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PubMed1978

[Aging properties of indium added gold alloys for metal-ceramic system (author's transl)].

Aging properties is studied on Au-10 wt% Pt and Au-10 wt% Pt-0.5 wt% Fe alloys containing 0.2, 0.4 and 2.0 wt% Indium. The results obtained are as follows: 1) In added Au-Pt alloys. From the electrical resistances in the isochronal aging curves, 0.2 and 0.4 wt% Indium added alloys are age-hardenable between 350 degrees and 640 degrees C. Heterogeneous phase in founded in 2.0 wt% Indium added alloy by meanes optical microstructures. This phase is identified fcc Pt3In by meanes X-ray diffraction. 2) In added Au-Pt-Fe alloys 0.2, 0.4 and 2.0 wt% Indium added alloys are age-hardenable between 250 degrees and 620 degrees C. Grain boundary reaction accelerated in 2.0 wt% Indium added alloy, and hardness decreased by overaging. Precipitation of nodule is inhibited in 0.2 wt% Indium added alloy, and aging properties also increase.

Ceramics↗
PubMed1985

Indium 111 platelet imaging for the detection of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients without symptoms after surgery.

Indium 111 platelet imaging for the detection of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary emboli was performed in 171 patients after abdominal and pelvic surgery. Fifteen patients were found to have inadequate circulating blood pools of indium 111 platelets, making the study nondiagnostic. Of 156 patients with technically satisfactory images, 46 (29.5%) had images consistent with deep venous thrombosis and/or pulmonary emboli. The incidence, time of occurrence, and location of thromboemboli was similar to those of other reports of postoperative patients groups studied by iodine 125 fibrinogen uptake testing. Eighty patients had normal indium 111 platelets and 30 patients had diffusely distributed indium 111 platelets found in the operative field, suggesting accumulation in a postoperative hematoma. None of these results was confused with a diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. When compared with another accurate diagnostic test in 23 patients, indium 111 platelet imaging was found to have a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 90%. The technique of indium 111 platelet imaging is performed easily in patients after surgery with some limitations as to the use of donor platelets and the occasionally altered imaging of the operative site. This diagnostic technique enjoys the distinct advantage in that it allows surveillance of the legs, pelvis, abdomen, and chest by a single method, making it a near-ideal method of postoperative thromboembolism surveillance.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed1979

Studies of the kinetics of indium-111-labeled granulocytes.

Studies of the in vivo kinetics of granulocytes labeled in vitro with indium-111 were carried out in 10 normal subjects. The granulocyte suspension was prepared with a Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient and labeled with indium-111-oxine. No elution or reutilization of the radioisotope was demonstrable in vitro. The average intravascular recovery of indium-labeled granulocytes was 30% +/- 6, and the t 1/2 was 5.0 +/- 1.6 hr. Normal in vitro function of these cells was demonstrated by bacterial killing and chemotaxis assays. Because indium-111 decays by gamma emission, the fate of in vivo labeled granulocytes can be followed with scintigraphic techniques. Images obtained indicated normal uptake of activity in the liver and spleen. Effective in vivo function of indium-labeled granulocytes was demonstrated in four patients by the localization of radioactivity at sites of inflammation or abscess. Although the intravascular recovery with this method is lower than that reported for some other radioisotope methods, the comparison of abnormal findings with normal values by this technique is probably valid. Indium-labeled granulocytes should prove useful in the study of granulocyte collection, transfusion, histocompatibility, and storage.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1978

Indium and iron as tracers for erythroid precursors.

External visualization and delineation of functional bone marrow is important for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes. Because of difficulties in using the isotopes of iron for bone-marrow imaging, indium-111 chloride has been used extensively for this purpose. In this investigation we attempted to solve the problem of cellular localization of indium chloride by employing a rat model with erythropoietic precursors selectively damaged by lethal intracellular radiation from the Auger electrons of Fe-55. In the rat, we have shown that the absolute marrow uptakes of indium and iron are different, whereas the absolute uptakes of indium and sulfur colloid are the same. However, in animals whose erythroid activity was partially destroyed with Fe-55, the fractional depressions of iron and indium uptakes were the same and corresponded to the extent of the remaining erythroid activity. In addition, following an in vitro separation of the cellular elements of marrow with iron carbonyl, both iron and indium were found in the erythroid-rich supernatant, whereas sulfur colloid was in the precipitate. These results indicate that, in the rat, In-111 chloride is an effective in vivo marker for the early phases of iron uptake by the bone marrow.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Labeling autologous leukocytes with indium-111 oxine.

