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PubMed1985

Geoperception in primary and lateral roots of Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae). III. A model to explain the differential georesponsiveness of primary and lateral roots.

Half-tipped primary and lateral roots of Phaseolus vulgaris bend toward the side of the root on which the intact half tip remains. Therefore, tips of lateral and primary roots produce growth effectors capable of inducing gravicurvature. The asymmetrical placement of a tip of a lateral root onto a detipped primary root results in the root bending toward the side of the root onto which the tip was placed. That is, the lesser graviresponsiveness of lateral roots as compared with primary roots is not due to the inability of their caps to produce growth inhibitors. The more pronounced graviresponsiveness of primary roots is positively correlated with the presence of columella tissues that are 3.8 times longer, 1.7 times wider, and 10.5 times more voluminous than the columellas of lateral roots. We propose that the lack of graviresponsiveness exhibited by lateral roots is due to the fact that they (i) produce smaller amounts of the inhibitor than primary (i.e., strongly graviresponsive) roots and (ii) are unable to redistribute the inhibitor so as to be able to create a concentration gradient sufficient to induce a pronounced gravitropic response.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed2006

MRI of osteochondral defects of the lateral femoral condyle: incidence and pattern of injury after transient lateral dislocation of the patella.

OBJECTIVE: The typical bone bruise pattern involving the anterolateral femoral condyle and inferomedial patella after transient lateral dislocation of the patella is a well-described MRI finding. In our study, however, we sought to determine the incidence and location of lateral femoral condyle osteochondral injuries after transient lateral dislocation of the patella. CONCLUSION: Osteochondral defects of the lateral femoral condyle are a common sequela after transient lateral patellar dislocation. A significant number of osteochondral injuries involve the midlateral weight-bearing portion of the lateral femoral condyle and are more posterior than would be expected after transient dislocation of the patella.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Variation in the lateral plate of the pterygoid process and the lateral subzygomatic approach to the mandibular nerve].

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this work is studying wariable anatomy formations at the posterior border of the pterygoid process lateral plate of the sphenoid hobe (lig. et foramen pterygospinale, lig. et foramen crotaphitico-buccinatorium), and its statistical processing considering sex, age and sides of studied sculls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: At 305 sculls of mature persons of both sexes (167 males and 138 females) we studied incompletely ossificated lig. pterygospinale, opening of the same name which has become by its full ossification, incompletely ossificated lig. crotaphitico-buccinatorium and opening made by it's complete ossification, and position of this structures in relation to foramen ovale. RESULTS: Incompletely ossificated lig. pterygospinale was found at 12 sculls on both sides or 3.93% (8 male's and 4 female's sculls). One-sidedly, on the right one, incompletely ossificated lig. pterygospinale was found at 14 sculls (4.59%), and on the left side at 19 sculls (6.22%). Incompletely ossificated lig. pterygospinale, present on both sides of sculls, was in the case of persons older than 50 (9 sculls or 75%). Pterygospinous opening which has become by complete ossification of lig. pterygospinale was found on both sides at 4 sculls (1.31%), two of them were male's and two of them female's sculls. In alll four cases persons were older than 40. Pterygospinous opening found on the left side was present at only 3 sculls (0.98%) and on the right side at 4 sculls (1.31%). Pterygospinous opening was present one-sidedly, every time, in the case of male's sculls. Incompletely ossificated lig. crotaphitico-buccinatorium, meaning incomplete opening, was found at 17 sculls on both sides (5.57%). 10 of them were male persons' sculls, and 7 of them females'. On the right side, incompletely ossificated lig. crotaphitico-buccinatorium was found at 11 sculls (3.60%)--6 male's and 5 female's, and on the left side at 16 sculls (5.24%). Foramen crotaphitico-buccinatorium was found on both sides only at 12 sculls (0.97%)--one male's and one female's. Foramen crotaphitico-buccinatorium was found on the left side at 8 sculls (3.90%) and, on the right side, this opening was found at 3 sculls (0.98%). Incompletely of completely ossificated lig. pterygospinale, located laterally from foramen ovale, was found at 5 sculls (5 male's and 1 female's) or 1.63%, and in the other case, incopletely or completely ossificated lig. crotaphitico-buccinatorium laterally from foramen ovale was found at 7 sculls (5 male's and 2 female's) or 2.29%. CONCLUSION: While applying conductive anaesthesia on mandibular nerve by lateral subzygomatic route, variable ossificated formations at lateral plate's posterior border of pterygoid process should be kept in mind. It is possible that a needle, at a depth of 35 mm, comes across incompletely or completely ossificated lig. pterygospinale et crotaphitico-bucciantorium. Based on ours anatomy research we concluded that these formations are more oftenly present on males aged over 50, and that one-sided presence is more often on the left side. Ossificated formations which were the object of our research are not an obstacle to high-quality applying of conductive anaesthesia on trigeminale ganglion et mandibular nerve each time when they exist, but only when they are located laterally from foramen ovale, what appeared at 12 sculls (3.93%) in our case.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Diagnostic arthroscopy and mini-open lateral retinacular release in the treatment of excessive lateral compression syndrome].

