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PubMed2004

Peripheral nerve conduction study in workers exposed to a mixture of organic solvents in paint and lacquer industry.

AIM: To compare levels of combined exposure to white spirit, toluene, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and xylene in the manufacturing of paint, cartridge, drying, and top-coat sections of paint and lacquer industry, and peripheral nerve conduction parameters in the exposed workers. METHODS: The exposed group comprised 120 workers while the control group included 110 workers who had never been exposed to the above listed organic solvents. Nerve conduction studies of the radial and tibial anterior nerve were performed in both groups. RESULTS: Motor and sensitive conduction velocity, as well as terminal latency of the radial and tibial anterior nerve showed significant changes in exposed workers in comparison to those of the control group (p<0.001). These parameters were significantly changed in workers with long length exposure to the toxic agents. In early stages of exposure, neural conduction parameters of the radial nerve were the most sensitive parameters in detecting subclinical peripheral nerve changes (p<0.001). There was significant correlation between the nerve conduction changes and urinary levels of hippuric and methyl-hippuric acids (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The results of the study suggest neurotoxic effects of the mixture of white spirit, toluene, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and xylene detected in paint and lacquer industry. Standard measurement of the urinary levels of hippuric and methyl-hippuric acids could be a useful indicator of need for nerve conduction studies and the subclinical peripheral neuropathy screening in exposed workers.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Ciclopirox nail lacquer 8% for the treatment of onychomycosis: a Canadian perspective.

Onychomycosis is prevalent in the Canadian population, and risk factors, such as old age and diabetes, are increasing. This condition has traditionally been treated using oral antifungal agents with varying degrees of success. Recently, ciclopirox nail lacquer 8% solution became the first topical agent approved in Canada for onychomycosis. Ciclopirox nail lacquer may be safe and effective for the treatment of onychomycosis, and certain candidates may benefit from therapy. Ciclopirox may be implicated for prophylactic use in order to prevent recurrent infection and may be used in combination with oral agents.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pathology of lacquer thinner induced neuropathy.

Seven men aged 17 to 22 years developed severe distal symmetrical predominately motor polyneuropathy after repeated inhalation of a commercially available brand of lacquer thinner. Motor nerve conduction velocities were markedly slowed. Fascicular biopsy specimens of sural nerve showed a striking loss of myelinated nerve fibers. Prominent neurofilamentous masses resulted insegmental paranodal distention of axons with secondary thinning and retraction of myelin from the node of Ranvier. Autopsy material from one case revealed central chromatolysis of anterior horn cells in the lumbosacral enlargement and axonal swellings in the fasciculus gracilis. One or more volatile hydrocarbons contained in the lacquer thinner involved may be neurotoxic if inhaled to excess any many cause a neuropathy with characteristic pathological features.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Respiratory pathology induced by inhalation of hair lacquer].

On the basis of a critical analysis of the literature, the authors review the various respiratory lesions imputed to the inhalation of hair lacquers. Pulmonary thesaurismosis is alleged to result from accumulation in the pulmonary parenchyma of non-biodegradable macro-molecules, such as PVP. Only isolated cases have been published and the true existence of this disease remains to be confirmed, in the absence of convincing epidemiological data as well as the lack of experimental reproducibility. Chronic inhalation of hair lacquers may, however, be responsible for bronchial irritative manifestations and obstruction of the small airways, in particular in hairdressers. Increase in the relative risk of bronchopulmonary carcinoma has not been proven.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

Evolution of lacquer cracks in high myopia.

The evolution of lacquer cracks is documented by serial fundus photography and fluorescein angiography in a 27-year-old man with high myopia. The case report provides some insight into the possible pathogenic mechanism of lacquer crack formation.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Does the application of a fluoride lacquer modify the de- and remineralization of initial carious lesions in vitro?].

Bovine enamel specimens with artificial initial lesions were fluoridated with a fluoride lacquer (Duraphat) for 6 hours. Subsequently artificial plaque (Streptococcus mutans, FA1) was grown on the enamel blocks in an artificial mouth. During the experimental period (23 days) the specimens were continuously rinsed with synthetic saliva and with sucrose twice daily. Nonfluoridated specimens served as controls. At the end of the experiment microhardness was evaluated in three levels parallel to the enamel surface. In addition, the concentration of KOH-soluble and structurally bound fluoride was determined. In the fluoridated specimens microhardness increased in levels near the surface of the lesion, but decreased in the next two lower levels. However, in the nonfluoridated enamel specimens microhardness decreased in all three levels and was more pronounced compared to the fluoridated specimens. At the end of the experiment no KOH-soluble fluoride could be determined on the surfaces of the artificial lesion. In contrast, structurally bound fluoride was significantly increased in the fluoridated specimens. A single application of the fluoride lacquer on initial enamel lesions resulted in remineralization of the outer enamel layers even under persisting cariogenic conditions. However, lesion progression could not be inhibited totally.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Determination of butoxyacetic acid and N-butoxyacetyl-glutamine in urine of lacquerers exposed to 2-butoxyethanol.