A method is described for labeling autologous leukocytes with indium-111 oxine, which is used for localizing inflammatory processes. To an aqueous solution of indium-111 chloride was added sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0, and then a freshly prepared solution of oxine (8-hydroxyquinoline) in ethanol. After 3-5 minutes of incubation at room temperature, the chelated indium-111 oxine was extracted with chloroform, evaporated to dryness, redissolved in ethanol, and diluted with 0.9% saline. Leukocytes were isolated from venous blood by centrifugation at 300-350 g and resuspended in 0.9% saline. The cells were labeled by adding the indium-111 oxine solution to the leukocyte suspension. Clinical results have shown indium-111-labeled leukocytes to be highly specific for abscess localization. Indium-111 is useful for imaging because its gamma emissions are suitable for external detection and its half-life of 67 hours allows studies to be performed over several days without presenting an excessive radiation dose to the patient.

Abscess↗
PubMed2000

Distorted bcc indium cubes as structural motifs in Ca

The title compounds were prepared from the elements by reactions in water-cooled glassy carbon crucibles under an argon atmosphere in a high-frequency furnace. CaPdIn4 crystallizes with the YNiAl4-type structure: Cmcm, a=446.7(3), b=1665(1), c=754.3(5) pm, wR2=0.0465 with 646 F2 values and 24 variables. The structure is built up from a complex three-dimensional [PdIn4] polyanion in which the calcium atoms occupy distorted pentagonal tubes formed by indium and palladium atoms. CaRhIn4 and CaIrIn4 adopt the LaCoAl4-type structure: Pmma, a=867.6(1), b=422.91(8), c=745.2(1) pm, wR2=0.0583 with 468 F2 values and 24 variables for CaRhIn4; a=869.5(1), b=424.11(6), c=746.4(1) pm, wR2= 0.0614 471 F2 values with 24 variables for CaIrIn4. This structure type, too, has a three-dimensional [RhIn4] polyanion which is related to the structure of binary RhIn3. The calcium atoms fill distorted pentagonal prismatic channels formed by indium atoms. Semi-empirical band structure calculations for Ca-RhIn4 and CaPdIn4 reveal strongly bonding In-In, Rh-In and Pd-In interactions but weaker Ca-Rh, Ca-Pd and Ca-In interactions. CaRhIn4 and Ca-PdIn4 are compared with other indium-rich compounds such as YCoIn5 and Y2CoIn8, and with elemental indium. Common structural motifs of the indium-rich compounds are distorted bcc-like indium cubes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Alkylindium subhalides derived from the tetrahedral indium(I) cluster compound [In4[C(SiMe3)3]4].

Partial oxidation of the tetraalkyltetraindium(I) compound In4[C(SiMe3)3]4] 1 with halogen donors such as 1,2-dibromoethane and hexachloroethane or with mixtures of bromine and aluminum tribromide afforded novel alkylindium halides in which the indium atoms still possess unusually low oxidation states. Indium-indium single bonds between bivalent indium atoms were found in the compounds In2X2R2 (R = C(SiMe3)3, X = Cl (2) or Br (4)), which gave dimers in the solid state with all four halogen atoms in a bridging position. The tetrahedral arrangement of four indium atoms in a cluster was retained in the compound In4Br2R4 (3), in which one bromine atom occupied a mu3-bridging position above one triangular face of the In4 tetrahedron. One edge of that triangle was bridged by the second bromine atom. Mixed-valent indium atoms resulted with an average oxidation state of + 1.5.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

A linear homocatenated compound containing six indium centers.

