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PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation of Salmonella spp. from dead gulls (Larus californicus and Larus delawarensis) from an Idaho irrigation reservoir.

An epizootic of unknown etiology resulting in the death of about 500 sea gulls (Larus californicus and Larus delawarensis) in 24 hr occurred on an irrigation reservoir in southwestern Idaho in April 1975. Salmonella spp. were isolated from necropsy specimens from 2 of 6 gulls examined. No Salmonella spp. were isolated from fecal specimens or dead gulls collected at a nesting site.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Sheep-associated outbreak of Q fever, Idaho.

Between Feb 1 and Aug 31, 1984, an outbreak of 18 symptomatic cases of Q fever occurred in Idaho; these numbers represent an increase over the three cases reported in 1982 and the five reported in 1983. Four of the patients in the outbreak required hospitalization for two to five weeks; there were no fatalities. Eight of the cases had documented Q fever hepatitis, and one had pneumonia. All 18 of the 1984 cases for whom information was available were epidemiologically linked to visiting or working at a sheep research station and/or being exposed to animals from this research station. In this outbreak, patients typically had a hepatitislike illness associated with fever and severe headache. Severity of illness ranged from asymptomatic to life threatening. Cases of pneumonia and hepatitis due to Q fever continue to occur in the United States, especially among persons exposed to livestock.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, 1974.

Mercury and cadmium were found in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir (AFR), Idaho. Mercury and cadmium levels in some fish exceeded human health standards set by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the World Health Organization. Analyses performed on the flesh of rainbow trout showed mercury residues of up to 1.20 mg/kg, which were higher than residues previously reported in trout collected in 1970 and 1971 from AFR. Cadmium residue levels were as high as 0.80 mg/kg. Although arsenic was found in reservoir sediment at levels of 1.36-2.40 mg/kg, it was not detected in fish.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Seroprevalence of canine parvovirus in wild coyotes from Texas, Utah, and Idaho (1972 to 1983).

The prevalence of serum antibodies against canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2), as measured by a standard hemagglutination-inhibition test, was determined in serum samples collected from 1,184 coyotes (Canis latrans) in Texas, Utah, and Idaho from 1972 to 1983. No evidence of parvoviral infection was found before 1979, after which seroprevalence rapidly increased to greater than 70% at all sites by 1982. There were minor differences in prevalence between age groups and among sites, but no consistent differences between sexes. The onset of CPV-2 seroprevalence in free-ranging coyotes coincided remarkably with the recognition of the clinical disease and seroprevalence in domestic dogs in the United States.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Selenium deficiency of beef cattle in Idaho and Washington and a practical means of prevention.

The majority of beef cattle assayed for whole blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in Idaho and Washington were deficient in selenium. Cattle in the more arid sections of these states tended to have higher selenium levels than those in areas with moderate and high rainfall. Animals pastured on irrigated forages had lower selenium concentrations than those grazed on dry land pasture. Cattle were supplemented by the addition of sodium selenite to a salt-mineral mixture. Ninety mg selenium per kg (ppm) salt-mineral mix fed to cattle significantly (P less than 0.001) elevated selenium (GSH-Px) levels well into normal ranges by 3 months when fed to extremely selenium deficient animals. Thirty ppm selenium was insufficient to raise GSH-Px levels into normal ranges. In addition, 20 ppm selenium was insufficient to sustain blood selenium concentrations of selenium adequate animals. Selenium given in the salt-mineral mix provided an effective, economical, and easily regulated source of dietary selenium. This supplement can be provided the entire year even under range conditions. Calves of cows placed on the 90 ppm selenium supplement had significantly (P less than 0.005) improved weaning weights (10 months) and an indication of a decreased incidence of infectious diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Anaplasma ovis in Idaho sheep.

Blood samples from 16 anaplasmosis complement-fixation (CF) positive sheep from a flock near Cambridge, Idaho, were inoculated into 3 intact sheep and 3 splenectomized calves. The 3 sheep became CF positive, and 2 developed parasitemia. None of the 3 calves had signs of anaplasmosis, but all became ill when they were subsequently challenge exposed with blood from known carriers of Anaplasma marginale. After a 75-day observation period, blood from the recipient intact sheep was subinoculated into 3 splenectomized sheep. These splenectomized sheep developed clinical anaplasmosis and became CF positive. In only 1 sheep was there a positive rapid card agglutination test. Therefore, the rapid card agglutination test was not considered to be diagnostic for anaplasmosis carrier status in sheep. Electron microscopic studies were performed on infected sheep erythrocytes to determine the morphologic structure of the organism involved. The causative organism was determined to be Anaplasma ovis.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed1994

Two new species and temporal changes in the prevalence of eimerians in a free-living population of Townsend's ground squirrels (Spermophilus townsendii) in Idaho.

