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Results for “Immunization Programs”

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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Nosocomial rubella--consequences of an outbreak and efficacy of a mandatory immunization program.

An outbreak of rubella in a large metropolitan hospital is described. Nineteen cases among employees and three secondary cases in family members occurred. Nosocomial cases occurred among the 3,900 employees of an adult medical-surgical unit where a voluntary program of rubella immunization was in effect. No cases occurred among the 1,400 employees of the women's and pediatric units with mandatory policies, despite interfacility and community exposure. Ten pregnant women were among the 377 contacts of the cases. Five were sero-negative to rubella. Two who developed clinical rubella, one asymptomatic sero-conversion and one other, all elected to terminate their pregnancies. The remaining woman, exposed in her third trimester delivered a normal infant. We conclude a policy requiring new employees to be rubella immune is more effective in preventing nosocomial rubella than a voluntary program and is desirable in view of the potential consequences of an outbreak to pregnant employees.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Role of health communications in Russia's diphtheria immunization program.

As part of a broader program in health communication assistance, project staff from Basic Support for Institutionalizing Child Survival worked with staff from Russia's oblast (regional) public health agencies to design and implement communication activities supporting local diphtheria immunization efforts. Because aggressive community outreach efforts and strong administrative sanctions had already achieved impressive adult coverage rates for first doses of diphtheria toxoid vaccine, communication interventions emphasized the need for second and third doses. Outcomes were assessed through vaccination coverage data and more qualitative measures. In one project site, the increase in adult coverage (two or more doses) was very modest. In a second site, with a stronger communications component, coverage increased significantly (from 20% to 80%). Although it is not possible to disentangle completely the effects of communications from other aspects of oblast immunization programs, these and other outcome data suggest that health communications can play an important role in Russia's ongoing mass immunization efforts.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Brazil's national immunization program: origins and development].

The article discusses the central aspects of the trajectory of the National Immunization Program as regards the dynamics of sectoral policy. Heir to successful experiences of the past yet conceived at an entirely different moment, the Program followed the triumphant Campaign to Eradicate Smallpox and inaugurated a new phase in the history of public policy in the field of prevention. Under one sole command, the Program came to articulate a set of practices that had previously been spread across a number of government agencies and jurisdictions. The article examines the process by which the Program was conceived, structured, and developed within government health policy, and also underscores the main determinants of this policy, its institutional actors, and the political and ideological conflicts born of its implementation, whose success was an important component in the structuring of a vaccine market in Brazil.

Brazil↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rubella seroprevalence among young women taipei county after routine measles, mumps and rubella immunization program.

To better target rubella immunization efforts by determining the age-specific rubella seroprevalence and the related factors for children in Taiwan after the 1986 national vaccine policy. A cross-sectional study was conducted for these girls aged 10 years (1994 cohorts), 13 years (1991 cohorts), 16 years (1988 cohorts), and 19 to approximately 22 years (1982-1985 cohorts), respectively, in 2004 in Taipei county. Participants were given a questionnaire detailing family income, education level, ethnicity of mother, number of siblings, and history of rubella infection. Possible predictors of rubella seropositivity and differences in seroprevalence were calculated by multivariate logistic regression analysis. A total of 826 cases were recruited. The geometric mean titer of rubella IgG antibody was 60.7 +/- 2.1 IU/ml. Rubella seropositive rates were 282/287 (98.3%) in children aged 10 years, 234/235 (99.6%) in aged 13 years, 179/185 (96.8%) in aged 16 years, and 110/119 (92. 4%) in aged 19-22 years. Older age, low maternal education level, and foreign mothers were correlated with seronegativity (p < 0.05). The MMR vaccine program has induced effectively the immunity against rubella. However, to eliminate congenital rubella syndrome, more effort should be taken for the vaccination of susceptible adolescents and young women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Managing public health risks: the swine flu immunization program revisited.

In this Comment, the Massachusetts Commissioner of Public Health views the federal government's 1976-77 Swine Flu Immunization Program, which was sharply criticized by Dr. Cyril Wecht in a recent Article in this journal, as a classic example of a public policy decision made under conditions of stress and uncertainty. Once the responsible government officials had made a public commitment to immunize the entire populace of the United States, he contends, they found it very difficult to reformulate the program in response to changing information concerning its relative costs and benefits. Dr Fielding offers suggestions for avoiding in the future some of the problems that surrounded the Swine Flu Program and for preventing further erosion of public confidence in essential preventive medicine programs.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1983

Severe local reactions to live measles virus vaccine following an immunization program.

A cluster of nine severe local reactions occurred in a Pennsylvania school district following a mass measles immunization program in February 1981. A case-control study showed that the nine cases had a statistically significant increased history of having received killed measles vaccine previously (p less than .001, Fisher's exact test) and a statistically significant higher geometric mean measles antibody titer (p less than .01, Student's t test) than controls, suggesting that previous receipt of killed measles vaccine was the underlying cause of these reactions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Seroprevalence of rubella infection after national immunization program in Taiwan: vaccination status and immigration impact.

