myosin was incubated with a large excess of exogenous g1, g2 or g3 in 0.6 M KSCN (or in 4 M LiCl) for 1-2 h at 0-2 degrees C. KSCN (or LiCl) was then removed by dialysis. The composition of g-chains in the resulting myosin was analyzed by SDS-gel electrophoresis. When myosin was incubated with g1, the amount of g1 in myosin increased and the increment was nearly counterbalanced by a decrease in g3, whereas an opposite change was observed on incubation with g3. The amount of g2 was not changed by these treatments. The same ATPase activity as that of control myosin was observed in the presence of Ca2+ or EDTA with the myosins incubated with g1, g2, or g3, but the activity in the presence of Mg2+ was about one-half of the control. The Ca2+ sensitivity of actomyosin containing the treated myosins was slightly higher than that of actomyosin containing the control myosin. Spin-labeled g1 or spin-labeled g3 was incorporated into myosin, but the ESR spectra of two spin labels were not distinguishable. No information could be obtained from the ESR spectra by the addition of Ca2+, Mg2+, nucleotides or actin. Inhibition of ATPase activity was observed when SH groups g1 or g3 in myosin were chemically modified.

Actins↗
PubMed2000

Two distinct raman profiles of glassy dilute LiCl solution

We make glass of dilute LiCl aqueous solution by cooling micrometer-sized droplets of the solution extremely quickly and measure the Raman spectra of the glass. It is found that the OH stretching vibration mode of the glass of dilute solution is composed of the OH stretching vibration mode of pure glassy water and that of the glass of solvent water in the highly concentrated solution. This is consistent with the possibility of the existence of two distinct glassy states of water in dilute LiCL solution at low temperature.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

LiCl treatment releases a nickase implicated in genetic transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

When cells competent for genetic transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae which could bind and enable entry of extracellular DNA molecules were treated with LiCl, they released a nickase that introduced nicks into a double-stranded DNA in the presence of EDTA. The nickase was specific for competent cells and coupled with DNA-binding activity. Furthermore, when noncompetent cells were treated with LiCl, they released the putative receptors for the competence activator.

Chlorides↗
PubMed2005

Inactivation of MAP kinase signalling in Myc transformed cells and rescue by LiCl inhibition of GSK3.

c-Myc oncogene is an important regulator of cell cycle and apoptosis, and its dysregulated expression is associated with many malignancies. Myc is instrumental in directly or indirectly regulating the progression through the G1 phase and G1/S transition, and transformation by Myc results in perturbed cell cycle. Also contributory to the control of G1 is the Ras effector pathway Raf/MEK/ERK MAP kinase. Together with GSK3, ERK plays an important role in the critical hierarchical phosphorylation of S62/T58 controlling Myc protein levels. Therefore, our main aim was to examine the levels of MAPK in Myc transformed cells in light of the roles of ERK in cell cycle and control of Myc protein levels. We found that active forms of ERK were barely detectable in v-Myc (MC29) transformed cells. Furthermore, we could only detect reduced levels of activated ERK in c-Myc transformed cells compared to the non-transformed primary chick embryo fibroblast cells. The addition of LiCl inhibited GSK3 and successfully restored the levels of ERK in v-Myc and c-Myc transformed cells to those found in non-transformed cells. In addition, LiCl stabilised Myc protein in the non-transformed and c-Myc transformed cells but not in v-Myc transformed cells. These results can provide an important insight into the role of MAPK in the mechanism of Myc induced transformation and carcinogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Electrode reaction of Pu3+/Pu couple in LiCl-KCl eutectic melts: comparison of the electrode reaction at the surface of liquid Bi with that at a solid Mo electrode.

The electrode reaction of Pu3+/Pu couple at the interface between LiCl-KCl eutectic melt containing PuCl3 and liquid Bi phase was investigated by cyclic voltammetry at 723, 773 and 823 K. For comparison, the system was also studied using a solid Mo electrode in place of the liquid Bi electrode. It was found that the electrode reaction of Pu3+/Pu couple at the Bi electrode was almost reversible. The redox potentials of Pu3+/Pu couple at the liquid Bi electrode in the LiCl-KCl eutectic melt containing 0.87 wt% PuCl3 (0.0014 mole fraction) at 723, 773 and 823 K were observed to be more positive by 0.575, 0.572 and 0.566 V, respectively, than those at the Mo electrode. These differences in potential were thermodynamically analyzed by assuming a lowering of the activity of Pu in Bi phase according to the alloy formation of PuBi2.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

