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PubMed2004

Factors that influence the proclination or retroclination of the lower incisors in children with prolonged thumb-sucking habits.

In some children with a prolonged finger-sucking habit, the lower incisors are retroclined, however, proclination of the lower incisors has been frequently observed. The purpose of this study was to determine how such differences develop in the child with a digit-sucking habit. Children with a prolonged thumb-sucking habit and proclination of the lower incisors (Ili/ML > 97 degrees) were cephalometrically and clinically compared to persistent thumb-suckers with retroclined lower incisors (Ili/ML < 89 degrees). In the group with retroclined lower incisors the angle between the thumb and the lower incisors was significantly smaller and the thickness of the lower lip significantly thinner than in the group with proclined incisors. A higher frequency of early loss of deciduous molars was also observed in the group with retroclined incisors. The tightness of the lower lip, early loss of deciduous molars and the angle between the teeth and the thumb are factors which have been identified to influence the inclination of the lower incisors in persistent digit suckers. The majority of children with prolonged thumb-sucking have proclined lower incisors rather than retroclined lower incisors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Incisor size and diet revisited: the view from a platyrrhine perspective.

Allometric relationships between incisor size and body size were determined for 26 species of New World primates. While previous studies have suggested that the incisors of Old World primates, and anthropoids in general, scale isometrically with body size, the data presented here indicate a negative allometric relationship between incisor size and body size among New World species. This negative allometry was exhibited by platyrrhines when either upper or lower incisor row length was regressed against body weight, and when either least-squares or bivariate principal axis equations were used. When upper incisor length was plotted against skull length, negative allometry could be sustained using both statistical techniques only when the full sample of 26 species was plotted. The choice of variables to represent incisor size and body size, and the choice of a statistical technique to effect the allometric equation, had a more pronounced impact on the location of individual species with regard to lines of best fit. Platyrrhines as a group have smaller incisors relative to body size than do catarrhines, regardless of diet. Among New World primates, small incisors represent a plausible primitive condition; species with relatively large incisors manifest a phyletic change associated with a dietary shift to foods that require increased incisal preparation. The opposite trend characterizes Old World primates. In spite of the taxonomic differences in relative incisor size between platyrrhine and catarrhine primates, inferences about diet derived from an allometric equation for all anthropoids should prove reliable as long as the species with unknown diet does not lie at the upper end of the body size range for platyrrhines or catarrhines.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Distribution of enamel on the incisors of Old World monkeys.

Longitudinal ground sections of 29 Old World monkey central lower incisors were studied histologically and metrically. Labiolingual incisor width tended to scale isometrically with body weight but with important deviations in relative incisor size, which appeared to be correlated with diet in accord with work by Hylander. Lower incisors of the predominantly folivorous colobine monkeys had a substantial layer of enamel on both lingual and labial aspects and consequently had blunt incisal edges. These teeth in both cercopithecins and papionins, which are omnivorous or frugivorous, had little or no enamel on the lingual aspect, resulting in sharp incisal edges. It is suggested that colobine incisors are used mainly in gripping and tearing leaves, whereas cercopithecine incisors are better adapted to cutting and scraping. Crown height showed a positive allometric relationship with overall incisor height, so that the tall incisors of papionins, especially Papio and Mandrillus, were more hypsodont than the shorter incisors of colobines and cercopithecins. This appears to be related to differences in the rates of incisor wear between the groups.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Lingual incisor traits in modern hominoids and an assessment of their utility for fossil hominoid taxonomy.