To determine the fraction of butoxyacetic acid (BAA) which is excreted as the amino acid conjugate N-butoxyacetylglutamine (BAA-GLN), urine samples of six lacquerers exposed to 2-butoxyethanol (BE) were collected before and after work and analysed using an HPLC-method which allows the simultaneous quantification of both BAA species. Whereas the pre-shift samples contained only little or no butoxyethanol-related material, concentrations of BAA and BAA-GLN amounted collectively to up to 7 mmol/l in the samples obtained at the end of work. The ratio BAA-GLN vs. total BAA ranged from 0.16 to 0.64 (mean value 0.48) indicating that a substantial fraction of BAA was eliminated as the amino acid conjugate. The results demonstrate that BAA-GLN is an important metabolite of BE in man. Procedures employed for the biological monitoring of exposure to BE should therefore include the quantification of BAA-GLN, otherwise exposure levels would be underestimated.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1982

Draft EEC method for the determination of the global migration of plastics constituents into fatty-food simulants: applicability to lacquers, plastics and laminates.

An experimental study was carried out to establish whether the draft EEC method for the determination of the global migration of constituents from plastics packaging materials into fatty food simulants could be applied to all plastics, including lacquers and laminates. Some difficulties were encountered in the use of the EEC method for melamine, for hotmelt-coated packaging materials and for laminates containing one or more layers of materials sensitive to moisture, such as paper, cardboard or regenerated cellulose film.

Dietary Fats↗
PubMed2005

Test method for measuring non-visible set-off from inks and lacquers on the food-contact surface of printed packaging materials.

The main objective was to develop a technique to expose spots of invisible set-off of inks and lacquers on the food-contact surface of food-packaging materials. Set-off is the unintentional transfer of components of printing inks from the outer printed surface onto the food-contact surfaces. The target sensitivity was 20 microg cm(-2) and the technique should be capable of examining large areas of printed substrate for no more than 4% coverage by set-off. These requirements equate to an ability to detect a worst-case migration potential of less than 50 microg kg(-1). Other objectives were the industrial requirements that the equipment should be inexpensive, should be easy to use by existing personnel and should preferably be non-destructive with a clear criterion for pass or fail. The approaches investigated included chemical analysis of solvent extracts, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and microbeam analytical techniques, but these were found to be cumbersome and had only limited success. The objectives were achieved using an optical approach to excite and observe luminescence from invisible set-off. In model experiments, resins were applied to different substrates (plastic, paper and cartonboard). For a given resin on a given material, the key to success was to maximize the discrimination between the luminescence from the resin and that from the substrate by selecting the optimal combination of exciting wavelength and viewing goggles with selective wavelength filters. The required level of detection (20 microg cm(-2)) was achieved or exceeded for all ten resins tested on three different plastics. It was also achieved for two different papers and in all but four cases of the resins on three different cartonboards. Quantitation was achieved by the use of a calibration palette prepared using different quantities of resin spotted onto the relevant blank packaging material.

Electron Probe Microanalysis↗
PubMed2005

Can the use of a topical antifungal nail lacquer reduce risk for diabetic foot ulceration? Results from a randomised controlled pilot study.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the routine use of a topical antifungal nail lacquer (AFL) could reduce the risk for ulceration by theoretically increasing the frequency of patient self-inspection. In this randomised controlled trial, 70 persons at high risk for diabetic foot ulceration were enrolled into a preventative care program involving daily self-inspection with the possible use of an AFL (ciclopirox 8%) versus self-inspection instructions alone (NAFL). Patients were followed for 12 months or until ulceration. Using an intent to treat analysis, there was no significant difference in proportion of persons ulcerating in the AFL versus the NAFL groups (5.9% versus 5.6% P = 0.9). There was also no difference in the number of unexpected visits (P = 0.2) or missed appointments (P = 0.7) between treatment arms. Interestingly, while there was no difference in proportion of patients with clinically diagnosed hyperkeratosis or tinea pedis on entry into the study (P = 0.2), a significantly lower proportion of AFL patients had a clinical diagnosis on study termination (52.9% versus 77.8% P = 0.03, OR = 1.7, 95% confidence interval = 1.1-2.7). The results of this study suggest that there may be no immediate prophylactic benefit through the use of AFL to prevent wounds. The incidental finding of a potential reduction in hyperkeratosis and tinea pedis is a compelling one and may deserve further investigation.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1998

[High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of monosaccharide composition in lacquer polysaccharide from sap of lac tree].

This paper reports the separation and determination of monosaccharide composition in lacquer polysaccharide (LPS) by HPLC. The five monosaccharides were analyzed on microBondapak NH2 column (300 mm x 7.8 mm i.d. 10 microns) and refractive index detection. The mobile phase was CH3CN-H2O-CH3OH (70:25:5, V/V) flowing at a rate of 1.6 mL/min. These monosaccharides were identified by their retention times and quantitatively determined by their peak areas. LPS samples were hydrolysed with 2.0 mol/L CF3COOH. The linear correlation coefficients were all over 0.9953. The average recoveries of monosaccharides ranged 98.8%-103.6% and relative standard deviations were below 5%. The method is simple, rapid, precise, and has been used satisfactorilly for analysis of the monosaccharides hydrolyzed from LPS, which were isolated from sap of three kinds of Lac tree (Maoba Damu, Maoba Xiaomu and Jianshi) in Hubei province.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1987

[A chromatographic method of determining the levels of organic solvents in the air, the components of the offset lacquer LO-2].

