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PubMed1999

Canine atopic dermatitis in Greece: clinical observations and the prevalence of positive intradermal test reactions in 91 spontaneous cases.

Atopic dermatitis was diagnosed in a total of 91 dogs by combining the compatible historical evidence and clinical signs with the presence of one or more positive intradermal test reactions well correlated with the exposure to the aeroallergens and the seasonality of the clinical signs. Compared to the general hospital population Yorkshire terriers, Chinese Shar-Peis and cocker spaniels showed a strong predilection. No such predilection was found regarding the sex of the animals. The age of the dogs at the onset of the clinical signs ranged from 2 months to 8 years (median: 2.5 years). Moderate to severe pruritus, noticed in all the 91 dogs, was either localized (29/91) or generalized (64/91) and non-seasonal (43/91), seasonal (19/91) or of unknown seasonality (29/91). The most common cutaneous lesions included erythema, hyperpigmentation, hypotrichosis and crusts; their body distribution was generalized (64%) or localized (36%) with the feet as the most common site of involvement. Five dogs that had unlesional skin were significantly younger and had been pruritic for a shorter period of time compared to the majority of our study population. Otitis externa (43/91) and bacterial pyoderma (30/91) were the most common conditions associated with atopic dermatitis, while the prevalence of Malassezia dermatitis was very low (2/91). Of the other allergic skin diseases flea allergic dermatitis was the most common (29/91) followed by food hypersensitivity (2 out of the 15 dogs tested). The majority of the dogs demonstrated multiple sensitivities to the 50 aeroallergens tested, while domestic mites (77/91), and particularly Dermatophagoides farinae (64/91), were the most commonly implicated. The total number of the positive intradermal test reactions was increasing parallel to the age of the dogs but it was negatively associated with the presence of skin lesions on the carpal and tarsal joints.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Intradermal tests using vasomotor agents in allergic rhinitis].

INTRODUCTION: Allergic rhinitis is characterised by nasal hyperactivity to specific and non-specific agents. For research purposes, non-specific nasal hyperactivity can be estimated by histamine and metacholine nasal challenge tests. At present, nasal challenge tests are not used for routine diagnosis of rhinitis. Wayoff and colleagues proposed the examination of the skin reactivity to papaverine, acetylcholine, histamine and compound 48/80 in rhinitis patients. Our previous study of skin reactivity to vasomotor agents, using modified skin tests of Wayoff and colleagues showed their clinical validation and usefulness for subclassification of patients with non-allergic rhinitis. To the present, there are only a few studies of skin reactivity to vasomotor agents in patients with allergic rhinitis. The aim of this study was to examine the skin reactivity to vasomotor agents of allergic rhinitis patients and determine whether the patients with allergic rhinitis differ from healthy subjects. METHODS: A prospective, controlled, in vivo study was carried out in 86 subjects: 44 patients with allergic rhinitis and 42 healthy subjects. Skin reactivity was examined by intradermal tests with different concentrations of papaverine, metacholine, histamine and compound 48/48. The non-specific skin reactivity to saline was also measured. Skin reactivity to intradermal test with different concentrations of papaverine, metacholine, histamine and compound 48/48 was measured, as well as specific skin reactivity to control saline solution. Pathological skin reactivity to vasomotor agents was defined as follows: hyporeactivity to papaverine (5 mg/mL), when wheal-and-flare skin reaction diameter was less than 15 mm; hyper-reactivity to metacholine (0.02, 0.2 and 2.0 mg/mL), when two of three wheal-and-flare skin reaction diameters were greater than 15, 25 and 31 mm, respectively; hyper-reactivity to histamine (0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mg/mL), when three of four wheal-and-flare skin reaction diameters were greater than 7, 13, 25 and 40 mm, respectively; and hyper-reactivity to compound 48/80 (0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mg/mL), when three of four wheal-and-flare skin reaction diameters were greater than 9, 16, 26 and 38 mm, respectively. RESULTS: The study included 86 subjects: 44 patients with allergic rhinitis and 42 healthy subjects. The control group of healthy subjects consisted of 22 females, aged from 18 to 35 yrs (mean 28 yrs), and 20 males, aged from 18 to 40 yrs (mean 28 yrs). The difference between the number [p(= 0.758) > 0.05] and age [p(= 0.990) > 0.05] of females and males was not significant. In the allergic rhinitis patients group, there were 23 females, aged from 18 to 54 yrs (mean 33 yrs) and 21 males, aged from 18 to 50 yrs (mean 36 yrs). The difference between the number [p(= 0.763) > 0.05] and age [p(= 0.558) > 0.05] of females and males was not significant. Frequencies of pathological skin reactivity to single vasomotor agents and saline in the control group of healthy subjects and in the allergic rhinitis patients group are shown in Table 1. In the control group, frequencies of normal skin reactivity to papaverine [p(= 1.8 x 10(-7)) < 0.01], metacholine [p(= 4.3 x 10(-6)) < 0.01], histamine [p(= 4.3 x 10(-6)) < 0.01], compound 48/80 [p(= 1.8 x 10(-7) < 0.01] and saline [p(= 6.9 x 10(-4)) < 0.01] were significantly greater than frequencies of pathological skin reactivity. In the patients group, frequencies of normal skin reactivity to papaverine [p(= 6.0 x 10(-8)) < 0.01] and saline [p(= 2.6 x 10(-3) < 0.01] were significantly greater, and to metacholine [p(= 0.016) < 0.05] were significantly greater than frequencies of pathological skin reactivity. In this group, the difference between frequencies of pathological skin reactivity to histamine [p(= 0.366) > 0.05] and compound 48/80 [p(= 0.070) > 0.05] were not significant. There was no significant intergroup difference for pathological skin reactivity to papaverine, metacholine and saline (Table 1). In the patients group frequencies of pathological skin reactivity to histamine and compound 48/80 were significantly higher than in the control group of healthy subjects. Frequencies of pathological skin reactivity to single vasomotor agents and in combinations in the control group of healthy subjects and in the allergic rhinitis patients group are shown in Table 2. The difference of pathological skin reactivity to single vasomotor agents and in combinations between the control group (14/42) and the allergic rhinitis patients group (27/44) was significant [p(= 0.017) < 0.05]. CONCLUSION: In routine evaluation of the rhinitis patients, skin tests with vasomotor agents have some advantages: these tests do not require special equipment, they are not time-consuming, they are easy to perform and simple for the interpretation of results. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Immunodiagnostic tests for hydatidosis in sheep: an evaluation of double diffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, indirect hemagglutination, and intradermal tests.

Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP), double diffusion (DD5), indirect hemagglutination (IHA), and intradermal (ID) tests were evaluated to determine their ability to detect echinococcosis in sheep. Four sheep were infected per os with approximately 4,00, 1-wk-old eggs of Echinococcus gradulosus; four more sheep were similarly infected with approximately 3,000 1-wk-old eggs of Taenia hydatigena, and two additional sheep were used as uninfected controls. Blood samples were collected from each sheep prior to infection, at 2 and 4 wk postinoculation, and monthly thereafter for 1 yr. Serum from each blood sample was tested by IEP and DD5 for antiantigen "5" activity and by IHA for Echinococcus-specific hemagglutination activity. Following the last blood collection, an ID test for echinococcosis was performed on each sheep, after which all sheep were necropsied, and the type, location, and size of all larval tapeworms recorded. The DD5 test was found to be more sensitive and at least as specific as IEP in detecting echinococcosis in sheep. The IHA test approached the specificity and sensitivity pattern of DD5 and IEP if a titer of greater than or equal to 1:1,024 was considered positive. The ID test supported DD5 and IEP results but demonstrated a lack of specifiity. Necropsy data verified that all sheep were infected according to the experimental design. We conclude that DD5 reliably detects echinococcosis in experimentally infected sheep, and that further research is warranted to evaluate this test for detecting echinococcosis in naturally infected sheep.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Anaphylactoid reactions during anaesthesia. Seven years' experience of intradermal testing.

Sixty one patients who had suffered intra-operative anaphylactoid reactions were studied. Intradermal testing identified the causative agent in 84% of cases and, in 75% of these, muscle relaxants were responsible. Predisposing factors in patients sensitive to muscle relaxants were: female sex, previous allergy and atopy. The incidence of previous exposure was considerably higher than that reported in the literature. Pancuronium is suggested to be the least likely currently available agent to provoke a major anaphylactoid reaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Pulmonary function and intradermal tests in workers exposed to soft-paper dust.