The morphology of the anterior dentition has received scant attention for purposes of taxonomic discrimination. Recently, however, lingual incisor morphology was used in differentiating several Miocene ape species and genera. This paper assesses the utility of this morphology for taxonomic discrimination by examining the nature and patterns of variation in lingual incisor morphology in extensive samples of modern chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons. This paper documents discrete morphological traits on the lingual side of incisors. Trait frequencies are used in univariate and multivariate analyses to examine the apportionment of variation in species, subspecies, and populations. A correlation between lingual incisor traits, tooth dimensions, and sex attempts to determine if such factors affect the manifestation of traits. Finally, the findings are applied to understanding patterns of variation in the Miocene hominids. The study demonstrates that: 1) lingual incisor morphology differs substantially between the hylobatids and great apes; 2) variation in incisor traits is high within species, and most of it is found within local populations; and 3) incisor traits do not correlate significantly with incisor dimensions or sex. Species and to some extent subspecies of extant hominoids can be differentiated statistically using lingual incisor traits, but the frequency of traits such as continuous or discontinuous cingulum, or the presence or absence of pillars, differentiates them. Given this pattern of variation, I argue that it is necessary to assume and document similar patterns of variation in Miocene apes before incisor morphology is used for differentiating taxa.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Measurement of the force needed to restrain eruptive movement of the rat mandibular incisor.

This study describes the precise determination of the extrusive force in the rat mandibular incisor measured for a relatively longer period of time under artificial respiration with halothane anaesthesia. Following restraint of the eruptive movement of the incisor for a period of 20 h, the pushing force increased gradually and was maintained as an extremely gentle slope toward the end of the experimental period. The maximum pushing forces were estimated to be 9.1 +/- 2.5 (SD) mN in impeded incisors and 9.8 +/- 2.3 mN in unimpeded incisors. When force was converted to pressure, values were 30 +/- 8 (SD)mmHg and 32 +/- 8 mmHg, respectively; the difference was not significant. The maximum pushing force decreased rapidly--almost in parallel--with the fall of systemic arterial blood pressure after death of the animals; the amounts of reduction were 7.2 +/- 1.8 mN (24 +/- 6 mmHg) in impeded incisors and 7.0 +/- 2.0 mN (23 +/- 7 mmHg) in unimpeded incisors. Residual pushing forces were 1.7 +/- 1.0 mN (5.6 +/- 3.3 mmHg) in impeded incisors and 2.5 +/- 0.6 mN (8.2 +/- 2.0 mmHg) in unimpeded incisors; the difference was significant (P < 0.05). These results suggest that, under these experimental conditions, the pushing force of the rat incisor originates primarily from localized blood pressure within the incisor socket and, in part, from tissue growth.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed2005

True incisor intrusion attained during orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to quantify the amount of true incisor intrusion attained during orthodontic treatment. METHODS: Electronic databases (PubMed, Medline, Medline In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, all EBM reviews [Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ASP Journal Club, DARE, and CCTR], Embase, Web of Science, and Lilacs) were searched with the help of a senior health sciences librarian. The goal was to identify clinical trials that assessed true incisor intrusion through cephalometric analysis and factored out craniofacial growth when required. From the selected abstracts, original articles were retrieved, and their references were hand searched for missing articles. RESULTS: Twenty-eight articles met the initial inclusion criteria, but 24 were rejected because they did not quantify true incisor intrusion or factor out normal growth impact when required. The remaining 4 articles showed that true incisor intrusion is attainable (0.26 to 1.88 mm for the maxillary incisors and -0.19 to 2.84 mm for the mandibular incisors) but with large variability depending on the appliance used. A meta-analysis with results from the 2 articles that used the segmental technique was completed. The combined mean estimates of intrusion and 95% CI were 1.46 mm (1.05-1.86 mm) for the maxillary incisors and 1.90 mm (1.22-2.57 mm) for the mandibular incisors. CONCLUSIONS: True incisor intrusion is achievable in both arches, but the clinical significance of the magnitude of true intrusion as the sole treatment option is questionable for patients with severe deepbite. In nongrowing patients, the segmented arch technique can produce 1.5 mm of incisor intrusion in the maxillary arch and 1.9 mm in the mandibular arch.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1999

The influence of maxillary incisor inclination on arch length.

