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PubMed1992

An extension of the acquaintanceship procedure in family studies of mental disorder.

The acquaintanceship procedure is a method for obtaining a control group matched to relatives of probands on demographic variables. Relatives are asked to name six acquaintances who are the same gender, and who are about the same age and social class as themselves. An acquaintance is randomly selected from this list and contacted for recruitment. Rates of mental disorder in this group are assumed to approximate general population rates in a group with these demographic characteristics. This report focuses on an extension of the acquaintanceship procedure in which "super-normal" controls are used in a family study design. Two questions were addressed: (1) Does the acquaintance group (n = 166), as a whole, show a higher rate of illness than the relatives of acquaintances with no mental disorder (n = 129)? (2) Is there a relationship between mental disorder in acquaintances and in providers of acquaintance names? The prevalence of mental illness was significantly greater among acquaintances compared to relatives of "never ill" acquaintances. There was no evidence of assortative selection. We concluded that using the relatives of well acquaintances is a cost-effective control selection methodology which maximizes the detection of intergenerational transmission in family studies of mental disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Young women's antisocial behavior and the later emotional and behavioral health of their children.

OBJECTIVES: Antisocial and criminal behavior are increasing among US youth, especially among females. Thus, questions arise concerning whether youthful female deviant behavior eventually will have negative behavioral and emotional consequences for the later children of these women. METHODS: Associations between the severity of early female antisocial behavior (including both drug-related and non-drug related offenses) and the later behavioral and emotional health of the children of these women were examined among 1425 mother-child pairs of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. RESULTS: Multiple linear regression procedures indicated a significant positive relationship between the severity of the mothers' early non-drug-related offenses and the later severity of the children's scores on the Antisocial, Hyperactive, Anxious/Depressed, Headstrong, Peer Conflict/Social Withdrawal, Immature Dependency, and Total Problem subscales of the Behavior Problem Index. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated an association between the antisocial behavior of female youth and the later behavioral and emotional problems of the children of these women. Future research needs to determine the mechanisms underlying the intergenerational transmission of these types of problems so that effective preventive and therapeutic public health practices may be designed and implemented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Intergeneric crossing: P1 phage transduction of the malB region in crosses between E. coli and S. typhimurium].

In the intergeneric crossing of E. coli and S. typhimurium, no effective transduction of the malB gene was observed. The absence of effective transduction suggests the low homology of the malB chromosomal areas in E. coli and S. typhimurium. To carry out the transduction of the MalB gene together with the lexA gene from E. coli to S. typhimurium, a hybrid having no restriction of phage P1 and incorporating the malB area of E. coli should be previously created.

Coliphages↗
PubMed1994

[Use of a plasmid with integrative function of phage phiC31 for transfer of cloned genes into Streptomyces strains].

Opportunities for application of integrative vectors carrying the attP site and the int gene of the temperate actinophage phi C31 for cloning genes in Streptomyces strains were demonstrated. The behavior of the integrative vectors pZAT22 and pTO1 in the model strain S. lividans TK64 and in the bialaphos-producing strain S. hygroscopicus, respectively, was characterized. Restriction maps of the S. lividans and S. hygroscopicus chromosomal regions containing attB sites were constructed. The bar gene of resistance to bialaphos was incorporated into the chromosome of the model strain S. lividans via the integrative pZAT22 vector, the level of expression of this gene within the chromosome of a heterologous host was determined. The possibility of amplification of the bar gene in the chromosome of the strain S. lividans was shown. The conjugative integrative vector pTO1, which carried the cloned bar gene, was introduced into the bialaphos-producing strain by intergeneric matings of Escherichia coli and S. hygroscopicus. The effect of an additional copy of the gene in the chromosome of S. hygroscopicus on strain resistance and productivity was studied.

Bacteriophages↗
PubMed1996

Family themes: transmission and transformation.

This article describes a method for doing therapy that uses multisystemic themes that combine meaning and action to facilitate therapeutic change. By identifying central themes that operate at the individual, dyadic, triadic, whole family, intergenerational, and sociocultural levels, the therapist is able to develop effective interview questions and design useful interventions. In this method, behavioral symptoms are framed as a current manifestation of an overarching theme. This orientation enables family and therapist to de-pathologize symptoms and work collaboratively toward change. Case examples from a wide variety of families with differing presenting problems, interactional patterns, three-generational histories, and cultural backgrounds, illustrate the efficacy of the method.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Aging in one's occupation: occupational and life's perspectives of elderly male and female employees].