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the efficacy of diagnostic arthroscopy and mini-open lateral retinacular release in the treatment of excessive lateral compression syndrome. METHODS: Twenty patients (21 knees) with excessive lateral compression syndrome underwent diagnostic arthroscopy and longitudinal mini-open lateral retinacular release. The patients were comprised of four men and 16 women (mean age 48.6 years; range 21 to 60 years). The results were evaluated according to the Lysholm scoring system. Preoperative and postoperative congruence angles were compared on the tangential patella roentgenograms. Statistical analysis was made using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The mean follow-up was 10.5 months (range 3 to 18 months). RESULTS: The mean preoperative Lysholm score increased from 61.28 (range 29 to 76) to 85.57 (range 59 to 99) postoperatively. Only two patients (9%) exhibited decreases in the postoperative Lysholm scores. The mean preoperative congruence angle was +14.94 degrees. In all but two patients, the congruence angle was within normal ranges, with a mean correction of 12.42 degrees. None of the patients developed hemarthrosis postoperatively. Pain relief and functional recovery were achieved in 91% of patients. CONCLUSION: Lateral retinacular release and proper patellofemoral realignment may provide a successful outcome in patients presenting with anterior knee pain due to excessive lateral compression syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Is there a sex difference in human laterality? II. An exhaustive survey of visual laterality studies from six neuropsychology journals.

The contents of six neuropsychology journals (98 volumes, 368 issues) were screened to identify visual half-field (VHF) experiments. Of the 516 experiments identified, 42% provided information about sex differences. Sixty-eight experiments yielded a total of 92 sex differences, 23 of which met stringent criteria for sex differences in laterality. Of the 20 sex differences satisfying stringent criteria and lending themselves to interpretation in terms of the differential lateralization hypothesis, 17 supported the hypothesis of greater hemispheric specialization in males than in females. The 17 confirmatory outcomes represent 7.8% of the informative experiments. When less stringent criteria were invoked, 27 outcomes (12.3% of the informative experiments) were found to be consistent with the differential lateralization hypothesis. Six findings were contrary to the hypothesis. The results, which closely resemble results for auditory laterality studies, are compatible with a population-level sex difference that accounts for 1 to 2% of the variance in laterality.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Motor neuron disease: primary lateral sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis].

AIM: Primary lateral sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are amongst motor neuron diseases. Differences between these two disorders are stressed by this paper. SOURCE OF DATA: Articles pertinent to this subject from the past 10 years. CONCLUSION: Both disorders are of neurodegenerative pathogenesis, and motor neurons are selectively involved. Unless only motor neurons from central nervous system are involved in primary lateral sclerosis, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis motor neurons are involved both in central and in peripheral nervous system. Clinical neurophysiological and radiological features are helpful in differential diagnosis of these diseases. Primary lateral sclerosis has better prognosis and much higher survival rate.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis↗
PubMed1988

Transient projections from the lateral geniculate to the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian visual cortex in kittens.

The postnatal maturation of the projection from the lateral geniculate nucleus to the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian visual cortex (PMLS) was studied with injections of fluorescent dyes into the PMLS at various postnatal ages. Labeled neurons projecting to the PMLS were present in all laminae of the ipsilateral lateral geniculate on the day of birth. However, there was a conspicuous change in the distribution of labeled geniculo-PMLS neurons by 11 days of age: now very few labeled neurons were present in lamina A, indicating a loss of geniculo-PMLS connections. The loss of connections began at the peripheral margins of lamina A and proceeded through other laminae toward laminae C1-3. By adulthood, labeled geniculo-PMLS neurons were largely confined to laminae C1-3; they were never observed in lamina A or A1 and were rarely observed in lamina C. To determine whether the lateral geniculate neurons survived after their projections to PMLS were lost, injections of fast blue were made at 1 or 2 days postnatally and the animals were allowed long postinjection survival times. Labeled neurons were found in all lateral geniculate laminae, thereby indicating that for many neurons the loss of connections could be attributed to a loss of their axon collaterals rather than to the death of the neurons themselves. After injections of fast blue into the PMLS and diamidino yellow dihydrochloride into area 17 shortly after birth, many double-labeled neurons were present in all laminae, indicating that they have collaterals to both targets. Thus, the survival of many of the geniculo-PMLS neurons contributing to the transient geniculo-PMLS projection seems to be due to sustaining collateral projections to area 17 or other cortical targets.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Reading comprehension performance and laterality: evidence for concurrent validity of dichotic, dichhaptic and EEG laterality measures.