This ex vivo study was designed to investigate Andrews' hypothesis that there is a space implication when incisors are torqued correctly. A working model was constructed to allow acrylic typodont incisors of varying known values of inclination to be substituted into the model. The arch lengths of the various 'set-ups' were measured using a reflex microscope linked to a PC. In order to quantify the space requirement of clinical relevance for adequate incisor torque, the method was repeated by substituting replicas of patients' 'natural' incisors. For both acrylic and natural incisors it was found that, as the inclination of the teeth increased, there was an increase in all arch lengths, this being greater for the natural incisors. This larger increase for the natural incisors was related not only to their increased size, but was also dependent on the morphology of the incisor. Those incisors which were parallel-sided showed the greatest increase in arch length, whereas the incisors that were relatively triangular in shape showed the smallest increase. When the inclination of an 'average' set of 21/12 is increased by 5 degrees, an increase in the arch length of approximately 1 mm may be expected.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1984

The effect of on the incisor teeth of activator treatment: a follow-up study.

A follow-up study of the effect of activator treatment on the incisors is presented. Much of the effect of activator treatment is due to movement of the incisors. It has been claimed that the upper incisors become retroclined, however, a proclination of the lower incisors may also occur and this has been regarded by many as a contra-indication. This aspect has been studied in a material consisting of 40 Angle Class II:1 cases treated with the activator. Mean age at the start of treatment was 11 years and at the end of treatment 12.5 years. Incisor position and inclination were recorded on radiographs taken before and after treatment. The results indicate a significant improvement regarding upper incisor position and inclination whereas the lower incisors had moved forward 2.6 mm and proclined 1.6 degrees on average. A regression analysis suggested, however, that cases with proclined lower incisors prior to treatment underwent retroclination during treatment (p less than 0.001). Furthermore, 25 per cent of the patients studied showed retroclination of the lower incisors during activator treatment. It is thus concluded that proclined lower incisors is not necessarily a contra-indication for treatment using the activator.

Activator Appliances↗
PubMed1994

The palatal canine and the adjacent lateral incisor: a study of a west of Scotland population.

The hypothesis that palatally-displaced canines are associated with smaller than average lateral incisors or with congenital absence of adjacent lateral incisors was tested on a West of Scotland population. A retrospective study of the records of orthodontic patients attending Glasgow Dental Hospital was carried out. One-hundred-and-eighty-two subjects with palatally displaced canines were identified. The tooth length of lateral and central incisors was measured on radiographs and the crown widths of lateral incisors were measured on study casts. One-hundred-and-six extracted maxillary lateral incisors were examined to allow more accurate measurement of crown width and root length than was possible from radiographs. An association was sought between the size of the lateral incisor or its absence, the position of the adjacent maxillary canine, and between crown size and root length of the lateral incisor. The conclusions supported the hypothesis that there is a weak association between palatally displaced maxillary canines and lateral incisors of smaller than average crown width. There was weak support for the association between palatal canines and absence of the adjacent lateral incisor. There was no correlation between lateral incisor crown width and root length.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Position of upper permanent central incisors prior to eruption in unilateral cleft lip and palate.

The position and degree of eruption of permanent central incisors within the premaxilla were measured on x-ray films obtained in 102 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and in 52 normal individuals aged 5 years. The patients were subdivided according to sex and to the method of surgical repair (bone grafting or periosteal flap surgery). Individuals with rotated incisors were assessed separately. The results showed that maxillary depth was not significantly reduced prior to palate surgery while the alveolar process was markedly retroclined. An unerupted central upper incisor on the side of the cleft was situated more anteriorly than in controls. Because of the distortion of the alveolar process, it was retroclined and produced a deformation of the subspinal concavity. Both this deformation and the distortion of the alveolar process interfered with the measurements of maxillary depth and rendered it inadequate. The incisor on the normal side was situated more posteriorly than in controls and was less retroclined than the incisor on the affected side. The degree of eruption of incisors on both the normal and affected sides did not differ from controls. The type of surgical repair influenced only the retroclination of the alveolar process and of the incisors within this process. The retroclination was more marked after primary bone grafting than after periosteal flap surgery. The position and degree of eruption of rotated incisors did not differ from nonrotated incisors, and the presence of rotated incisors was not related to the degree of the shortening of maxillary depth. There were no significant differences between males and females.