The consequences of social change for the workforce are discussed. In our society of the future we will have to deal with an aging industry as a result of the increasing number of older employees. Furthermore, we expect changes in relation to mandatory retirement in establishing the "Rentenreform 1992" (Retirement age policy). The necessity of intergenerational exchange to avoid "ageism" is explained. The impact of technology on life-long learning and qualifications of older workers is pointed out. Finally, we describe the pluralism of life courses as a characteristic of social change in relation to gender-effects.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Adolescent childbearing revisited: the age of inner-city mothers at delivery is a determinant of their children's self-sufficiency at age 27 to 33.

OBJECTIVES: Data from recent interviews with 1758 inner-city children, born between 1960 to 1965 and followed with their mothers in the Pathways to Adulthood Study to age 27 to 33 years, were used to address two related questions. 1) Is maternal age, across the reproductive age range, a determinant of child's adult outcome? and 2) Do covariates of maternal age at delivery reduce or eliminate the effect of maternal age on child's adult outcome? METHODS: An intergenerational life course model of development identified significant maternal and child characteristics at birth associated with the child's self-sufficient outcomes in adulthood: education (more than or equal to a high school diploma); financial independence of public support; and delay of first birth until age 20 or older. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression techniques were used to identify independent relationships between dependent and independent variables and to adjust the outcomes to compensate for the effect of possible confounding of maternal age at delivery by maternal education, parity, poverty status, and the child's race and gender. RESULTS: Each covariate was independently associated with maternal age at delivery. Adjustment for their effects reduced, but did not eliminate, the association between maternal age at birth and the child's outcome at age 27 to 33 years. As a group, children of the oldest mothers (>/=25 years of age) had the most favorable outcomes, and those of teenage mothers (<20 years of age) had the least favorable outcomes; 22% of daughters and 6% of sons of the oldest mothers versus 38% and 18%, respectively, of the youngest mothers became teenage parents. CONCLUSION: The mother's age at delivery is an independent determinant of the child's adult status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Do close parent-child relations reduce the mortality risk of older parents?

This analysis examines the association between affectional solidarity in older parent-child relationships, and the parents' length of survival over a 14-year interval. It is hypothesized that close intergenerational relations have the capacity to reduce pathogenic stress among elderly parents, thereby enhancing their ability to survive. Direct and buffering effects of affectional solidarity, as expressed by 439 elderly parents, are tested using data from the U.S.C. Longitudinal Study of Generations collected between 1971 and 1985. Buffering effects are examined in the context of social decline and social loss experienced by the older parent. Hazard regression models indicate that greater intergenerational affect increases survival time among parents who experienced a loss in their social network, particularly among those who were widowed less than five years. Neither a direct effect of affection nor a buffering effect in the presence of social decline were found. It is concluded that the mortal health risks associated with the stress of being widowed can be partially offset by affectionate relations with adult children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Early family relationships, intergenerational solidarity, and support provided to parents by their adult children.

This research investigated the effects of early family experiences on the quality of the adult child-parent relationship and on the extent of instrumental and emotional support provided elderly parents by their adult children. The analysis was based on adult children's reports regarding 1,135 aging parents. Panel data were used to reduce method effects attributable to transient mood states. Health of aging parent, geographical proximity of parents and children, and parent's living situation were controlled in the models. The findings indicated that the propensity of adult children to provide instrumental support (e.g., transportation and health care when parents were ill) and emotional support was indirectly affected by the influence of the early parent-child relationship on contemporary filial concern and relationship quality.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Sex, gender, and pain: women and men really are different.