Rubella vaccination was implemented nationwide in 1992 in Taiwan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine the age-specific seroprevalence of anti-rubella in female students aged 7-22 years old and women of reproductive age in Taipei County. Seropositivity of anti-rubella antibodies was defined as a serum IgG level > or =10 IU/ml tested by enzyme immunoassay. Information on possible predictors of anti-rubella seronegativity was obtained from structured questionnaire interview. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORm) with their 95% confidence interval (CI) were derived for each predictor using multiple logistic regression analysis. A total of 826 female students and 318 women were recruited. Anti-rubella seropositive rates were 98.3% (282/287), 99.6% (234/235), 96.8% (179/185), 92.4% (110/119), 81.4% (197/242), and 89.5% (68/76) for the age groups of 7-9, 11-13, 15-17, 19-22, 25-33, and 34-44 years old, respectively. Among female students, negative serology for rubella antibodies was associated significantly with the age group and foreign nationality of mother, showing ORm (95% CI) of 1.2 (1.06-1.27) for each year increase in age, and 20.9 (6.31-68.97), respectively. Among women at the reproductive age, low maternal education level 91.6 (9.12-920.74), unmarried status 21.2 (6.16-72.89), and no rubella vaccination 98.9 (11.64-840.25) were associated significantly with an increased evidence of seronegativity to rubella. The National Rubella Vaccination Program has led to herd immunity of school girls. However, in order to eradicate the Rubella syndrome, greater effort is required to vaccinate foreign brides in Taiwan.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The swine flu immunization program: scientific venture or political folly?

The author of this Article, an internationally recognized coroner perhaps best known among laymen for his incisive and tenacious criticism of the Warren Commission report on the Kennedy assassination, turns his attention to the federal government's 1976--1977 Swine Flu Immunization Program. Dr. Wecht contends that although this program may have been viewed by its key proponents as having great public health importance, or perhaps even political value, its creation and continuation nevertheless were scientifically unjustified. Furthermore, he contends, the federal government failed to inform the public adequately of important facts about the program's origins and progress, and it mismanaged the program in several important respects. Among the topics he discusses are swine flu's epidemiological history (including the 1976 Fort Dix outbreak that propelled swine flu into the national consciousness); the key elements leading to the government's decision to immunize; the government's failure to reevaluate the program seriously as problems arose; the shortcomings of the federal swine flu statute; the inadequacy of the government's investigation of the deaths of three persons in Pittsburgh within a few hours after being vaccinated (a matter that was of immediate concern to the author in his role as Coroner of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania); the long-delayed termination of the program following the emergence of a possible statistical link between the immunizations and an increase in the incidence of the Guillain-Barré Syndrome; the financial and human costs of the program; and the need for calmer, more objective decision making in future situations where immunization of the general populace is being considered.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMed1979

Guillain-Barre syndrome following vaccination in the National Influenza Immunization Program, United States, 1976--1977.

Because of an increase in the number of reports of Guillian-Barre syndrome (GBS) following A/New Jersey influenza vaccination, the National Influenza Immunization Program was suspended December 16, 1976 and nationwide surveillance for GBS was begun. This surveillance uncovered a total of 1098 patients with onset of GBS from October 1, 1976, to January 31, 1977, from all 50 states, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. A total of 532 patients had recently received an A/New Jersey influenza vaccination prior to their onset of GBS (vaccinated cases), and 15 patients received a vaccination after their onset of GBS. Five hundred forty-three patients had not been recently vaccinated with A/New Jersey influenza vaccine and the vaccination status for 8 was unknown. Epidemiologic evidence indicated that many cases of GBS were related to vaccination. When compared to the unvaccinated population, the vaccinated population had a significantly elevated attack rate in every adult age group. The estimated attributable risk of vaccine-related GBS in the adult population was just under one case per 100,000 vaccinations. The period of increased risk was concentrated primarily within the 5-week period after vaccination, although it lasted for approximately 9 or 10 weeks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Catch-up immunization programs will eliminate measles threat for most schoolchildren.

The threat of measles will be eliminated for 72% of Canadian schoolchildren this spring as seven provinces/territories establish routine two-dose schedules for measles-mumps-rubella vaccination, including five jurisdictions that are undertaking universal catch-up immunization programs. The initiatives move the country closer to its commitment to eradicate measles by the year 2000.

Canada↗
PubMed1992

Protecting children's health. CHA's immunization program helps organizations increase vaccination rates in their communities.

In response to the increasing outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States, the Catholic Health Association (CHA) has developed a new resource to help its members launch programs that will increase immunization rates among children in their service area. Vaccines are the building blocks of basic primary care. But society and the healthcare system have erected barriers that prevent children from being fully immunized. Impediments include missed opportunities, cost barriers, and facility and resource barriers. Catholic healthcare providers can help eliminate these barriers and ensure that all children in their service areas are vaccinated by assessing their immunization resources, seeking out unvaccinated children, and collaborating with community organizations and agencies. CHA's immunization campaign will guide Catholic healthcare providers as they protect children from preventable diseases. Immunization may help reduce the costs of emergency and acute care for conditions that could have been prevented.

Catholicism↗