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PubMed2026

Genome-Wide Characterization of β-Glucosidase (TaBGLU) Genes in Bread Wheat and Their Expression Under Drought, Cold, and Combined Stress.

Glycoside hydrolase 1 (GH1) β-glucosidases were known to activate hormone conjugates and defense metabolites, yet their genomic organization and stress-response dynamics in wheat remained incompletely defined. We therefore performed an integrated characterization of TaBGLUs spanning phylogeny, gene structure and conserved motifs, subcellular localization, promoter cis-elements, Gene Ontology enrichment, protein-protein interaction networks, and targeted expression profiling. Wheat TaBGLUs partitioned into well-supported clades that shared canonical GH1 catalytic residues and a largely conserved motif scaffold. Subcellular localization predictions indicated predominant nuclear and chloroplast targeting, with a smaller cohort directed to secretory or endomembrane compartments. Promoters were enriched for light-responsive, hormone-related (ABA, JA/SA, auxin, GA) and stress-associated (MYB/WRKY, heat, low temperature) cis-elements, and functional annotations were consistent with roles in carbohydrate and cell-wall metabolism, hormone homeostasis, and defense. Network analysis revealed a densely connected TaBGLU submodule embedded within broader carbohydrate and defense interaction networks, suggesting coordinated or cooperative functions. Expression profiling under cold, drought, and combined drought and cold demonstrated broad stress inducibility, with early activation detected by 6 h, cold-responsive maxima typically at 12 h, drought-responsive peaks predominating at 24 h, and combined stress eliciting both earlier and more sustained expression maxima between 12-24 h. Representative strongly responsive genes included TaBGLU20, TaBGLU44, TaBGLU6, and TaBGLU23, which showed pronounced late induction under combined stress, TaBGLU30, which exhibited an earlier combined-stress peak, and TaBGLU12, which displayed a marked late drought-specific response. Taken together, this integrated genomic, regulatory, and expression atlas refined the wheat BGLU repertoire relative to previous gene model inventories, highlighted candidate TaBGLUs with central network positions and strong stress inducibility, and provided concrete entry points for functional validation and breeding for improved stress resilience.

Triticum↗

PubMed2025

Treatment preference for once-weekly versus once-daily DPP-4 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Although once-weekly and once-daily DPP-4 inhibitors have gained widespread market recognition, patient preference differences remain a key focus. This meta-analysis compares treatment preferences for once-weekly versus once-daily DPP-4 inhibitors in T2DM, offering evidence to guide clinical decisions and healthcare policies. METHODS: PubMed, OVID, EBSCO, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, and clinical trial registries were searched up to June 30, 2025. After screening literature against predefined criteria, a systematic review was conducted to compare the effects of once-weekly and once-daily DPP-4 inhibitors on the treatment preferences of patients with T2DM. RESULTS: 8 RCTs with 1,575 participants were analyzed. No significant difference in medication adherence and DTSQ total score between the once-weekly and once-daily groups (p > 0.05). HbA1c percentage (MD = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.42, -0.01], p < 0.05) decreased significantly with once-weekly dosing, while GA and FPG showed no change (p > 0.05), this suggests greater improvement in HbA1c percentage levels following a switch to once-weekly DPP-4 inhibitors. Once-weekly DPP-4 inhibitors showed higher musculoskeletal/connective tissue disorder risk (RR = 2.63; 95% CI [1.18, 5.83]), but no significant differences in other adverse events (p > 0.05). No significant differences in treatment burden between both groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: No statistically significant association between treatment preferences for once-weekly versus once-daily DPP-4 inhibitors among T2DM patients and medication adherence, treatment satisfaction, glycemic level changes, safety, or treatment burden for these two dosing regimens. Further research is needed to elucidate the influence of physician prescribing behavior on these preferences.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Integrated phytochemical and bioactivity profiling of Xanthium strumarium fruits from Korea and China: Implications for origin-specific quality specification.