A gas chromatographic method was worked out to determine the mixture of ethyl acetate, toluene, buthyl acetate, p,m-xylene, o-xylene and ethyl ethylene glycol vapours. These solvents are used as some components of offset lacquer LO-2. Optimum separation conditions were achieved on 3-metre SS column filled with 10% FFAP on Chormosorb W AW DMCS 80-100 mesh. Air samples were collected on activated charcoal placed in glass tubes. The components tested were desorbed from the sorbent material by 10% acetone solution in CS2. The method enables to determine the concentrations of each compound, corresponding to one fifth of their TLVs.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1985

[State of the nervous system of workers engaged in painting with bituminous lacquers].

The neurological and electroencephalographic examinations involved a group of 82 workers dealing with the protection of railway carriage assemblies against corrosion. For anamnesis "The Höck and Hess ailments questionnaire" was used to evaluate the neurotic syndrome. The results have been compared in varnishing workers under better and worse toxicological conditions. The evaluation of the varnishing workers' nervous system did not reveal any specific clinical picture. More frequent neurotic ailments and EEG deviations in those working under worse toxicological conditions may be indicative of enhanced neurotoxic effects of organic solvents, used for lacquers dilution, upon the brain disfunction.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1982

[Cytochemical and immunological studies of workers exposed to organic solvents of paints and lacquer. III. Rosette formation and the tuberculin and distreptase skin tests].

Thirty nine workers, aged 24-56, occupationally exposed for 55-122 months to organic solvents, of paints and lacquers containing benzene, toluene and xylene, underwent E rosette test and skin reactions: tuberculinic and the one with distreptase. The findings were: reduction of the number of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood and proper immunological response of cellular type. The authors indicate that it has not been settled whether or not the observed phenomenon results from actual change in the number of T lymphocytes or from inhibiting, or damaging, the surface cellular receptors by organic solvents. The E rosette test may be useful for monitoring the biological effects of exposure to the mentioned substances.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Cytotoxicity of urushiols isolated from sap of Korean lacquer tree (Rhus vernicifera Stokes).

Cytotoxicities of four urushiols, congeners isolated from the sap of Korean lacquer tree (Rhus vernicifera Stokes), to 29 human cancer cell lines originated from 9 organs were evaluated. Their values of 50% growth inhibition were below 4 microg/ml, and showed cell line specific cytotoxicity. The present result is the first report on the cytotoxicity of urushiols suggesting that they would have an anticancer activity to human cancer cells.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2006

Purification and characterization of hydrosoluble components from the sap of Chinese lacquer tree Rhus vernicifera.

Continuous gradient elution chromatography (CGEC) was employed to purify and separate enzymes and polysaccharides from the sap of Rhus vernicifera Chinese lacquer tree. There are three different molecules with laccase enzyme activity. Two are enzymes of each other (L1, and L2), whereas the third (RL) is an entirely separate entity. Two polysaccharides (GP1 and GP2) were also found. The Rhus laccase (RL), and isoenzymes L1 and L2, have peak molecular masses of 109,100, 120,000, 103,000 respectively; each has four copper atoms per molecule, and the pI values were 8.2, 8.6, and 9.1, respectively. The structure of the laccases was studied by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. The typical amide I (1646cm(-1)) and amide II (1545cm(-1)) bands were observed. The results from MALDI-TOF were similar to those from CGEC, but the molecular mass from the MALDI-TOF was significantly different from that obtained from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).

Chromatography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Spontaneous lacquer crack lesions in the retinopathy, globe enlarged (rge) chick.

Lacquer crack lesion (LCL), a complication of myopia in human patients, is characterized by loss of retinal pigment epithelium and breaks in Bruch's membrane. This report describes comparable lesions in the "retinopathy, globe enlarged" (rge) chick. Twenty-six birds, (nine rge/rge [affected], 12 rge/+ [carriers] and five +/+ [normal]), were examined ophthalmoscopically from hatching up to 336 days of age. Ophthalmoscopically detected fundus lesions were investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy. Pale, linear fundus lesions were detected in both eyes of seven of the nine rge/rge chicks, from as early as 45 days of age. Histological and ultrastructural examination of four of the affected rge/rge chicks revealed areas of ruptured Bruch's membrane, with focal absence of retinal pigment epithelium. Fibroblasts covered the interface of the abnormal Bruch's membrane and choriocapillaris. There was disorganization of overlying photoreceptor outer and inner segments, and thinning of inner and outer nuclear layers, while the rest of the inner retina appeared unaltered. The lesions present in rge chicks showed histological changes similar to those of LCLs described in human patients with pathological myopia. The formation of LCLs in rge chicks is probably due to stretching of Bruch's membrane secondary to abnormal globe enlargement, resulting in linear rupture of the membrane and associated changes. The rge chick may prove a useful model for human LCL formation.

Animals↗