[Age difference of the activation of apoptotic cascade reaction following LiCl-pilocarpine status epilepticus].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the age character of the activity of Caspase 3 and neuron death induced by LiCl-pilocarpine status epilepticus. METHODS: LiCl-pilocarpine was injected into healthy infant rats (19 days) and adult rats (2-3 months) subcutaneously and intra-abdominally to evoke status epilepticus (SE). First, the age difference of the seizure was used to measure the sensitivity of seizure. Second, the dynamic features of the apoptotic neurons and the activity of Caspase 3 at 15, 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 8 hours after SE respectively were investigated by TUNEL, flow cytometry and fluorospectrophotometry. RESULTS: (1) The average duration from the injection to seizure was (13.3 +/- 5.63) min in infant rats, and (22.5 +/- 5.66) min in adult rats. (2) The proportion of the 4th or 5th degree of severity at onset of seizure was 68% in infant rats and 18% in adult rats. (3) Although the count of died neurons (in the CA3 of hippocampus, dentate gyrus and cortex of temporal lobe) was physiologically higher in normal infant rats than in adult rats, the count of positive neurons by TUNEL stain in mature brain (524 +/- 26) remarkably increased and exceeded that in premature brain (465 +/- 26) at 30 min after SE. Although continuously observed until 8 hours after SE, the count of apoptotic neurons in mature brain was also remarkably higher than that in infant brain. Change of neurons in apoptotic early events detected by flow cytometry was the same as the result of TUNEL. (4) The increasing proportion of activity of Caspase 3 after SE for 30 min in adult rats remarkably exceeded that in infant rats; it was 0.10 +/- 0.07 in adult rats and 0.003 +/- 0.04 in infant rats. The difference between the infant rats (0.39 +/- 0.20) and adult rats (0.10 +/- 0.20) increased after SE for 2 hours. CONCLUSION: A mechanism of inhibiting apoptotic process in premature brain during SE for the protection against brain damage was well reconfirmed by different animal SE models induced by lithium-pilocarpine. It was indicated that the protective mechanism against brain damage in premature brain could be presented in most severe seizures of different types. This protective mechanism could act on the apoptotic occurrence in the earlier period before the activation of Caspase cascade reaction.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

The 55-kDa polypeptide released from spinach thylakoid membranes with 1 M LiCl is not the beta subunit of chloroplast F1.

It was reported by Frasch et al. (Frasch, W. D., Green, J., Caguiat, J., and Mejia, A. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 5064-5069) that washing spinach thylakoid membranes with 1 M LiCl caused the release of the beta subunit of chloroplast F1 (CF1) which, existing as 180-kDa complexes of beta 3, retained considerable ATPase activity. We repeated their procedures and confirmed that a CF1 beta-like 55-kDa polypeptide was a major constituent of the 1 M LiCl-washed extract. However, the extract contained another polypeptide of which the Mr was 14,000, and these two polypeptides comprised a complex with approximate Mr 550,000 that had the same mobility in native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as that of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. Only very low ATPase activity, less than 1% of the reported value, was detected for the extract and the purified complex. Antibody against the beta subunit of F1 from a thermophilic bacterium PS3 showed a clear cross-reactivity with the CF1 beta subunit but not with the 55-kDa polypeptide. Analysis of the N-terminal amino acid sequences of the 55- and 14-kDa polypeptides and the whole complex revealed that the complex was ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and that the 55- and 14-kDa polypeptides were its large and small subunits, respectively.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of trimethyltin chloride on the LiCl dose-response function for conditioned taste aversions in rats.

Twenty-one days following intragastric administration of 6.0 mg/kg of TMT (TMT chloride base/kg) or equivolume distilled water, groups of rats were injected with various doses of LiCl (0, 0.15, 0.60 or 1.8 mEq/kg) following the consumption of a novel saccharin solution. Both groups subsequently avoided the consumption of saccharin, with the degree of the aversion directly related to the dose of LiCl. Further, there was no difference between the TMT- and non-TMT-treated rats in the degree of aversion at any dose. These data suggest that the previously-reported effect of TMT on long-delay taste aversion learning was not likely due to changes in sensory responsiveness.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Differential modulation of brain immediate early genes by intraperitoneal LiCl.

We have used in situ hybridization to investigate the modulation of expression of the immediate early genes (IEGs) c-fos, fos-B, zif/268 and CREM in rat brain following oral administration of saccharin, i.p. injection of LiCl, and conditioned taste aversion (CTA) training in which these stimuli are used as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), respectively. Modulation of c-fos, zif/268 and CREM was detected in the NTS, PBN, hypothalamic PVN and central nucleus of the amygdala after the administration of the UCS but not the CS. Our data are consonant with the hypothesis that differential and combinatorial expression of IEGs plays a role in encoding the representation of LiCl-induced malaise in the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

LiCl perturbs ectodermal veg1 lineage allocations in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos.

In normal development the veg1 tier of the sixth cleavage Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryo contributes progeny to both ectodermal lineages and portions of the archenteron. Treatment with 18 mM LiCl specifically affects this lineage allocation, reducing or eliminating the veg1 contribution to ectoderm. Less frequently this concentration of lithium causes the progeny of animal blastomeres to contribute to the archenteron.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Dipole Moment Function of LiF and LiCl Obtained from the Herman-Wallis Analysis: A Comparative Study with the MBER Data.

FTIR absorption spectra of the fundamental bands of LiF and LiCl were measured with an apodized resolution of 0.01 cm-1. The Herman-Wallis analysis of these spectra led to the determination of the ratio of the dipole derivative to the permanent dipole moment, [µe/(dµ/dr)ere], for each molecule. The vibrational dependence of the dipole moment for each molecule has been already reported and these data were reanalyzed to determine the dipole moment function independently. The results from the Herman-Wallis analysis were compared with these results, and good agreement was found. This demonstrates that the Herman-Wallis analysis can produce reliable relative values of dipole moment functions. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