A survey was carried out in the processing department of a paper mill, consisting of environmental and personal monitoring, a short questionnaire concerning chronic non-specific lung disease (CNSLD), spirometry, and intradermal tests. Spirometry was performed on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Exposures to paper dust regularly exceeded the Dutch Maximal Allowable Concentrations (MACs) for total and respirable dust. There were indications of a qualitatively different exposure to molds inside the mill in comparison with the outdoor air. A comparison between a group of workers exposed to paper dust and a control group showed significantly more persons with positive late and delayed intradermal test reactions in the exposed population. The analysis of the spirometric measurements after correction for differences between the groups in age, height, and smoking habits gave evidence of the existence of lower FEV1, MMEF, MEF50, and MEF25 among exposed workers with a positive immediate intradermal reaction on Friday. The same workers showed a decline in pulmonary function over the week compared with the controls. These changes suggest an obstructive airway reaction with an immunologic mechanism to dust exposure in a paper mill.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

[Diagnostic usefulness of the intradermal test with histoplamin in non-endemic areas of histoplasmosis].

The histoplasmosis in Spain is an imported disease presenting in most of case diagnostic difficulties. In this paper, the intradermal skin test with Histoplasma capsulatum antigen as diagnostic method in immunocompetent patients with clinical and radiological signs compatible with histoplasmosis after being visited Central and South American endemic counties, in which this mycosis is endemic. Nine Spanish patients coming from different countries of Latin America with fever and acute respiratory symptoms compatible with histoplasmosis were studied. Other nine accompanying subjects and five controls were also evaluated. Patients underwent mycological cultures and and serological tests for H. capsulatum. Intradermal test with 1% histoplasmine were done in all patients. Serology and skin tests tests were also performed in accompanying people. Intradermal were done in healthy controls. Skin test with histoplasmine were positive in seven of the nine patients. Six of these showed precipitating antibodies against the same antigen. H. capsulatum was only isolated from bone marrow biopsy samples in one patient. The seven patients were given itraconazole by oral route and all symptoms improved after 2 and 4 weeks. In five accompanying subjects the skin test were also positive so that a subclinical histoplasmosis was diagnosed. In the remaining patients and healthy accompanying subjects histoplasmosis infection was excluded. In non endemic geographical areas of histoplasmosis intradermal skin test with histoplasmin when used in immunocompetent individuals is an easy and reliable method for the diagnosis of this mycosis as well as for epidemiological studies.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of intradermal testing and serum testing for allergen-specific IgE using monoclonal IgE antibodies in 84 atopic dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To compare an ELISA measuring serum allergen-specific IgE with intradermal skin testing in canine atopic dermatitis. PROCEDURE: Eighty-four dogs with the clinical diagnosis of atopic dermatitis underwent intradermal skin testing and serum testing for allergen-specific IgE. Tests were performed in a blinded fashion. Positive reactions were compared and the sensitivity and specificity of the serum test (using intradermal skin test as the standard) were determined overall and for individual allergen groups (grass pollens, weed pollens, tree pollens, house dust mites and fleas). RESULTS: The sensitivity of the ELISA overall was 90.4%. Evaluating the individual allergen groups, the sensitivity for dust mite hypersensitivity was 95.1%, for fleas 85.4%, for tree pollens 84.3%, for grass pollens 95.1% and for weed pollens 96.4%. The specificity was 91.6% overall, for dust mites 96.3%, for fleas 92.7%, for tree pollens 95.2%, for grass pollens 94% and for weed pollens 80.7%. CONCLUSION: The evaluated ELISA seemed reliable for the diagnosis of atopy in practice and can be recommended as a screening test prior to intradermal skin testing or for use in dogs when immunotherapy is not a therapeutic option.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Clinical evaluation of the Makari Intradermal Test in patients with cancer of the colon and rectum.

