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PubMed1985

Structure of the musculature of the chicken small intestine.

The small intestine of the chicken was studied by light and electron microscopy. The musculature, measuring about 180 microns in thickness in the distended intestine, consists of four layers (outer longitudinal, outer circular, inner circular and inner longitudinal) which are directly apposed to one another. There is no layer of connective tissue equivalent to the submucosa of mammalian intestine, and the intestinal glands lie close to the inner longitudinal muscle. Mucosal folds are not formed during isotonic contraction of the intestine. The muscle cells of the chicken small intestine are characterized by large, numerous and sharply outlined dense bodies, by the presence of an extremely thin basal lamina, by prominent dense bands at the cell surface but relatively few intermediate junctions. There are many areas of direct apposition between cell membranes of adjacent cells and little collagen between the muscle cells. The four muscle layers have each distinctive structural features. Gap junctions between muscle cells occur only in the outer circular layer. The outer circular and outer longitudinal layers are closely apposed and numerous junctions of the adherens type link cells of the two layers. Intramuscular blood capillaries are rare and are found virtually only in the outer circular layer; their endothelial cells are joined by tight junctions. In the outer circular layer (but not in the other layers) there are two further cell types, fibroblasts and interstitial cells, which can be clearly distinguished from one another. The latter cells are intimately related to nerve bundles and are connected by gap junctions to some muscle cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Hypersensitivity reactions in the small intestine. IV. Influence of allograft rejection on small intestinal mucosal architecture: a scanning and transmission electron microscope study.

The effect of a local delayed hypersensitivity reaction (allograft rejection) on small intestinal architecture has been examined by using scanning electron microscopy of the mucosal surface. In isografts, regarded as a morphological basis for normality of the system, the villi appeared normal and finger like. In allografts the appearances ranged from fairly normal areas to others with stunted and ridged villi, and flat areas in which crypt mouths opened on to the flat mucosal surface. The fine structure of epithelial cells was studied further by transmission electron microscopy. There was an apparent reduction in the size of the microvillous border in allografts but no other consistent abnormality. The similarities between this model of allograft rejection, and untreated coeliac disease in man, are highlighted and contrasted with the effects of acute radiation injury on the intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Morphology of the small intestinal mucosal surface of broilers in relation to age, diet formulation, small intestinal microflora and performance.

1. Three experiments were performed to relate morphological characteristics of the small intestinal mucosal surface to age, dietary factors, small intenstinal microflora and performance of broilers. Characterisation of the small intestinal mucosal surface using a dissecting microscope was based on the orientation of the villi, villus shape and the presence of convoluted villi. 2. In Trial 1, the morphological changes of the mucosal surface were studied weekly in the period from 7 to 28 d of age. At d 7 mainly tongue- and leaf-shaped villi together with some ridge-shaped ones were observed in the middle section of the small intestine, displaying a regular zigzag pattern on 53% of the mucosal surface. During the period from d 7 to 14, the area with ridge-shaped villi increased from 7 to 63% and did not change significantly over the next 2 weeks. 3. In Trial 2, three protein sources, soy isolate (SI), wheat gluten (WG), hydrolysed wheat gluten (HWG) and SI with added L-glutamine (SI + Gln), were studied with respect to their effect as dietary components on villus morphology in the mid-small intestine and performance. Diets were fed with (0 to 14 d) and without pectin (14 to 21 d). Feed conversion ratio on the HWG diet improved in comparison to the native WG diet. During the period 0 to 14 d of age the mucosal area with zigzag-oriented villi increased when the pectin diet was supplemented with Gln. Moreover, weight gain of birds fed the SI + Gln diet increased in the period 41 to 21 d. 4. In Trial 3, a study was made of the morphological response of the villi to a stimulation of microbial activity in the digesta after addition of highly methylated pectin to the soybean meal (SBM) diet. This was performed with and without inoculation of a non-virulent Salmonella typhimurium on d 7. By d 21 the birds fed the pectin diet showed impaired weight gain and higher feed conversion. The pectin affected the mucosal surface by decreasing the area with the zigzag pattern and increasing the area with convoluted, mainly ridge-shaped villi. The Salmonella typhimurium infection increased the effects of pectin on performance and mucosal morphology.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1980

[Quantitative investigations of the structure and function of the intestinal mucosa in endoscopically obtained biopsy material. Findings in patients with coeliac disease, patients with partially resected small intestine in Crohn's disease and in patients with small intestine resection for other reasons (author's transl)].