More than 1,180 fecal samples were collected from 253 juvenile and 384 adult Townsend's ground squirrels (Spermophilus townsendii) at the Snake River Birds of Prey Area near Boise, Idaho, from February to June 1992. Oocysts of 7 eimerians were observed. Five are new host records (Eimeria beecheyi, Eimeria bilamellata, Eimeria callospermophili, Eimeria lateralis, and Eimeria morainensis), 2 species are described here as new, and new structural information on E. morainensis is added. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria adaensis n. sp. are ovoidal, 19.6 x 22.7 (16-22 x 18-26) microns with sporocysts ellipsoidal 7.2 x 11.9 (6-10 x 9-15) microns. No micropyle or oocyst residuum, but polar bodies, Stieda bodies, and sporocyst residua are present. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria pseudospermophili n. sp. are ovoidal, 24.7 x 28.5 (21-27 x 25-32) microns with sporocysts ellipsoidal 8.8 x 14.2 (8-10 x 12-17) microns. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent, but polar bodies and Stieda bodies are present. Sporulated oocysts of E. morainensis are more variable in size and shape than originally described and contain 2 distinctly different residua not previously described. Temporal changes in the prevalence of eimerians of all 7 species combined in adult squirrels showed significant decline (r2 = 0.79, P < 0.001). We hypothesize that this decline was due to drought during the period of squirrel activity. No significant temporal change in the prevalence of eimerians in juvenile squirrels was observed. The prevalence of E. callospermophili, E. adaensis, and all eimerians combined in adults was significantly greater than in juveniles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Evaluation of free-roaming mule deer as carriers of anaplasmosis in an area of Idaho where bovine anaplasmosis is enzootic.

Samples of blood from 87 Rocky Mountain mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) were inoculated into 3 susceptible splenectomized calves to determine the anaplasmosis carrier status of the deer. The deer were trapped along the Idaho-Utah state boundary, near Stone, Id. Acute anaplasmosis was induced in 2 of the 3 inoculated calves, and blood from the 3 calves caused anaplasmosis when inoculated into adult non-splenectomized cattle. Serum rapid card agglutination testing revealed 13 (14.9%) positive reactions among the 87 mule deer. When these seropositive samples were evaluated with the complement-fixation test, positive reactions were not found and only 3 (3.5%) serums gave suspect reactions. A serologic survey for anaplasmosis in 1,852 cattle that cohabit spring and summer rangeland areas with mule deer revealed 14.5% reactors by the serum rapid card agglutination test. The study area consisted of an ecosystem that supports cattle, free-roaming mule deer, and Dermacentor andersoni, and thus contained the elements necessary to effect interspecies transmission of Anaplasma marginale. The significance of wildlife reservoirs and their bearing on anaplasmosis control and eradication programs needs further investigation.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed1997

Salmonella serotype Montevideo infections associated with chicks--Idaho, Washington, and Oregon, spring 1995 and 1996.

During 1995 and 1996, public health laboratories in Idaho, Washington, and Oregon identified clusters of infections with Salmonella serotype Montevideo. Epidemiologic investigations, including enhanced surveillance, of these clusters indicated association with exposure to chicks. This report summarizes the findings of these investigations, which suggest that handling chicks is a health risk, especially for children; consequently thorough handwashing is recommended after handling of chicks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Accumulation in and effects of lead and cadmium on waterfowl and passerines in northern Idaho.