Bone Transplantation↗
PubMed2006

Lip-to-incisor relationship and postorthodontic long-term stability of cover-bite treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of a persisting high lip line and other potential relapse-inducing factors on long-term stability of orthodontic correction of retroinclined maxillary central incisors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-one cover-bite ("Deckbiss") patients with retroinclined maxillary central incisors and a deep frontal overbite were evaluated. The maxillary central incisor inclination was determined odontometrically with study models made pretreatment, posttreatment, and at a follow-up examination (mean posttherapeutic interval: 9.0 years). The lip-to-incisor relationship, the interincisal angle, and the anteroposterior maxillary central incisor position were measured on lateral cephalograms taken after active treatment. RESULTS: The relapse tendency of the orthodontic correction of the retroinclined maxillary central incisors displayed great interindividual variability with a range of posttherapeutic inclination change of -6.75 degrees to +8.00 degrees. Multiple regression analysis revealed an increased tendency for relapse in patients with (1) a high posttherapeutic (dorsal) lip line level combined with the maxillary central incisor and lower lip contact only in the incisal crown area (P < .01) and (2) a marked therapeutically induced inclination change of the maxillary central incisors (P < .05). Interrelations between the relapse of the corrected maxillary central incisors and other evaluated parameters were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: For maximum treatment stability, the elimination of an excessive overlap of the upper incisors by the lower lip should be regarded as one of the most important therapeutic objectives when treating this malocclusion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Factors that affect alignment of upper permanent lateral incisors in early mixed dentition].

The purpose of the present study was to find the factors that affect the alignment of the upper permanent lateral incisors in early mixed dentition. The materials, consisting of dental casts and lateral cephalograms which were taken from 30 children (15 males and 15 females) who had normal occlusion in deciduous dentition and normal permanent central incisor relationship, were divided into three groups, according to the bilateral symmetry alignment of the upper permanent lateral incisors (Group A: Normal alignment, Group B: Linguoversion, Group C: Mesiolinguotorsiversion). The principal component analysis was carried out to clarify the characteristics among the multi-variates, which are upper incisor shape, dental arch form, craniofacial morphology and amount of dento-craniofacial development, in Groups A, B and C. The results obtained were as follows: Group A shows a tendency to be harmonious in upper permanent incisor shape, dental arch form, craniofacial morphology and dento-craniofacial development. Group B shows a tendency to have a larger labio-lingual width of the upper permanent incisors, less anterior arch length development and less forward movement of the upper permanent lateral incisor in the maxilla before eruption. Group C shows a tendency to have a larger mesio-distal width of the upper permanent incisors, less anterior arch width development, longer distance between the upper permanent lateral incisor edge and the nasal floor and more forward and descent movement of the upper permanent lateral incisor in the maxilla before eruption.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Inner canthal distance and geometric progression as a predictor of maxillary central incisor width.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Estimating the mesiodistal width of maxillary central incisors may be difficult when artificial teeth are selected for edentulous subjects. PURPOSE This study examined the relationship between inner canthal distance and maxillary central incisor mesiodistal width in terms of the geometric progression popularly known as the golden proportion. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Two hundred twenty-nine dentate Saudi subjects (120 males, 109 females; mean age 21.46 years) free from facial and dental deformities were examined. The mesiodistal width of each maxillary central incisor was measured between its interproximal contact points. The inner canthal distance was measured from medial angle to medial angle of the palpebral fissures of the eyes. The common ratios of geometric progression are 0.618 and 1.618. The inner canthal distance of each subject was multiplied by a decreasing function value of the geometric progression term (0.618) to provide the combined width of 2 central incisors. The product was then divided by 2 to obtain the width of a single maxillary central incisor. A t test was used to identify any significant differences in mesiodistal tooth width and inner canthal distance by gender. Agreement between the measured and calculated central incisor widths was evaluated with Pearson's correlation coefficients, as was intraexaminer reliability. Significance was set at alpha=.05. RESULTS: The mean inner canthal distance of male and female subjects was 28.7 +/- 1.7 mm and 27.9 +/- 2.1 mm, respectively. The mean maxillary central incisor width of male and female subjects was 8.87 +/- 0.5 mm and 8.68 mm +/- 0.4 mm, respectively. Differences between the mean values for both measurements were significant (P =.002). The actual and calculated widths of the natural maxillary central incisors were found to be highly correlated (r =.943). CONCLUSION: Within the population tested, a significantly higher mean inner canthal distance and maxillary central incisor width were recorded for male subjects. Inner canthal distance, when multiplied by a decreasing function value of the geometric progression term and then divided by 2, was a reliable predictor of maxillary central incisor width.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Surgical removal of supernumerary teeth and the fate of incisor eruption.