During an endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract, biopsy material of the small intestine was obtained and structure and function of the small intestinal mucosa was investigated. The data were then compared with published results, gained by normally performed blind biopsy techniques. For that the findings of three groups of patients (1. patients with coeliac disease [9], 2, patients with ileal resection due to ileitis terminalis Crohn [9], 3. patients with partially resection of the small intestine due to other reasons [4]) were compared with healthy controls (10). The results indicate that obtaining small intestinal biopsy material endoscopically enables a valid characterization of differentiated properties of the small bowel mucosa. The data of the patients with coeliac disease are in complete agreement with the criteria of this syndrome, published in the literature. On the other hand the results of the group with partial resection of the small intestine resection (without chronic inflammatory bowel disease) show all signs of adaptive mucosal hyperplasia of the remaining small intestine. However, patients with Crohn's disease did not show any adaptive response to small bowel resection.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Laparoscopic mid sagittal hemicystectomy and bladder reconstruction with small intestinal submucosa and reimplantation of ureter into small intestinal submucosa: 1-year followup.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the long-term results of laparoscopic hemicystectomy and bladder replacement with small intestinal submucosa (SIS) with ureteral reimplantation into the SIS material. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 12 minipigs underwent laparoscopic hemicystectomy. Six pigs underwent bladder reconstruction with SIS and ipsilateral ureteral reimplantation. The remaining 6 control pigs underwent hemicystectomy and primary bladder closure with ipsilateral nephroureterectomy. Preoperative and followup evaluations included blood chemistry, radiography and urodynamic evaluations. The 6, 3, 6 and 9-week, and 12-month followup evaluations included biopsies. At 1 year the animals were sacrificed. Histopathological and contractility studies, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for growth factors and basement membrane components were performed. RESULTS: Bladder capacity and bladder compliance were similar in the 2 groups at all time points. One pig per group died, that is a control at the 9-month evaluation due to an anesthetic complication and an SIS pig 7 months after bladder reconstruction due to spontaneous bladder rupture at the anastomotic site. In the SIS group 4 of 5 surviving pigs had unobstructed reimplanted ureters without evidence of hydroureteronephrosis, while 1 had high grade obstruction at the reimplantation site. Histopathology study after 1 year revealed muscle at the graft periphery and center but it consisted of small fused bundles with significant fibrosis. Nerves were present at the graft periphery and center but they were decreased in number. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic SIS bladder reconstruction and ureteral reimplantation into the SIS after hemicystectomy are technically feasible. However, compared to primary bladder closure no advantage in bladder capacity or compliance was documented.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A cytokinetic study of small-intestinal and colonic mucosa after resection of 70% of the small intestine.

Pulse-labelling with tritiated thymidine and a fraction of labelled mitoses experiments have been performed in order to investigate the proliferative changes induced at various sites in the hyperplastic small-intestinal mucosa of rats previously subjected to resection of 70% of the small intestine. Proliferative activity in the colon was also studied. In the distal ileum there is a significant reduction in cell cycle time (Tc) of cells at all levels within the crypt and the growth fraction falls. In the jejunum and proximal ileum the crypts contain an increased number of proliferating cells, but as the size of the maturation zone is also increased, there is no significant alteration in the relative number of proliferating cells per crypt. Nor does the distribution of proliferating cells in these crypts seem to alter. There is no general reduction in Tc at these sites, but there does appear to be a significant reduction in Tc on the part of the cells in the stem-cell zone at the crypt base. In neither proximal nor distal colon was there any significant proliferative change apparent after small-intestinal resection.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Intracellular lipid binding proteins of the small intestine.

The small intestine contains three distinct proteins belonging to the intracellular lipid binding protein family: the liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), the intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) and the ileal lipid binding protein (ilbp). The function of these proteins in the small intestine has remained enigmatic. Targeted gene disruption studies may shed insights into the physiological importance of these proteins. In the case of I-FABP, this approach has demonstrated that the complete elimination of this protein in murine intestine does not compromise dietary fat absorption in vivo but is associated with the development of insulin resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Morphologic changes in the small intestine following experimental resection of 75% of the midsection of the small intestine and surgical procedures delaying intestinal passive].

The present study was performed in male Wistar rats. They underwent a 75% removal of the middle part of the small intestine and various procedures to delay the passage time in order to manage short bowel syndrome. Comparisons were made between the following groups: animals with subtotal resection of the small intestine and counterpositioning of a segment of the small intestine, myotomy, isoperistaltic segment, and animals with removal of the small intestine without delayed passage time, and a group of healthy non-operated controls. One year after surgery the following examinations were carried out: gross measurement of length and width of the intestine, eye microscopy, calculations of the intestinal surface, and morphometric investigations in histologic specimens of the intestinal mucosa. The most extensive increase of the residual lumen was observed in animals with antiperistaltic segment interposition. The inhibition of the passage due to the antiperistaltic segment has remained effective during the entire test period despite extreme loading and despite the morphological changes described in the article.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[The enzymatic barrier of the small intestine].

The small intestine's barrier functions are reviewed. The data on mechanical (passive) and active protective systems of the organism against various antigens, toxic substances and proteins, is presented. An important role of these protective systems as an enzyme apparatus of epithelial and postepithelial layers of the small intestine's mucose, is shown.

Animals↗