Waterfowl and passerines in northern Idaho in 1987 had high levels of lead in their blood and tissues that originated primarily from mining and smelting activities. Four Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and one common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) found dead contained 8 to 38 microg/g (wet mass) of lead in their livers. These levels exceed the lower lethal limit of 5 microg/g in experimental birds. Two of the Canada geese (one each from the contaminated and reference areas) died with ingested lead shotgun pellets (shot) in their gizzards, whereas the other three birds from the contaminated area contained no ingested shot and evidently died from ingesting environmental lead in sediment or biota. Lead burdens in most American robins (Turdus migratorius) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were high, whereas those in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) were slightly elevated. Lead accumulated to potentially hazardous levels in blood and tissues of some nestling robins (maxima of 0.87 microg/g in blood and 5.6 microg/g in liver) and mallards (maxima of 10.2 microg/g in blood and 2.8 microg/g in liver). In mallards, lead levels and associated physiological characteristics of blood were significantly different in juveniles (HY) versus adults (AHY). Activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) was about 87 to 95% lower than values for control birds in experimental studies. Activity of ALAD was significantly inversely correlated with blood lead levels. Cadmium was detected in kidneys of most birds, but even the maximum concentration of 7.5 microg/g in an AHY mallard was below known harmful levels.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Use of the lichen Rhizoplaca melanophthalma as a biomonitor in relation to phosphate refineries near Pocatello, Idaho.

Phosphate refineries are point sources for atmospheric Cr, Cd, Zn and P. Concentrations of these and other elements were determined in the lichen Rhizoplaca melanophthalma (Ram.) Leuck. and Poelt in relation to distance and direction from phosphate refineries northwest of Pocatello, Idaho. Elemental concentrations in lichens collected were measured using a multi-element Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES). Linear regression analysis revealed that concentrations of Cd, Cr, Zn, and P were negatively correlated with distance from the refineries. The concentrations of the elements Cd, Zn, Ca, Mn, B, and Pb were significantly different among four transects in different directions from the pollution source. Analysis of covariance indicated significant differences in concentrations of Cd, Cr, Zn, P, Cu, Ca, Mg, and K in lichens as a function of distance and direction from the pollution source. These results indicate that this lichen species may be used to determine deposition patterns of air pollutants in semi-arid environments.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Mate guarding as paternity insurance in Idaho ground squirrels.

Following a copulation, males in many species of vertebrates (particularly birds) and invertebrates remain near the inseminated female and repel other suitors with displays or force. Guarding males must delay resumption of competitive mate searching, but they may insure their paternity by reducing possibilities for secondary matings and sperm competition. Among mammals, post-copulatory mate guarding has been reported in rodents, mongooses, ungulates and primates, including humans, but the effects of such behaviour on male reproductive success have not been determined genetically. I report here that mate guarding by male Idaho ground squirrels (Spermophilus brunneus) enhances a male's probability of paternity. Furthermore, an analysis based on game theory shows that mate guarding is an evolutionarily stable strategy for male S. brunneus, but not male Belding's ground squirrels (S. beldingi), which resume searching once copulation is completed.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Structural biopolymer preservation in Miocene leaf fossils from the Clarkia site, northern Idaho.

The 17- to 20-million-year-old locality at Clarkia, northern Idaho, is renowned for yielding amplifiable DNA from a magnolia leaf fossil. In-source pyrolysis-mass spectrometry and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry now reveal that molecular preservation of biomacromolecules is highly selective; structural polysaccharides, cutin polyesters, and proteins were not preserved in detectable quantity in the leaf tissues, whereas both lignin and an aliphatic biopolymer were detected. This study points up the need for improved understanding of the precise modes and extent of preservation of biomacromolecules in fossil materials and sediments.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

PM10 dispersion modeling for Treasure Valley, Idaho.

The recorded exceedances of the 24-hr PM10 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) in Treasure Valley, Idaho, have been associated with prolonged stagnation periods during the winter. A comprehensive modeling study of PM10 impact in Treasure Valley was performed to support the State Implementation Plan (SIP). The study included base-year and short-term episodic conditions. The ISCST3 (Industrial Source Complex Short Term 3) model, using the base-year meteorology and gridded emissions of mobile sources, point sources, and wood burning as input, generally agreed well with measurements in both temporal patterns and annual averages. The WYNDvalley model was evaluated using monitoring data and was used to simulate the PM10 impact for episodic exceedances during stagnant winter conditions. An emission inventory was prepared for a base year (1995) and then extrapolated to the years 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 in order to determine air quality planning requirements. According to the simulations using base-year emissions and meteorology, exceedances are not expected. However, exceedances at some stations could be expected using projected emissions and episodic meteorology. Results from emission control strategies we developed indicate that mobile-source emissions have the most significant impact; reduction of 25% would be needed to eliminate the simulated exceedances in all projected years.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed2000

Implementation of the MARSSIM philosophy to evaluate the remedial status of a radioactive waste disposal site at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual.