A clinical study to evaluate the Makari Intradermal Test (MIT) involved 180 patients seen with symptoms suggestive of malignant disease, 85 of whom were subsequently shown to have carcinoma of the large bowel, and 66 asymptomatic volunteers. The prognostic value of initial and serial studies relative to patient-survival rate and the efficacy of serial studies in detecting disease in long-term follow-up of patients with resected malignant lesions were evaluated. On the basis of this study, the MIT appears to merit further investigation, not as a definitive diagnostic procedure, but as a survey for identifying patients with early malignancy or individuals at high risk to malignant epigenesis.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Late-phase reactions to intradermal testing with Dermatophagoides farinae in healthy dogs and dogs with house dust mite-induced atopic dermatitis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of late-phase reactions to intradermal testing with Dermatophagoides farinae in healthy dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis and an immediate reaction to D farinae. ANIMALS: 6 healthy dogs and 20 dogs with atopic dermatitis and immediate reactions to D farinae. PROCEDURE: ntradermal tests were performed with D farinae at 1:1,000 wt/vol and 1:50,000 wt/vol concentrations, and skin reactivity was evaluated after 0.25, 6, and 24 hours. Serum D farinae-specific IgE antibodies were assayed. Extent of lesions (atopy index) and pruritus (visual analogue scale) were evaluated in dogs with atopic dermatitis. RESULTS: Late-phase reactions were observed in healthy dogs at 6 hours (n = 2 dogs) and 24 hours (1) with the 1:1,000 wt/vol concentration, and at 6 hours (1) and 24 hours (1) with the 1:50,000 wt/vol concentration of allergen. Late-phase reactions in healthy dogs were only observed in dogs with an immediate reaction to D farinae. Late-phase reactions were observed in 11 of 20 dogs with atopic dermatitis at 6 and 24 hours with the 1:1,000 wt/vol concentration and in 10 of 20 at 6 and 24 hours with the 1:50,000 wt/vol concentration of allergen. There was no difference in mean atopy index, mean visual analogue scale of pruritus, or mean serum D farinae-specific IgE concentration of dogs with a late-phase reaction, compared to dogs without a late-phase reaction. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Late-phase reactions may be observed after an immediate reaction to intradermal skin testing in healthy and allergic dogs but are more commonly observed in dogs with atopic dermatitis.

Allergens↗
PubMed2004

Cross reactivity of airborne allergens based on 1000 intradermal test results.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate concurrent positive reactions of related versus nonrelated allergens based on 1000 intradermal tests of dogs with atopic dermatitis. PROCEDURE: Pairs of closely related allergens (based on botanical relations and results of research in human allergic disease) and nonrelated allergens were evaluated. Significance of the difference between group means of log odds ratios was estimated using a Bootstrap percentile confidence interval. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the mean log odds ratio between related and nonrelated allergen pairs. However, there was also a significant difference between most groups consisting of nonrelated allergen pairs. CONCLUSION: These results provide conflicting evidence and emphasise the need for further studies. Numbers of concurrent reactions of related allergens indicate that immunotherapy should be formulated based on testing with single allergens to avoid exposure to allergens not involved in the dog's atopic disease.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1980

Bovine paratuberculosis I. A herd study using complement fixation and intradermal tests.

A dairy herd (102 cattle) which had been enrolled under a paratuberculosis control program for two years utilizing a complement fixation test (carbohydrate antigen) and intradermal skin test (johnin PPD) was subjected to two further herd tests and followed to slaughter to determine infection status by culture and histology. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection was demonstrated in 37 of the animals of which only five were considered reactors on the basis of the last two herd tests applied. Cultural and histopathological evaluation indicated the testing procedures had eliminated heavily infected animals. The limitations of these testing procedures under free stall housing conditions are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1958

The intradermal test in the diagnosis of bilharziasis.

The diagnosis of bilharziasis by detection of schistosome eggs in the urine or faeces of patients is often not possible in the later stages of the disease, when elimination of the eggs is rendered increasingly difficult. To overcome this difficulty, an immunological test has been developed, based on the cutaneous response to an injection of an antigen prepared from the cercariae, adult worms, eggs or miracidia of Schistosoma.In this paper, the author reviews the various procedures for obtaining the basic material for antigen preparation, describes briefly the method of preparation, outlines the nature and properties of the specific antigens, and discusses the skin-testing procedure, with special reference to the criteria for evaluating the results. He points out that the intradermal test may prove useful in epidemiological surveys as well as in the diagnosis of individual cases.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Results of intradermal tests with toxoplasmin in a survey performed among mental patients admitted to the clinical surgical teaching hospital "10 de Octubre" in Havana].