In contrast to carbon and its heavier congeners, group 13 elements are rarely observed to catenate into linear chains. Here, we find that treatment of indium(I) iodide with a protonated N-xylyl beta-diketiminate and a strong potassium base in tetrahydrofuran yields a hexa-indium chain. X-ray crystallography revealed one beta-diketiminate ligand bound to each indium center with no bridging ligands supporting the five indium-indium single bonds. The terminal indium centers were capped with iodine. Electronic spectroscopy and computations on a model compound offer preliminary support for sigma delocalization along the chain.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Determination of indium by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after coprecipitation with chitosan.

A sensitive and simple method for the determination of trace amounts of indium in water samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) after coprecipitation with chitosan was investigated. Indium was quantitatively preconcentrated from water samples by coprecipitation with chitosan at pH 7.0-9.0. The coprecipitant was easily dissolved with acetic acid, and indium in the resulting solution was determined by GFAAS. The addition of lanthanum as a chemical modifier was more effective for the atomic absorbance of indium. The detection limit (S/N > or = 3) for indium was 0.04 microg dm(-3), and the relative standard deviations (n = 5) were 3.5-4.5% at 1.0 microg/100 cm3. The results obtained in this study indicate that the proposed method can be successfully applied to the determination of trace indium in water samples.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Developmental toxicity of indium chloride by intravenous or oral administration in rats.

Pregnant rats were treated with a single intravenous or oral administration of indium chloride (InCl3) on day 9 of pregnancy and their fetuses were examined for growth and malformation on day 20 of pregnancy. By intravenous administration, fetal weight was significantly decreased and the incidences of fetal mortality and malformation were significantly increased at 0.4 mg In/kg. Fetal malformations of the tail and digits, e.g., kinked tail, brachyury, and oligodactyly, were observed at high incidences. By oral administration, similar tendencies in the fetal effects were observed, but there were no significant differences compared to the control even at 300 mg In/kg. Indium concentrations in the serum of pregnant rats showed low bioavailability of indium by oral administration. It was concluded from these results that indium showed teratogenicity in rats. Oral treatment with indium may be developmentally toxic at 300 mg In/kg, but this is difficult to state with certainty given the limited number of animals that were used in this study.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1999

Developmental toxicity of indium in cultured rat embryos.

Developmental toxicity of indium was examined using rat embryo culture with reference to toxicokinetics. Rat embryos at day 9.5 of pregnancy were cultured for 48 h under various exposure conditions to indium trichloride. Indium was embryotoxic to cultured rat embryos at concentrations ranging from 25 to 50 microM for 24 h exposure according to the embryonic age, and the exposure concentration was more critical than the exposure time. The embryotoxic concentrations were comparable to the serum concentration at a developmentally toxic dose by intravenous administration in an in vivo experiment. It was considered from these results that the developmental toxicity of indium is a direct effect on the embryo or yolk sac and that weak developmental toxicity of indium by oral administration was due to low exposure concentrations in the embryo.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The reproductive and developmental toxicity of indium in the Swiss mouse.

Indium is increasingly used in a variety of industries, and while there are few studies of its developmental toxicity, ther are no reports of its potential reproductive toxicity. These studies were undertaken to investigate the possible reproductive toxicity of indium and to determine the relative vulnerability of males and females. We used, initially, a 21-day combined developmental/reproductive toxicity protocol. Oral exposures to InCl3 ( < or = 250 mg/kg) were without effect on the male reproductive system or liver. A kidney effect was demonstrated in males by a decrease in urinary N-acetyl glucosaminidase. The ability of females to become pregnant was unaffected. However, fetal development was adversely affected, manifested as increased intrauterine deaths in the presence of reduced maternal weight gain. A developmental toxicity study identified no increase in fetal malformations, but verified the increased fetal deaths, in the absence of effects on adjusted maternal body weight. In vitro toxicity studies showed that the embryolethality was at least in part a result of direct toxicity to the conceptus, with effective doses in the low micromolar range. A limited disposition study showed that fetuses contained low micromolar concentrations of indium, more indium than maternal liver, and comparable to levels that were toxic in vitro. Although studies of greater exposure duration are required for risk assessment, these data indicate that fetal development is likely to be more affected by indium than female or male reproduction, with adverse effects occurring at low micromolar levels in vivo and at exposures that may or may not affect body weight.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1991

Clinical application of indium-111 antimyosin antibody and thallium-201 dual nuclide single photon emission computed tomography in acute myocardial infarction.