EEGs were recorded while 55 boys read and answered questions about passages. Concurrent validity between parietal alpha ratios obtained from these recordings and dichotic/dichhaptic scores supports their utility as measures of lateral processing. The evidence was particularly strong between right hand advantage for dichhaptically presented sequential patterns and left hemispheric activity while answering. Results also indicate that coefficients for dichotically presented digits and alpha ratios during silent reading are indices of receptive laterality and measure the deployment of lateral structures rather than degree of structural laterality. This supports a dynamic rather than static model of lateral processing during receptive language.

Alpha Rhythm↗
PubMed2005

Osteochondral injury to the mid-lateral weight-bearing portion of the lateral femoral condyle associated with patella dislocation.

We report on a series of 7 patients who presented with patella dislocation and were found to have osteochondral fracture (OCF) of the weight-bearing portion of the lateral femoral condyle either through preoperative studies or by identification of the lesion during arthroscopy. Treatments included open reduction and internal fixation, debridement, and microfracture of the lateral femoral condyle. Although not as common as osteochondral injuries to the medial facet of the patella and the anterior lateral portion of the lateral femoral condyle, osteochondral injury to the weight-bearing portion of the mid-lateral femoral condyle does occur with patella dislocation and was recognized in these 7 patients. The surgeon who treats known patellofemoral dislocations should be aware of this uncommon lesion to ensure detection and appropriate treatment. Also, in the case of uncertainty about the mechanism of injury, recognition of this lesion should heighten suspicion of patellofemoral dislocation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Vertebral morphometry by DXA: a comparison of supine lateral and decubitus lateral densitometers.

Identification of vertebral fracture has become increasingly important in the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis. This study compares the morphometric techniques on a fan beam dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) GE-Lunar Expert system (Expert) using a supine lateral position and a narrow fan beam GE-Lunar Prodigy system (Prodigy; GE Lunar, Madison, WI) that requires lateral decubitus positioning. Patient acceptability, image quality, observer, and equipment variability were determined. Study subjects were recruited from clinical referrals sent for a routine DXA study that included vertebral morphometry. Twenty-five patients underwent lateral vertebral assessment on both machines and completed a questionnaire on comfort and tolerability. Analysis was undertaken by two trained observers. Vertebral height, anterior/posterior height (A/P) and mid/posterior height (M/P) ratios, image quality, and prevalent fractures were assessed. There were no significant differences in patient comfort or image quality scores. More upper thoracic vertebrae could be assessed on the Expert, and good radiographic positioning was easier to achieve on the Expert. Inter-observer coefficients of variance percentage (CV%) of vertebral height was lower on the Prodigy (3.5% in the lumbar spine rising to 12.8% in the thoracic spine) than the Expert (4.2% to 16.9%). Inter-observer CV% for A/P and M/P ratios varied from 2.5% to 10.5% on the Prodigy compared with 3.5% to 12.3% on the Expert, depending on vertebral level. The variation between instruments was similar to the inter-observer CV% (anterior height: -0.11+/-1.65 mm; mid height: 0.54+/-1.51 mm; posterior height: 0.43+/-1.46 mm). There was good agreement between observers and between the Expert and Prodigy in identifying severe fractures, but lack of agreement in identifying moderate fractures. In conclusion, there was no clinically significant difference in patient comfort and image quality between the Expert and the Prodigy. The inter-observer variations in vertebral height and A/P and M/P ratios are similar to the variations between instruments. In making the change from the supine lateral to the decubitus lateral positioning, measurements of vertebral height are reproducible and patient comfort is not compromised.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1998

Expression of Fos in the superior lateral subdivision of the lateral parabrachial (LPBsl) area after generalized tonic seizures in rats.