BACKGROUND: Geographic origin influences the phytochemical composition and biological activities of medicinal plant resources. Xanthium strumarium L. (XS) fruit is widely used in East Asian traditional medicine. However, current pharmacopeial standards primarily recognize Chinese-derived material, despite the availability and traditional use of XS in Korea. To address this gap and support origin-informed quality specification, we compared fruits from Korea (XS-K) and China (XS-C) using chloroplast genome sequencing, targeted phytochemical profiling (high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for selected phenolics and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) for fatty acids and phytosterols, and multivariate chemometric analysis. RESULTS: Chloroplast genome analysis revealed high overall similarity but localized divergence around the rpoC2 locus and a greater mutation burden in XS-C, supporting origin-associated genomic differentiation. Phytochemical profiling revealed distinct origin-dependent metabolic signatures. XS-K showed higher levels of phytosterols, chlorogenic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4,5-DCQ), and xanthatin was detected only in XS-K, whereas XS-C exhibited greater abundance of total fatty acids, particularly oleic acid. Unsupervised clustering and log2 fold-change ranking confirmed clear compositional separation, and variable importance in projection (VIP) analysis identified chlorogenic acid, β-sitosterol, oleic acid, 4,5-DCQ, and xanthatin as major discriminators between origins. Bioactivity assays demonstrated that XS-K exerted stronger antioxidant effects in ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays, stronger skin-related enzyme inhibition, and greater antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, consistent with its enriched phenolic and sterol profile. CONCLUSION: Together, chloroplast sequence variation, targeted metabolite quantification, and screening bioassays consistently distinguished XS-K from XS-C. These findings support the use of candidate markers for the origin-based authentication and quality control of XS fruit-derived ingredients. © 2026 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Fruit↗

PubMed2026

Physicochemical effects of bicarbonate-buffered solution versus compound sodium lactate during major abdominal surgery: A randomized, open-label, non-inferiority trial.

INTRODUCTION: Bicarbonate-buffered crystalloids avoid exogenous lactate and have physicochemical properties distinct from compound sodium lactate (CSL), but direct comparative evidence during major abdominal surgery remains limited. METHODS: This single-center, open-label, randomized non-inferiority trial enrolled high-risk adults undergoing elective major abdominal surgery. Participants received bicarbonate-buffered solution or CSL as the allocated intraoperative crystalloid. The primary estimand was the arithmetic mean difference in standard base excess (SBE) at skin closure (bicarbonate-buffered solution minus CSL). The non-inferiority margin was -1.5 mEq/L. The trial was prospectively registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619001228178). RESULTS: Fifty participants were randomized (25 per group) and received their allocated intervention. End-of-surgery arterial blood gas data were missing for two CSL participants. In the intention-to-treat analysis using multiple imputation, the estimated mean difference in end-of-surgery SBE was -0.42 mEq/L (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.92 to 1.09 mEq/L). The complete-case per-protocol estimate was -0.48 mEq/L (95% CI, -2.02 to 1.06 mEq/L). In both analyses, the lower CI bound was below the prespecified non-inferiority margin; non-inferiority was not established. Secondary outcomes were exploratory; observed end-of-surgery lactate was lower with bicarbonate-buffered solution (median 0.9 vs 1.2 mmol/L; unadjusted P = 0.031), without a corresponding difference in SBE or pH. CONCLUSIONS: In this small trial of hemodynamically stable adults undergoing elective major abdominal surgery, the primary non-inferiority result was inconclusive. The data did not establish interchangeability, equivalence, superiority, or inferiority of the two fluids. As the trial was powered for a physiologic endpoint, no comparative inference can be made about organ dysfunction, postoperative complications, recovery, or mortality. Larger trials with standardized co-interventions and patient-important outcomes are required before routine substitution for CSL can be recommended.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Associations of red blood cell fatty acids with personality traits: 10-year follow-up in the Kibbutzim Family Study (KFS).