Implementation of the MARSSIM remedial-verification protocol at a radioactive waste disposal site is described in some detail to provide a record of the utility of this process. The selected site was the Stationary Low-Power Reactor No. 1 burial ground at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. Evaluation was restricted to 137Cs in the uppermost 10 cm of potentially contaminated soils. According to the MARSSIM, this site warranted a "Class 1" designation based on previous remedial activities within the burial ground, its status as a radioactive disposal facility, and the anticipated presence of discrete radioactive particles. Nine survey units within the confines of the burial ground were selected, based primarily on the presence of physical boundaries and disparate histories. Surface scans with 100% coverage were performed using a hand-held plastic scintillator and rate meter with audible output. In situ gamma-ray spectrometry was not used for the individual stationary measurements due to the limited area and proximity of engineered barriers. Instead, individual soil samples were obtained using a standard hand-held coring device. The number of soil samples taken from the background reference area and each survey unit were determined with the MARSSIM protocol, which resulted in a total of 160 (including quality-control samples). Two of the nine regions exhibited elevated radiation levels and the null hypothesis could not be rejected in one survey unit, thereby indicating the need for additional remediation. The MARSSIM process proved to be flexible, scientifically rigorous, and cost effective in this field application. Several modifications to the procedure are discussed and offered as recommendations for enhancement of the MARSSIM.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

In situ depth profiling of 137Cs contamination in soils at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory.

Preremediation characterization of Cs contamination in soils was conducted at the Auxiliary Reactor Area (ARA)-23 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act site, located at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). Characterization activities included verification of the lateral extent of the contaminated area using the INEEL vehicle-mounted Global Positioning Radiometric Scanner. The vertical extent of the contamination in select areas of the site was evaluated with an in situ gamma-ray spectrometer, and depth discrete samples were collected at 5-cm depth intervals down to a depth of 20.3 cm. A comparison was made between the depth distribution data from the in situ spectrometric measurements and the physical, depth discrete samples. The results of the study and of the aforementioned comparison indicate that use of in situ high-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors during the remediation of the ARA-23 site will aid in directing the depth of excavation, thereby helping to (a) minimize the amount of soils excavated and removed for disposal, and (b) reduce overall project costs.

Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMed1990

Biodegradation of Dinoseb (2-sec-Butyl-4,6-Dinitrophenol) in Several Idaho Soils with Various Dinoseb Exposure Histories.

We examined the ability of native microorganisms in various Idaho soils to degrade dinoseb and studied some physical and chemical soil characteristics which might affect the biodegradation process. Dinoseb biodegradation rates were higher in silt-loam soils than in loamy-sand soils. Biodegradation rates were not influenced by previous exposure of the soils to dinoseb. Bacterial numbers, measured by standard plate counts on soil extract agar, were the best predictors of biodegradation rates, accounting for 53% of the variability between soils. Soil nitrate-N inhibited dinoseb biodegradation and accounted for 39% of the variability. Sorption of dinoseb to soil surfaces also appeared to influence biodegradation rates. No other soil parameter contributed significantly to the variability in biodegradation rates. Persistence of dinoseb in one soil was due to inhibition of biodegradation by nitrate, while in another soil persistence appeared to be due to lack of native degradative microorganisms.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Prouterina wescotti n. gen., n. sp. (Trematoda: Prouterinidae N. Fam.) from the brain, lungs, and nasal sinuses of a black bear (Ursus americanus) from Idaho.

Prouterina wescotti gen. n. and sp. n. (Trematoda: Prouterinidae N. Fam.) is described from a free-ranging black bear (Ursus americanus) which died in May 1995 in northern Idaho (USA). Adult digenetic trematodes were detected in brain, lungs, and nasal sinuses, and were likely responsible for the emaciated condition, copious nasal discharge, neurological signs, and death of the bear. Mature trematodes recovered from the bear were conical with small spines on the tegument. The anterior end was broad and tapered gradually toward the posterior. Mean (+/-SE) size of the mature trematodes was 3.67 (+/-0.08) by 2.14 (+/-0.04) mm (n = 80). Eggs are operculated, gold, and 68.2 (+/-0.42) by 41.4 (+/-0.41) microns (n = 75). Suckers are well developed and located in the anterior half of the body, with the genital pore just posterior to the ventral sucker. Testes are tandem and the ovary is lateral and slightly anterior to the anterior testes just posterior to the ventral sucker. The uterus is predominantly anterior to the ventral sucker and is the most distinctive feature of the trematode.

Animals↗