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures of brain stem origin in rats are associated with acute induction of neuronal Fos in several discrete regions of the brain. One particular site in the dorsal pons shows remarkable Fos induction following generalized tonic seizures induced by maximal electroshock in normal rats or by audiogenic stimulation in genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPRs). Although this area shows the most intense Fos induction of any brain area following generalized tonic seizures, its identity has been uncertain. Based on its general location, we hypothesized that this nucleus was either 1) a component of the pedunculopontine tegmentum nucleus-pars compacta (PPTn-pc) or 2) the superior lateral subnucleus of lateral parabrachial area (LPBsl). The present study used Fos-protein immunocytochemistry in combination with the reduced form of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemistry, cholecystokinin (CCK) immunocytochemistry, and neuronal tract-tracing to determine the identity of this cluster of Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal pons. Following maximal electroshock seizure (MES), Fos labeling was compared to NADPH diaphorase staining (a marker for cholinergic neurons of the PPTn-pc); retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) injected into the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH; to identify the LPBsl) or CCK immunoreactivity (also a marker for LPBsl neurons). Results showed this cluster of Fos immunoreactive (FI) neurons to be closely associated, but not overlapping, with the lateral and most caudal aspect of the PPTn-pc. Alternatively, WGA-HRP retrograde-labeled neurons corresponded precisely with the seizure-induced FI neurons. Additionally, the location of CCK immunoreactive neurons directly overlapped with the FI neurons, although they were not nearly as prevalent. These results demonstrate that the seizure-induced FI neurons in this area are neurons of the LPBsl and not cholinergic neurons of the PPTn-pc. This is the first report of seizure-induced Fos expression specifically localized to the superior lateral subnucleus of the lateral parabrachial area.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Lateral hypothalamic syndrome in rats: a comparison of the behavioral and neurochemical effects of lesions placed in the lateral hypothalamus and nigrostriatal bundle.

The effects of total (T-NSB) and subtotal (S-NSB) destruction of the nigrostriatal bundle were compared with the effects of large lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions on various aspects of the lateral hypothalamic syndrome. The T-NSB and LH lesions produced equivalent decreases in caudate and telencephalic contents of dopamine and norepinephrine, while with the exception of telencephalic dopamine, S-NSB lesions had consistently smaller effect. The T-NSB and LH lesions produced equivalent effects on duration of aphagia and adipsia (Stages 1 to 3) and on long-term decreases in body weight and ad lib water consumption, and these effects were always greater than those produced by the S-NSB lesion. These aspects of the lateral hypothalamic syndrome appeared to be related to the interruption of the nigrostriatal bundle and consequent decrease in caudate dopamine. The T-NSB and S-NSB lesions produced equivalent long-term deficits in water regulation as measured by drinking in the absence of food or in response to intra- and extracellular dehydration, but these deficits were always significantly less than those produced by the LH lesion. It was concluded that these regulatory deficits were not related to destruction of catecholamine pathways. All three lesions totally blocked eating in response to a glucoprivic challenge. This aspect of the lateral hypothalamic syndrome, therefore, results from destruction of a small portion of the lateral diencephalon and may be related to the interruption of the dopaminergic mesolimbic system.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Haemodynamic effects of the lateral decubitus position and the kidney rest lateral decubitus position during anaesthesia.

We measured the haemodynamic effects of changing from the supine position to the lateral decubitus (lateral) position, and then to the kidney rest lateral decubitus (kidney) position in 12 patients undergoing nephrectomy under isoflurane anaesthesia. Eight control patients undergoing pulmonary surgery remained in the lateral position. The lateral position produced no significant changes. In the kidney position, however, significant reductions occurred in the mean arterial (P < 0.01), right atrial (P < 0.05) and pulmonary artery wedge pressures (P < 0.01). There were also significant reductions in cardiac index (from 3.04 (SD 0.21) to 2.44 (0.26) litre min-1 m-2, P < 0.01) and stroke volume index (from 40 (5) to 31 (5) ml beat-1 m-2, P < 0.01). The systemic vascular resistance index increased significantly (P < 0.05). Cardiac output was probably reduced by a decrease in venous return and an increase in systemic vascular resistance.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Ventral lateral geniculate nucleus projects to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat.

The lamina C3 of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat does not receive retinal projections but instead receives visual information from the small subpopulation of W-type ganglion cells via the upper substratum of the stratum griseum superficiale of the superior colliculus. We herein report a projection from the lateral division of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus into the lamina C3 of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. As the lateral division receives projections from the contralateral retina and the ipsilateral upper stratum griseum superficiale of the superior colliculus, we suggest that these regions make up a small cell type W-cell neuronal network that provides visual information to layer I of the striate cortex via the lamina C3.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

AXR1 acts after lateral bud formation to inhibit lateral bud growth in Arabidopsis.