Sex-related differences in the experience of both clinical and experimentally induced pain have been widely reported. Specifically, females are at greater risk for developing several chronic pain disorders, and women exhibit greater sensitivity to noxious stimuli in the laboratory compared with men. Several mechanisms have been proposed to account for these sex differences. Psychosocial factors such as sex role beliefs, pain coping strategies, mood, and pain-related expectancies may underlie these effects. In addition, there is evidence that familial factors can alter pain responses, and these intergenerational influences may differ as a function of sex. Sex hormones are also known to affect pain responses, which may mediate the sex differences. Although the magnitude of these effects has not been well characterized, there are potentially important practical implications of sex differences in pain responses. These implications are discussed, and directions for future research are delineated.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Fetal and early life growth and body mass index from birth to early adulthood in 1958 British cohort: longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of birth weight on body mass index at different stages of later life; whether this relation persists after accounting for potential confounding factors; and the role of indicators of fetal growth (birth weight relative to parental size) and childhood growth. DESIGN: Longitudinal study of the 1958 British birth cohort. SETTING: England, Scotland, and Wales. PARTICIPANTS: All singletons born 3-9 March 1958 (10 683 participants with data available at age 33). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Body mass index at ages 7, 11, 16, 23, and 33 years. RESULTS: The relation between birth weight and body mass index was positive and weak, becoming more J shaped with increasing age. When adjustments were made for maternal weight, there was no relation between birth weight and body mass index at age 33. Indicators of poor fetal growth based on the mother's body size were not predictive, but the risk of adult obesity was higher among participants who had grown to a greater proportion of their eventual adult height by age 7. In men only, the effect of childhood growth was strongest in those with lower birth weights and, to a lesser extent, those born to lighter mothers. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal weight (or body mass index) largely explains the association between birth weight and adult body mass index, and it may be a more important risk factor for obesity in the child than birth weight. Birth weight and maternal weight seem to modify the effect of childhood linear growth on adult obesity in men. Intergenerational associations between the mother's and her offspring's body mass index seem to underlie the well documented association between birth weight and body mass index. Other measures of fetal growth are needed for a fuller understanding of the role of the intrauterine environment in the development of obesity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Transduction of chromosomal genes between enteric bacteria by bacteriophage P1.

We have used P1 transduction to create intergeneric hybrid strains of enteric bacteria by moving the genA and hut genes between Klebsiella aerogenes, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. The use of E. coli as the recipient in such transductions permits the construction of episomes and specialized transducing phage containing non-E. coli material. The effect of host restriction modification and deoxyribonucleic acid homology on the frequency of intergeneric transduction of these loci has been examined.

Chromosomes, Bacterial↗
PubMed2001

Gender, ethnicity, and acculturation in intergenerational conflict of Asian American college students.

This study examined differences in patterns of intergenerational conflict according to gender, ethnicity, and acculturation level of Asian American college students. A survey containing a measure of acculturation and intergenerational conflict was completed by 342 participants. A 2 (gender) x 5 (ethnicity) x 3 (acculturation) multivariate analysis of variance for the 3 subscales of the Intergenerational Conflict Inventory revealed significant F values for all 3 main effects, but none for the interactions. On the subscale of Dating and Marriage, male students reported less conflict than female students, and Japanese Americans reported less conflict than Chinese, Filipino, Korean, and Southeast Asian Americans. On the subscale of Family Expectations, Japanese Americans also reported less conflict than Koreans and Southeast Asians. On both of these and a 3rd subscale of Education and Career, the acculturated group reported lower conflict than both the low-acculturated and bicultural groups. The implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1978

A multi-generation toxicity evaluation of P,P'-DDT and dieldrin with Japanese quail. II. Tissue residues analyses.

Selected tissues and egg yolks of Japanese Quail fed diets containing DDT or dieldrin in a four-generation (parental, F1, F2 and F3) study were analyzed for residues of parent compound and/or specific metabolites. Diets containing DDT (5 and 50 ppm) or dieldrin (0.1 and 1.0 ppm) were fed to each generation for 10 wks followed by a 12-wk recovery period in order to determine generation-accumulative effects, maximum residue levels and decline of residues during recovery. Tissue-residue storage and intergeneration transmission for DDT and dieldrin were generally similar and were related to dietary levels. Tissue residues in newly hatched birds were elevated initially for each generation subsequent to the parents, but any cumulative effects between generations were transitory, as residues after 5-to-10 wks were similar in each generation. Tissue residues in all groups showed a decline during the 12-wk recovery period. Decline during recovery was greater for females than males, probably attributable to egg production. Egg yolk residues for birds fed 5.0-ppm DDT declined to near control levels during the recovery period; at 50 ppm, residues declined but remained elevated above controls. For the quail fed dieldrin, residue levels were above those in controls; as with DDT the subsequent decline was more marked in the females.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Change in East Germany intergenerational relations in a large city. Results of the 4th survey phase of the Halle Longitudinal Study of participants of the 1994 senior college (HALSEKO)].