Intradermal tests using toxoplasmin were performed among three hundred mentally handicapped patients admitted to the "10 de Octubre" Clinical-Surgical Teaching Hospital in Havana between 1976--1977 and 100 healthy subjects. A statistically significant difference between reactors among patients (54,7%) and reactors among healthy subjects (30,0%) was found. Results are compared to those from a similar paper performed in the Psychiatric Hospital of Havana in 1967. It is concluded that the higher the severity of affections the higher the percentage of reactors in the surveyed series.

Antigens↗
PubMed2001

Intradermal testing in healthy horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, recurrent urticaria, or allergic dermatitis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare responses to a variety of intradermally injected allergens among healthy horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), recurrent urticaria (RU), and atopic dermatitis-insect hypersensitivity (allergic dermatitis [AD]). DESIGN: Case-control study. ANIMALS: 86 horses. PROCEDURE: Results of intradermal testing for horses with COPD, RU, or AD were compared with results for healthy horses. RESULTS: Compared with healthy horses, horses with COPD, RU, and AD were significantly more likely to have positive (> or = 3+) reactions to intradermal allergens (molds, weeds, trees, grasses-crops, and insects) 30 minutes (immediate reaction), 4 hours (late-phase reactions), and 24 hours (delayed-phase reactions) after exposure. In addition, diseased horses reacted to a significantly higher number of allergens in each allergen group than did healthy horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Reactions to individual allergens should not be used to determine that horses have hypersensitivity. Overall patterns of reactivity to intradermal allergens may be helpful in management when used in conjunction with a compatible history and evidence of potential exposure to allergens in horses with conditions associated with hypersensitivity to environmental allergens.

Allergens↗
PubMed2003

Determination of 'irritant' threshold concentrations for intradermal testing with allergenic insect extracts in normal horses.

Sixteen healthy horses with no history of skin or respiratory disease were used for an intradermal testing (IDT) threshold study, in order to determine the concentrations of 13 commercial allergenic insect extracts most appropriate for IDT. Five dilutions of each extract were used, which included the manufacturer's recommended concentrations for equine IDT, plus one dilution higher and three lower than these standard concentrations. Allergens tested included caddisfly (Trichoptera spp.), mayfly (Ephemeroptera spp.), horsefly (Tabanus spp.), deerfly (Chrysops spp.), fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), black ant (Camponotus pennsylvanicus), cockroach mix (Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica), mosquito (Aedes aegypti), house fly (Musca domestica), moth (Heterocera spp.), flea (Ctenocephalides canis/C. felis), Culicoides variipennis and Culicoides nubeculosis. Two separate methods were used to calculate the allergen concentration for each insect extract where the normal horses, as a group, ceased to show false-positive ('irritant') reactions. 'Irritant' threshold concentrations were determined for 9/13 of these allergens, whereas the other 4 were undetermined due to either insufficient reactivity (flea, C. variipennis) or excessive reactivity (black ant, moth) to the concentrations tested. Recommended concentrations for future use in equine patients with suspected insect hypersensitivity include: 125 pnu mL(-1) (mayfly); 250 pnu mL(-1) (caddisfly, horsefly, deerfly, fire ant, house fly); 500 pnu mL(-1) (cockroach); 1000 pnu mL(-1) (mosquito); and 1:10 000 w/v (C. nubeculosis).

Allergens↗
PubMed1987

The use of intradermal tests and relevance of negative controls in patients with negative or equivocal modified RAST test scores to inhalant allergens.

Patients with suspected inhalant allergy that demonstrate a Modified RAST Test (MRT) Class 0 and 1 (equivocal) may demonstrate positive infradermal (ID) skin whealing to suspect allergens. This whealing may be due, however, to an irritant reaction from glycerin used as a preservative in the extract. The purpose of this study is to establish the incidence of allergy as demonstrated by ID testing in patients with MRT Class 0 or 1 and to reinforce the importance of negative controls during ID testing. Fifty-five consecutive patients evaluated for allergy with MRT Classes 0 or 1 were studied. Intradermal testing with 1:500 wt/vol concentrations of allergenic extracts and a 2% glycerin control were performed. Thirty-eight patients (69%) were found to have ID whealing to allergenic extracts greater than the negative glycerin controls. We conclude that ID allergen testing of patients with MRT Class 0 or 1, when using a glycerin control, identifies additional allergens to be considered for immunotherapy.

Allergens↗