AIM: The aims of this study were firstly to determine the fate of unerupted permanent maxillary incisor teeth following supernumerary tooth removal and secondly to make recommendations regarding the management of such incisor teeth following supernumerary tooth extraction. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective study. METHODS: Records of children attending the Departments of Paediatric Dentistry, Edinburgh Dental Institute, Lothian Primary Care NHS Trust and Dundee Dental Hospital, Tayside University Hospitals Trust between 1995 and 2002 were examined with regard to non-eruption of one or both maxillary central incisors in association with supernumerary teeth requiring surgical removal. Subsequent permanent maxillary incisor eruption was recorded and in those cases of incisor non-eruption, further surgical interventions were noted. RESULTS: In all 118 sets of patient records were included in the study (87 males, 31 females) with a mean age at presentation of 8.8 years (range 5.3-11.6 years). Failure of eruption of the associated permanent maxillary central incisor teeth occurred in 27% of cases, in relation to both conical and tuberculate supernumerary teeth. All tuberculate supernumerary teeth associated with non-eruption cases were palatally placed and 59% were adjacent to maxillary incisors with near complete apex formation. To facilitate incisor eruption in these cases, 41% required surgical exposure of the non-erupted incisor tooth and 59% required surgical exposure with bonding of an orthodontic bracket and gold chain for orthodontic traction. CONCLUSION: Non-erupted permanent maxillary incisor teeth with near complete apical formation, associated with palatally placed, tuberculate-shaped supernumerary teeth, may benefit from having an orthodontic bracket and gold chain placed at the same time as the surgical procedure to remove the supernumerary tooth to facilitate future orthodontic traction.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Presence of enamel on the incisors of the llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos).

Attempts have been made to define the relationships among the South American camelids, the guanaco, llama, alpaca, and vicuna, by comparing the morphology of their incisors. The alpaca has been reported to have an incisor morphology similar to the vicuna, lacking enamel on the lingual surface. The llama and guanaco are said to have enamel on both the labial and lingual surface of their incisor teeth. These comparisons have been based on gross morphological observations and not on histologic analysis. This study was undertaken to determine whether or not alpaca teeth have enamel on the lingual surface. The cross-sectional histologic anatomy of the incisor teeth was compared in two closely related South American camelid species, the llama (Lama glama), and the alpaca (Lama pacos). Thick sections (300 microm) and scanning electron microscopy were the techniques utilized. The mandibular first, second, and third incisors were examined in four llamas and five alpacas. A substantial layer of enamel was present on all surfaces of all llama incisors. The enamel layer on the labial surface of the alpaca incisors closely resembled that found in the llama. The enamel layer on the lingual surface of the alpaca incisors, although greatly reduced, was distinctly present. Alpacas may be more closely related to guanacos and llamas than to vicunas. A histologic study of vicuna incisors would help to better define the relationships of the four camelids.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Incisor trauma in an adolescent Arab population: prevalence, severity, and occlusal risk factors.