BACKGROUND: The ability of hostility and type-A personality to predict cardiovascular outcomes makes understanding antecedents of these personality traits an important public health objective. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine whether blood-measured fatty acids (the exposure) are associated with hostility and type-A personality (the outcome), while accounting for lifestyle, sociodemographic factors, and polygenic background. METHODS: Personality traits, sociodemographic, and lifestyle data were obtained in 1992-1993 from 452 family members living in kibbutz settlements in Israel (visit 1) and remeasured 8 to 10 y later in 379 individuals (visit 2). Red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid concentrations were determined in visit 1 by gas chromatography. Longitudinal associations of visit 1 fatty acids with visit 2 personality traits were examined using linear models, before and after controlling for baseline personality scores. The contribution of environmental factors to personality scores beyond heritability was estimated by variance decomposition. RESULTS: In longitudinal analysis, 1% increase in visit 1 total n-6 (ω-6) fatty acid was associated with a 0.328-unit decrease in visit 2 type-A score [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.571, -0.085]. After adjustment for baseline personality levels, the association was slightly attenuated (β= -0.204; CI: -0.399, -0.009). One percent higher total n-6 was also associated with 1.119 units lower visit 2 hostility score (CI: -2.777, 0.038; P = 0.055). Finally, independent of the genetic contribution (32%-38% of adjusted variability in hostility and type-A personality), 1% increase in total n-3 and total n-6 was associated with 2.539 (CI: -3.907, -1.171) and 0.201 (CI: -0.365, -0.037) units lower hostility and type-A scores, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Higher RBC total n-6 fatty acid concentrations are associated with lower type-A personality scores. After adjustment for baseline personality levels, the associations between total n-6 and hostility and between total n-3 and hostility are attenuated. These findings support further investigation of the relationship between fatty acid biology and personality traits using study designs better suited to causal inference.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Comparison of a Modified Regimen of Prophylactic Phenylephrine Boluses Versus Variable Rate Infusion During Elective Cesarean Delivery Under Spinal Anesthesia: A Noninferiority Randomized Double-Blind Study.

BACKGROUND: Prophylactic phenylephrine boluses have been found to be as effective as variable rate infusions during elective cesarean delivery but require a higher number of physician interventions to maintain blood pressure near baseline values. Therefore, there is a need to find a feasible regimen of bolus administration that is equally efficacious to the infusion regimen while at the same time requires a comparable number of physician interventions and is thus non-inferior to the infusion regimen. METHODS: Healthy pregnant women with term, uncomplicated, singleton pregnancies undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia were randomly divided into two groups. The Bolus group received a phenylephrine bolus 100 μg immediately after spinal anesthesia and then at every systolic blood pressure value <90% of the baseline. The infusion group received a prophylactic variable-rate infusion of phenylephrine beginning at 50 μg/min and titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure at 90-99% of baseline. The primary outcome was the number of physician interventions needed to maintain the target systolic blood pressure; the secondary outcomes included phenylephrine requirements, incidence of hypotension/hypertension/bradycardia, umbilical arterial and venous blood gas analysis, Apgar scores, and maternal complications. The primary outcome was analyzed in terms of non-inferiority using a non-inferiority margin of two interventions. RESULTS: Eighty patients were included in the study. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) number of physician interventions was 6 (5-8) in the infusion group and 3 (2-4) in the bolus group (P < .001). The difference of medians (95% confidence interval [CI]) between the two groups was -3 (-4 to -2). Phenylephrine requirements were higher in the infusion group (630 [426-765] μg) compared to the bolus group (300 [200-400] μg; P < .001). Blood pressure was higher at certain time points in the infusion group, but overall accuracy of blood pressure control was not different between the groups. Incidence of hypotension, hypertension, and bradycardia, neonatal outcomes, and maternal complications did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The modified regimen of prophylactic boluses is non-inferior to variable rate prophylactic phenylephrine infusion in terms of physician interventions needed to maintain systolic blood pressure within the target range and maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Effect of a 6-month low-carbohydrate diet on the circulating fatty acid composition in patients with type 2 diabetes: a secondary analysis of an open-label randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Circulating fatty acid profiles are linked to cardiovascular disease risk and mortality. Short-term interventions suggest that low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) promote cardioprotective shifts in circulating fatty acids in obesity. OBJECTIVES: We examined whether a 6-mo, non-calorie-restricted, LCD high in fat similarly improves circulating fatty acid composition in adults with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: In an open-label, randomized, controlled trial, 71 individuals with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned 2:1 to an LCD [maximum of 20 E% (energy per cent) carbohydrates] or a control diet (50-60 E% carbohydrates) for 6 mo with no restriction in energy intake. The prespecified secondary outcomes were the mean difference in change between groups in serum phospholipid fatty acids in weight percentage (wt%) measured by gas chromatography and reported as 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and significance adjusted for multiple comparisons (q value). RESULTS: LCD reduced total saturated [-0.6 (CI: -0.9, -0.2)] and monounsaturated fatty acids [-0.9 (CI: -1.4, -0.3)] and increased total polyunsaturated fatty acids [1.3 (CI: 0.6, 2.0)] compared with the control diet (all q < 0.05). Importantly, LCD reduced palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7) [-0.13 (CI: -0.21, -0.06)], a marker of de novo lipogenesis, by 23% and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3n-6) [-0.38 (CI: -0.67, -0.09)] by 12%, whereas it increased arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) [1.1 (CI: 0.3, 2.0)] by 9% compared with the control diet (all q < 0.05). Moreover, the LCD improved estimated desaturase activities by lowering stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 [-0.5 (CI: -0.7, -0.2)] and Δ6 desaturase [-0.6 (CI: -0.9, -0.2)] and increasing Δ5 desaturase [1.05 (CI: 0.3, 1.79)] activities, respectively (all q < 0.01). These changes occurred despite a 2.6-fold higher intake of saturated fatty acids in the LCD group. CONCLUSIONS: A 6-mo, non-calorie-restricted LCD modified the circulating composition of fatty acids in adults with type 2 diabetes in a manner consistent with a potentially favorable cardioprotective profile. This trial was registered at www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov as NCT03068078.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Hot vs cold knife for endoscopic ablation of posterior urethral valves: a systematic review by the EAU-YAU paediatric urology working group.