The fourth survey by standardized questionnaire in November 1994 (response rate: 71.6%, n = 308, mean age: 68.1 years) to identify effects of the changes in the eastern German cultural and social scene among senior students enrolled at the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg since 1989 (HALSEKO) revealed a distinct deterioration in intergenerational relations which has been interpreted in terms of Mead's theoretical conception of the induction of intergenerational conflict by the abrupt change in cultural values in the new Federal states. Negative assessment were given by 69.5% (1992: 33.4%). Statistical analysis by bivariant contingency tables yielded an assessment pattern with two dimensions. These consisted personal discrimination by younger people and changes in intrafamilial intergenerational relations owing to fewer contacts, stress due to the job situation for children and grandchildren, tension within the family and anxiety at the thought of loneliness. The latter causes have a hurtfull effect. The list of possible causes for the deterioration in intergenerational relations that formed part of the questionnaire showed that most subjects considered unemployment (71.3%) and changes in interpersonal contact (71.1%) to be responsible, the latter being described as a situation in which people do not have time for each other. In view of the importance of social relations for the well-being of the elderly, relations between the generations should remain on the agenda as a subject for further research and preventive conceptions.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Genetic and cultural inheritance of plasma fibrinogen concentration.

Genetic and cultural heritability of plasma fibrinogen concentration was estimated by path analysis with environmental indices in 85 families identified by means of probands with early myocardial infarction and in 85 families randomly selected from the general population. A substantial proportion of the variance of the plasma fibrinogen level, 51%, was accounted for by genetic heritability, whereas the cultural heritability was negligible. No intergenerational differences were indicated in genetic or cultural heritability. The combined effect of obesity and smoking was found to explain 3% of the variance of the plasma fibrinogen level. The demonstration of such substantial genetic control further supports the view that plasma fibrinogen is a primary risk factor for CHD rather than a reflection of the severity of manifest disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis adhesion to Streptococcus gordonii by human submandibular-sublingual saliva.

Porphyromonas gingivalis W50 adheres in vitro to biofilms of Streptococcus gordonii G9B. This phenomenon is believed to facilitate the initial colonization of the oral cavity by P. gingivalis and to contribute to the maturation of dental plaque. In this report, we describe the modulating effects of human submandibular-sublingual saliva (HSMSL) on this in vitro model of intergeneric bacterial adhesion (coaggregation). HSMSL inhibited P. gingivalis adhesion to S. gordonii by 50% at a concentration of 57 micrograms of protein per ml. Maximum inhibitory activity was associated with a 43-kDa protein obtained by sequential Sephadex G200 gel filtration and CM52 ion-exchange chromatography of HSMSL. Pools of other column fractions of HSMSL showed no effect or were slightly stimulatory for bacterial adhesion. The binding of radioiodinated column fractions containing the 43-kDa protein by P. gingivalis was accompanied by their rapid enzymatic degradation. Treating P. gingivalis at 60 degrees C for 30 min or with protease inhibitors (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and sodium iodoacetate) reduced adherence to streptococcal biofilms. These treatments did not prevent P. gingivalis from binding soluble HSMSL saliva components, although subsequent proteolysis was nearly eliminated. These observations indicate that surface-associated proteases of P. gingivalis, either independently or in concert with adjacent surface adhesins, interact with surfaces of oral streptococci to facilitate interbacterial adhesion. The adhesion-blocking properties of HSMSL, particularly the 43-kDa protein, may represent an important host defense mechanism in the oral cavity.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed2001

Health-related mobility, health inequalities and gradient constraint. Discussion and results from a Norwegian study.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have argued that health-related mobility does not widen social class health differentials, but rather moderates them. This is termed gradient constraint. This paper examines gradient constraint from a theoretical and empirical angle. METHODS: How health-related mobility influences social class health differentials is discussed using hypothetical models. In a Norwegian survey with data on intergenerational mobility (N = 1,853 males aged 30-69 years), mean health and height values for different subsections of the sample were analysed. RESULTS: When initial social class health differences are large and mobility widespread, health-related mobility may lead to smaller differentials, but the result depends on how closely mobility varies with health. This empirical study found non-significant increases in height and health differentials from class of origin to class of destination. The interpretation has to consider effects of both social mobility and social causation. Health is measured in the post-mobility situation and the effects of social mobility and social causation are difficult to separate from each other for most of the health indicators analysed. However, this limitation does not apply to height which is not influenced by social causation during adulthood. In these data mobility did not reduce the height differential. CONCLUSION: Health-related mobility can either lead to smaller or larger social class health differentials. The specific effects of social mobility cannot be determined without knowing how social causation has interfered. The intergenerational mobility process analysed in this paper does not show gradient constraint as regards the height differential between the worker and higher occupational categories.

Adult↗