INTRODUCTION: Incisor trauma is a significant clinical problem in children and adolescents. The purposes of this study were to report on the prevalence and severity of incisor trauma in a large population-based sample of adolescent Kuwaiti residents in the early permanent dentition, to determine the ages of and reasons for the injuries, and to test for any effects of sex, incisor occlusion, and lip coverage on the prevalence of incisor trauma. METHODS: Presence and type of traumatic injury were scored according to the National Institute of Dental Research index in a population-based sample of 795 girls and 788 boys with a mean age of 13.24 years (SD 0.42). RESULTS: Trauma prevalence was higher (P < .001) in boys (19.3%) than in girls (9.7%), and in the maxilla (13.6%) than in the mandible (1.5%). Most (77.3 %) of the affected subjects had only 1 injured tooth, and most (83.7%) of the traumatized teeth were maxillary central incisors. A total of 90.3% of the injuries were unrepaired enamel or enamel/dentin fractures. The major reasons for the injuries were falls and blows indoors (48.4%) or outdoors (41.6%). Nearly two-thirds (63.0%) of the traumas occurred at age 10 years or later. Mean overjet (OJ) was larger (3.9 v 3.0 mm, P < .01), and lip incompetence more frequent (12.7% v 7.3%, P < .01) among the subjects with injured maxillary incisors than among those without. Logistic regression showed that the odds of maxillary incisor trauma were 2.8 times higher in subjects with OJ between 6.5 and 9.0 mm, and 3.7 times higher in subjects with OJ > or = 9.5 mm than in subjects with OJ < or = 3.5 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple logistic regression showed that the risk of maxillary incisor trauma was about 2 times higher in boys than in girls, and that the risk increased by 13% for every millimeter of increase in OJ. Lip competence was not included in the model. No associations were found between occlusion and mandibular incisor trauma.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2004

Incisor disocclusion in rats affects mandibular condylar cartilage at the cellular level.

UNLABELLED: The effect of altered occlusion on the mandibular condylar cartilage remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of unilateral incisor disocclusion on cartilage thickness, on mitotic activity and on chondrocytes maturation and differentiation in the mandibular condylar cartilage of rats. DESIGN: The upper and lower left incisors were trimmed 2mm every second day in five rats. In other five rats, the incisor occlusion was not altered. Condylar tissues from both sides of each mandible were processed and stained for Herovici's stain and immunohistochemistry for bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OCN). Measurements of cartilage thickness and the numbers of immunopositive cells for each antibody were analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in cartilage thickness after 7 days of unilateral incisor disocclusion. However, the numbers of immunopositive cells for BrdU as a marker of DNA synthesising cells, TGF-beta1 as a marker of chondrocytes differentiation, and ALP and OCN as markers of chondrocytes maturation, were significant higher in the cartilage cells on both sides when incisor occlusion was unilaterally altered. Interestingly, alkaline phosphatase was highly expressed on the condylar side of incisor disocclusion, whereas osteocalcin was highly expressed on the side opposite to the incisor disocclusion. CONCLUSIONS: It is demonstrated that after 7 days, unilateral incisor disocclusion affects the mandibular condylar cartilage at the cellular level by increasing the mitotic activity and by accelerating chondrocytes maturation. Chondrocytes maturation appears more accelerated on the side opposite to incisor disocclusion.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1984

Mandibular incisor dimensions and crowding.

Previous authors have suggested that well-aligned mandibular incisors are narrower mesiodistally than incisors which crowd and that reducing mesiodistal dimensions of the mandibular incisors to fit a specific size range will prevent future malalignment. This study examined 164 cases from the records of the University of Washington Department of Orthodontics, 134 of which had been orthodontically treated and were a minimum of 10 years postretention. Measurements were made from the postretention plaster casts and from serial cephalometric head films. Statistical tests showed that there was a weak association between incisor widths or MD/FL dimensions ratio and irregular alignment over the long term. Mean dimensional differences between crowded and uncrowded incisors were small in the few pooled or segregated groups in which statistically significant differences were found. When incisor dimensions were combined with pretreatment, posttreatment, or long-term cephalometric and cast measurements, only weak and not clinically useful associations were found with long-term incisor alignment. While there was a weak tendency for narrower incisors to be associated with better alignment in some instances, narrower mesiodistal widths of mandibular incisors did not ensure long-term stability in orthodontically treated cases.

Adult↗