The significance of indium-111 antimyosin antibody and thallium-201 dual nuclide single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was evaluated in 7 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who underwent emergency coronary angiography with successful revascularization by intracoronary thrombolysis. Indium-111 antimyosin antibody and thallium-201 dual nuclide SPECT was performed 11 to 36 days after the onset of AMI. Antimyosin SPECT images delineated areas of myocardial necrosis in all 7 patients (100%), but planar images detected necrotic areas in only 4 of 7 patients (57%). Peak CPK-MBs of the 3 patients in which no necrotic area was detected by indium-111 planar image showed a tendency to be smaller. Indium-111 antimyosin antibody/thallium-201 overlap was observed in all patients. The area of overlap was at the center of necrosis in 4 patients (2 anterior infarction, 1 inferior infarction, 1 inferolateral infarction) and at the peripheral portion in 3 patients (all 3 had inferior infarction). Indium-111 antimyosin antibody and thallium-201 dual nuclide SPECT is useful in identifying the localization of myocardial infarction and the overlap of these tracers might reflect the presence of salvaged myocardium adjacent to the necrotic myocardium.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Frequency of myocardial indium-111 antimyosin uptake after uncomplicated coronary artery bypass grafting.

The reported incidence of myocardial damage after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is highly related to the methods used. Since indium-111 monoclonal antimyosin antibody scintigraphy has been shown to be highly specific and sensitive for myocardial necrosis, even in small lesions, uptake of this radiotracer was evaluated after CABG. In 23 consecutive patients without previous myocardial infarction who underwent CABG for stable angina, 80 MBq indium-111 antimyosin was injected on the third postoperative day. Planar images were obtained 48 hours later and analyzed for myocardial uptake of indium-111 antimyosin. Scintigraphic results were related to creatine kinase MB levels, duration of both aortic cross-clamping and cardiopulmonary bypass, and electrocardiographic changes. In all patients surgical procedure and postoperative course was uncomplicated. Indium-111 antimyosin uptake was present in 19 of 23 patients (82%). It was diffused in 7 patients and localized in 12. No pathologic Q waves occurred postoperatively. Fourteen patients exhibited ST-segment changes. No good relation was found among indium-111 antimyosin uptake and creatine kinase MB levels, duration of cross-clamping or bypass, and ST-T changes. It is concluded that some degree of myocardial damage, though silent, is common after CABG.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1986

Nuclide imaging of vascular graft-platelet interactions: comparison of indium excess and technetium subtraction techniques.

Indium-111-labeled platelet adherence to ePTFE thoracoabdominal vascular prostheses in a canine model (n = 10) was quantitated by (1) an indium-111 excess technique, contrasting graft radioactivity to that in a reference region, and (2) a technetium-99m subtraction technique, with radioactivity of circulating platelets eliminated by discounting background blood activity. Variation in graft thrombogenicity was provided by seeding six prostheses with enzymatically derived autologous endothelial cells, and implanting four prostheses without seeding. Grafts were imaged at 1, 4, and 6 weeks postimplantation, with platelet labeling using indium-111-oxine and red blood cell labeling using technetium-99m. At 7 weeks grafts were excised and gamma activity was measured in proximal, middle, and distal segments. Luminal generation of TxB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha from midportions of grafts was assayed. Indium-111 excess ratios at 6 weeks correlated with actual gamma activity of excised grafts (proximal r = 0.80, P less than 0.01; middle r = 0.73, P less than 0.05; distal r = 0.48, ns) but such a correlation did not exist for the technetium-99m subtraction technique (r = -0.05, -0.25, and 0.16, in the three segments, respectively, all ns). The ratio of graft to aortic TxB2 production revealed a positive correlation with graft gamma activity (r = 0.87, P less than 0.01), and the ratio of graft 6-keto-PGF1 alpha to TxB2 production also correlated with gamma counts (r = -0.64, P = 0.05). In this experimental setting technetium-99m subtraction analysis was an imprecise method of detecting graft platelet accumulation, whereas indium-111 excess ratios proved to be a more accurate method of quantitating vascular prosthetic thrombogenicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Myocardial indium-111 antimyosin uptake after uncomplicated coronary artery bypass surgery.