INTRODUCTION: Posterior urethral valves (PUV) are the most frequent cause of congenital lower urinary tract obstruction in males. Despite early surgical ablation, up to 22% of patients develop chronic kidney disease and 11% progress to end-stage renal disease. Multiple endoscopic modalities have been described for valve ablation but the optimal technique remains uncertain. This systematic review aims to determine whether cold or hot knife ablation provides superior effectiveness for primary endoscopic treatment of PUV in a single surgical session. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed and Embase databases was conducted to identify studies comparing cold and hot knife techniques for endoscopic ablation of PUV in children, covering all publications up to December 2025. The review was performed in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines and was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (ID CRD420251180556). Original studies including patients <18 years who underwent primary valve ablation with postoperative cystoscopy or VCUG and ≥6 months of follow-up were included. Quality assessment was done using RoB 2.0 for randomized trials and MINORS for observational studies. RESULTS: A total of 1581 studies were identified, of which 26 met the inclusion criteria, comprising one randomized controlled trial, five prospective, and 20 retrospective studies constituting a sum of 1725 paediatric patients. The overall methodological quality of included studies was moderate, with marked heterogeneity in design, follow-up duration, and outcome reporting, limiting direct comparisons across series. Thus statistical analysis was not possible. Of these, 829 (48.1%) underwent cold valve ablation and 896 (51.9%) underwent hot ablation techniques. Within the cold group, most patients were treated with a cold knife (80.2%), followed by balloon dilatation (7%), the Mohan valvotome (6.5%), cold hook (5%), and, rarely, a modified venous valvulotome (1.3%). Among hot techniques, 32.8% of procedures were performed by electro-fulguration with a resectoscope, 29.4% using a Bugbee electrode, 23.8% with a hook electrode and 14% with laser-based systems. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 22 years across studies. Single-session success rates for valve ablation ranged from 22% to 100% in the cold resection group and from 71.4% to 100% in the hot resection group. Reintervention for residual valves was reported in 0%-78% of cold cases and in 0%-28.6% of hot resections. Urethral stricture rates ranged from 0% to 11.1% after cold incision and from 0% to 23.8% after hot techniques. Reporting of postoperative outcomes such as urinary tract infection, incontinence, bladder dysfunction, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) resolution, hydronephrosis improvement, and renal function varied widely among studies and was assessed using different methodologies. CONCLUSIONS: Both cold and hot ablation techniques for PUV achieved high single-session success rates and low complication rates. Cold resection appeared slightly safer, although this finding should be interpreted cautiously given the heterogeneity and observational nature of the available data.

Humans↗