The AXR1 gene of Arabidopsis is required for many auxin responses. The highly branched shoot phenotype of mature axr1 mutant plants has been taken as genetic evidence for a role of auxin in the control of shoot branching. We compared the development of lateral shoots in wild-type Columbia and axr1-12 plants. In the wild type, the pattern of lateral shoot development depends on the developmental stage of the plant. During prolonged vegetative growth, axillary shoots arise and develop in a basal-apical sequence. After floral transition, axillary shoots arise rapidly along the primary shoot axis and grow out to form lateral inflorescences in an apical-basal sequence. For both patterns, the axr1 mutation does not affect the timing of axillary meristem formation; however, subsequent lateral shoot development proceeds more rapidly in axr1 plants. The outgrowth of lateral inflorescences from excised cauline nodes of wild-type plants is inhibited by apical auxin. axr1-12 nodes are resistant to this inhibition. These results provide evidence for common control of axillary growth in both patterns, and suggest a role for auxin during the late stages of axillary shoot development following the formation of the axillary bud and several axillary leaf primordia.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A modified lateral approach to the canine cervical spine: procedural description and clinical application in 16 dogs with lateralized compressive myelopathy or radiculopathy.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a modified lateral surgical approach to the cervical spine in dogs and evaluate clinical outcomes of dogs with neurologic disorders treated with this technique. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Sixteen dogs with lesions involving the cervical spine. METHODS: Medical records (1998-2002) of dogs that had a modified lateral approach to the cervical spine were reviewed. To reduce procedural morbidity, the surgical approach was modified from original descriptions of the technique by minimizing disruption of epaxial and extrinsic thoracic limb musculature and limiting the size of the operative field to the affected vertebral segment. Signalment, neurologic status on admission; onset, progression, and duration of clinical signs; diagnostic testing, etiologic diagnosis, surgical site(s), intra- and postoperative complications, hospitalization, time to optimum recovery, neurologic status at discharge, final neurologic status, and outcome were recorded. Neurologic status (0-5) was scored preoperatively, 1 day postoperatively, at discharge, and at recheck examination (8 dogs). Telephone interviews were used to obtain additional follow-up information. RESULTS: None of the dogs had postoperative deterioration in neurologic status. Outcomes were good or excellent in dogs with intervertebral disc disease, 3/4 dogs with caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy, 1/2 dogs with spinal neoplasia, and in 1 dog with the vascular anomaly; long-term outcomes were unknown in 2 dogs. Intraoperative complications occurred in 3 dogs and included controllable venous plexus hemorrhage (2) and incorrect lesion localization (1). One dog was euthanatized because of postoperative complications. Hospitalization, time to optimal recovery, and overall outcome were not different from previously reported results using other surgical approaches to treat analogous neurologic conditions. CONCLUSIONS: A modified lateral approach to the cervical spine is viable for surgical treatment of cervical myelopathic or radiculopathic lesions when exposure to foraminal and lateralized lesions of the vertebral canal involving the C2-C7 vertebral articulations is desirable. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A modified lateral approach to the cervical spine can be successfully used in dogs of all sizes to treat caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy, other anomalous conditions of the cervical spine, intervertebral disc disease, and spinal neoplasms. Although long-term follow-up was not available for all patients, outcomes were generally favorable.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Lateral root initiation in Marsilea quadrifolia. I. Origin and histogensis of lateral roots.

In Marsilea quadrifolia, lateral roots arise from modified single cells of the endodermis located opposite the protoxylem poles within the meristematic region of the parent root. The initial cell divides in four specific planes to establish a five-celled lateral root primordium, with a tetrahedral apical cell in the centre and the oldest merophytes and the root cap along the sides. The cells of the merophyte divide in a precise pattern to give rise to the cells of the cortex, endodermis, pericycle, and vascular tissues of the emerging lateral root. Although the construction of the parent root is more complicated than that of lateral roots, patterns of cell division and tissue formation are similar in both types of roots, with the various tissues being arranged in similar positions in relation to the central axis. Vascular connection between the lateral root primordium and the parent root is derived from the pericycle cells lying between the former and the protoxylem members of the latter. It is proposed that the central axis of the root is not only a geometric centre, but also a physiological centre which determines the fate of the different cell types.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed2002

Lateral positioning technique for the treatment of far-lateral targets with the Leksell gamma knife: technical note.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a procedure for Leksell gamma knife (LGK) radiosurgery in a lateral position, for treatment of far-lateral intracranial lesions. METHODS: Positioning of the patient in the lateral decubitus position during LGK treatment switches the x and y axis coordinates. This increases the range of the x axis from 52 to 148 mm to 40 to 160 mm (i.e., 12 mm in each direction). RESULTS: Conversion of the coordinates of the isocenters is easily performed with simple mathematical algorithms and does not impair the precision of target positioning at the isocenters during LGK radiosurgery. CONCLUSION: LGK treatment in the lateral decubitus position is a simple accurate procedure for the treatment of far-lateral lesions that cannot be reached with normal supine positioning.

Humans↗