The prevalence of myocardial damage after coronary artery bypass grafting is related to the criteria of its evaluation. Indium-111 monoclonal antimyosin antibody scintigraphy has been shown to be highly sensitive and specific for even small areas of myocardial necrosis or injury like those of myocarditis or transplant rejection. Our purpose was to evaluate, by using this method, myocardial damage after uncomplicated coronary artery bypass grafting. Uptake of this radio tracer was evaluated after coronary artery bypass grafting in 14 informed and consenting consecutive patients without previous myocardial infarction, with no post-surgical complications and a favorable postoperative course, following coronary artery bypass grafting for stable angina pectoris. Monoclonal antimyosin antibody indium-111 74 MBq (Myoscint Centocor) was injected on the third postoperative day; planar images in the anterior, left anterior oblique 45 degrees and 70 degrees projections were obtained 24 and 48 h later and analyzed for myocardial uptake. Indium-111 antimyosin uptake was present in 10 out of 14 patients (71.4%); it was diffuse in 6 and localized in 4. The ratio of the maximal counts in the myocardium to the counts in the adjacent lung background was measured and found elevated: 1.94 +/- 0.23, higher than the normal values reported in the literature. Indium-111 antimyosin uptake was clear in a group of patients after uncomplicated coronary artery bypass grafting. No correlation was observed between indium-111 antimyosin uptake or heart to lung ratio and creatine kinase, creatine kinase isoenzyme MB, glutamic oxalacetic transferase levels, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass or aortic cross-clamp time, while elevated serum beta myosin heavy chain fragments (IRMA Pasteur) were observed (1378 +/- 238 microU/l). This study suggests that some degree of myocardial damage, though silent, is common after coronary artery bypass grafting.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Indium inhibits gap junctional communication between rat hepatocytes in primary culture.

The effect of indium on gap junctional communication was investigated in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Treatment of hepatocytes with indium chloride at concentrations of 100 microM to 1 mM for 2 h resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of gap junctional communication between hepatocytes. The effect of indium on hepatocytes was also evaluated using two indices for cell viability: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction. Indium did not cause any increase in LDH leakage from hepatocytes at the above concentrations, but inhibition of MTT reduction was observed at concentrations above 500 microM. These results suggest that the gap junctions between hepatocytes may be vulnerable sites to indium toxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Indium-111 platelet scintigraphy and two-dimensional echocardiography for detection of left ventricular thrombus: influence of clot size and age.

Two-dimensional echocardiography and indium-111 platelet scintigraphy were performed on 50 dogs to determine the influence of clot age and size on the detection of experimentally induced left ventricular mural thrombus. Thrombus was induced by apical infarction and injection of a sclerosing agent and thrombin. The animals were classified into four groups according to the time of indium-111 platelet injection after thrombus induction: Group I (17 dogs, 1/2 hour after induction; 3 dogs, before induction), Group II (12 dogs, 24 hours after induction) and Group III (12 dogs, 1 week after induction). In Group IV (six control dogs) apical infarction was produced, but thrombin was not injected; indium-111 platelets were injected 1/2 to 1 hour after infarction. The dogs were studied by indium-111 platelet scintigraphy and by two-dimensional echocardiography 1/2 to 5 hours (Group I) and 1 to 5 and up to 72 hours (Groups II to IV) after platelet administration and before death was induced. Two-dimensional echocardiography showed the best overall sensitivity for detection of acute thrombus (97%; 29 of 30). The sensitivity of indium-111 platelet scintigraphy was 86% (18 of 21) for clots greater than or equal to 0.08 ml in size, and 67% (20 of 30) for detection of all clots. Thrombus did not form in 14 dogs of Groups I to III and in 6 of 6 control dogs. The specificity of scintigraphy was 100% (20 of 20) compared with 80% (16 of 20) for echocardiography. Echocardiography was more sensitive than scintigraphy for detecting very small clots in this experimental model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Platelets↗